€ 9? a HAPP MLS-1A > CHAPTER 10: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM * Topic Outline * Enumerate the organs of the organ system and describe their functions © ENDOCRINE SYSTEM * Endo (Greek) © within © Crino (Greek) * secrete * secretes hormones (Greek) * to set into motion * ductless © EXOCRINE GLANDS sex * saliva, breast milk, sweat glands, digestive enzymes * have ducts that carry their secretions outside the body or into hollow organs © Functions Controls Homeostasis Maintains water balance eps Controls uterine contractions = pagpagawas sa baby Controls milk production Regulates ions (Ca, Na, K) Regulates metabolism and growth Regulates heart rate and blood pressure Monitors blood glucose levels penanes Aids the immune system 10. Reproductive functions © Components * Endocrine glands * secrete their product directly into blood stream * Chemical signal ‘* molecules that are released from one location, move to another location, and produce a response~ Types: * Intracellular * produce in one cell and move to another part of the same cell © intercellular * released from one cell and bind to receptors or another cell © Autocrini * Auto means cell * released by cells and have a local effect on the same cell type * Paracrine * released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity * ex: * Somatostatin inhibits insulin secretion * Neurotransmitter © secreted by nerve cells * main function is for our NS function * Pheromones * modify behavior and physiology of other indi. in same species © screted into envi * interact when they are in close proximity ox © women and menstrual cycles © person A just had her period and is fa very close friend with person B, they both hang-out a lot, bc of their Pheromones that interacted, person B may have her period the next day/s © Hormones and neurohormon © secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites © ex © Epinephrine and InsulinCea eT eee Secret calle cal © Receptor site * location on a cell where hormone binds © Target tissues * group of cells that respond to specific hormones © Specificity * specific hormones bind to specific receptor sitesHormone 1 ‘Hormone 2 Capillary Circulating blood Hormone 2 cannot bind to this receptor Hormone 1 bound to its recepto Target cell for hormone 1 © Target Tissue Specificity and Response © How does this work? Hormones are secreted by endoc. glands directly into bloodstream. Hormones travels to all parts of the body. Hormones (key) bind to receptor site (lock) on target tissue. 4. Response occurs. * How do hormones cause change? * alter cell activity of target tissues by increasing or decreasing cell's normal processes. * change permeability of cell membrane by opening or closing ion channels. * synthesis of proteins © Types of Hormones * Water Soluble * includes proteins, peptides, amino acids * most common * ex: * growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin, ete. * Lipid hormones * steriods and eicosanoid e ex: © LH, FSH, androgens(Glucagon prlactr) Membrane bound receptor Lpidsoube mane Or or steroid) Adenylate eyease @ o * (2) lipid hormones (b) water-soluble hormones © @bipiesotubc hormones ase through ‘the cell membeane. ai u o a9 @upcsouienomones ether bind 19 ‘teplasmie receptors and vavelto he cleus or bind Ye nuclea receptor, © he hormone eceptr complex binds {oa homnererponse element onthe DNA ating es @ wanscipton facto O tre vinaing oft normoneeceptor ‘complex to DNA smultes he Symtesis of messenger RNA (nRNAY, ‘which codes for sect protein, Othe mena caves ne nuceus, passes inthe eytopiasm ofthe cel an binds ‘synthesis of specie proteins. Othe newly sytnesizes proteins roduce the cll response to the Iipi-sluble rermones—or example, ‘he secretin of the new proton * Regulation of Hormones * Blood levels of chemicals ox * blood glucose levels (insulin) * Other hormones ex: * TSH signals thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone © Nervous System ox * Epinephrine and fight or flight response_ Negative Feedback * tells body when homeostasis is reached ee © ——Rateasing hormone Posterior putary @ Nesrons inthe nypotnalamus lense stimulatory hormones calles Taeaing hormorts elanang hormones eal the Hod othe anterior pity glen. © ress hormones stmlst he rlease of hormones from he anterior Puta, which Wave the blood ithe target endocine cal © re target endocrine cel secretes its hormone It the bod, where Teves toi tnget ond proauceso response. PROCESS Figure 10.44 Hormonal Regulation of Hormone Secretion{a) Negative feedback by hormones Anterior pituitary Tropic hormone Negative feedback & A Hormone The anterior putary gland sectetes a tropic hormone, which evel a ths blood tothe target endocrine cel © Te hormone fom We target endocrine cell ravels tos target © The hormone trom the target endocrine cell also has 8 negative-feedback effect on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus and decreases secretion of the tropic hormone, © (b) Positive feedback by hormones Anterior pituitary Tropic hormone Positive feedback 0 the artojerptary gard secrstaya tropic hormone, whic emvol the blood to the target endocine el © The hormone fiom the target endocrine cll raves to its targel © the hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a positive-feedback effect on the anterior pitultary and increases secretion of the tropic hormone. Hormone Receptors and Mechanism of Action. Lipid soluble hormones (LSH) bind to Nuclear receptors 2, Water soluble hormones (WSH) bind to Membrane-Bound Receptors 3. Intracellular Receptor Hormones (Glucagon prlactr) Membrane bound receptor (© _Upiesotubie normone (thyrod or seri), Adenyate ‘ycase o * Pituitary Gland * small gland in brain * controlled by Hypothalamus © secretes at least 6 hormones . Copyright © McGraw-Hil Educaton, Permission required for reproduction or display. * 2regions:1. Anterior - Growth Hormone: * Target tissues: liver, adipose * Functions: * stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs * Abnormalities * too much GH causes giantism * too litle GH causes pituitary dwarfism © sunut wana ne nenous system Hypotalamic_- fogulata the socrtonofreloasing enon hormones green cles) and mibtng hormones (td les) om neurons ofthe hypothalamus @ Releasing hormones and inhibiting harmenes pass through the bypothelochypopyalal portal Hypotnalamahy- system tothe anterior pty. pophysial portal © Releasing hormones and inning Antero ptutary hormones (green and red ccs) leave feessing opr and state ri the o Anterior ‘Beare ofhormones (eo sre) inning cndocine cel {romanteror piston cal hormones Q inresponse to releasing hormones, anterior pitutary hormones yellow squares) Posterior travel inthe blood to thew target piuttary tissves (green orrow), which in some cases. fare other endocrine glands. > simat0¥7 ‘or endocrine land © Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), * Target tissues: thyroid gland © Functions * regulates thyroid gland secretions * Abnormalities '* too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges: © too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks * Gonadotropins © Luteinizing (LH) for females * Target tissues: ovaries * Function * promotes ovulation and progesterone productionLH for males © Target tissues: testes * Function © sperm production and testosterone * Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) for females © Target tissues: follicles in ovaries © Function * follicle maturation and estrogen secretion '* FSH for males © Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes) © Function * sperm production * Prolactin © Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries * Functions © milk production 2. Posterior - Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) * Target tissues: kidneys * Functions © conserve water * Abnormalities * Diabetes insipidus © low ADH © Kidney to produce large amounts of dilute (watery) urine * can lead to dehydration and thirst * Oxytocin © Target tissues: uterus © Functions * increases uterine contractions during labor * Thyroid Gland © Thyroid Gland * one of largest glands * requires iodine to functiona Panta yo Tyo tne (Ameri view Thyroid fosice (conning tyro) Fett cate Thyof foes Parathyois ‘lone C * Abnormalities of Thyroid Gland * Hypothyroidism * too low * decreased metabolism * weight gain, reduced appetite, fatigue * low temp. and pulse © diy, cold skin © Myxedema in adults © Cretinism in infants * Hashimoto's lisease * condition in which your immune system attacks your thyroid * Hyperthyroidism * too high increased metabolism * weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness © higher temp, and pulse * warm, flushed skin * Grave's disease (leads to Goiter)Calcitonin © Target tissues: bones * Functions * secreted when blood Ca2+ levels are high * regulate calcium level © Parathyroid Gland * Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) * Target tissues: bones and kidneys * Functions * increases (regulates) blood Ca2+ levels (more than calcitonin) * Ca2+ is low * osteoclasts break down bone matrix and less Ca2+ is lost in urine © Ca2+ is high * osteoclasts don't break down bone matrix and more Ca2+ is lost in urine * Adrenals * found on kidneys © 2 regions 1. Adrenal Medulla - inner portion * Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine © Target tissues: heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells © Functions * released as part of fight or flight responseAdrenal Cortex ~ outer portion * Aldosterone © type of mineralocorticoids * Target tissues: kidneys * Functions * causes Na+ and H2) to be retained and K+ to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume * Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion Ones, pect Cortisol * type of glucocorticoids * Functions: * increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses reduces inflammatory and immune responses * Androgens © Target tissues: gonands © Functions * Male © secondary sexual characteristics * Female * sex drive * Pancreas~ Organ in abdomen * Insulin * Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue * Functions * regulates blood glucose levels * after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted * extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen * Abnormalities * Diabetes mellitus * Causes * to0 litle of faulty insulin receptors * symptoms * exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration, thrist, fatigue © Type! * insulin dependent (daly injections needed) © Typell * insulin independent, often found in obese people, can be treated with diet but can turn into Type | * Glucagon * Target tissues: live © Functions * regulates blood glucose levels * between meals, glucose levels drop and glucagon is secreted * glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose © Testes * Testosterone * Target tissue: male reproductive organ * Functions ® aids in sperm and reproductive organ development and function * Ovaries © Estrogen/ Progesterone * Target tissues: female repro. system (uterus), mammary gland * Functions * involved in uterine and mammary gland development and menstrual cycle © Thymus GlandMUN ETe 9) SURE) * Thymosin © Target tissues: immune system tissues * Functions * promotes immune system development and function * Pineal Body (Gland) * Melatonin * Target tissues: hypothalamus * Functions * onset of puberty and controls circadian rhythms * light affects its function * Other Organs with Endocrine Function SST eCaty INTC uet Calcitriol IGF-1 CrtStomach & Intestines baie) beret Td PUT e err mud Peete Coe Te oe