Ch:1 Cell and tissue

 23 pairs chromosomes in human body.

Ch:2 The Blood

 Plasma normally constitutes 55% of the volume of blood.

 Cell fraction 45%, in the blood.
 Blood make up about 7% of body weight about 5.6 liters in 70 kg(man).
 Total blood volume : Male – 80 ml/kg , female - 70 ml/kg
 Plasma in water (90-92%)
 Plasma protein make up about 7% of plasma
 Gases – oxygen is not soluble in water only small amount <2
 ERYTHROCYTES
 Diameter -7 um.
 Lifespan- 120 days.
 30 trillion(1014) red blood cells in average human body.
 Process erythrocytes development from stem cell about 7 days its called erythropoiesis.
 Erythrocytes count – male – 4.5x 10 12 L / 6.5 x 1012 L (4.5 -6.5 million4.5 -6.5 million/mm).and in
female – 3.8x1012L / 5.8x1012 L(3.8 – 5.8 million/mm).
 Packed cell volume(PCV) = 0.40 – 0.55L/L.
 Mean cell volume (MCV)= 80-96Fl.
 Haemoglobin(Hb)= male – 13-18 g/100Ml, female- 11.5-16.5 g/100Ml.
 Mean cell haemoglobin(MCH)= 27-32 pg/cell.
 Mean cell haemoglobin concentration(MCHC)= 30-35g/100mL of red cell.

 LEUKOCYTES
 Granulocytes = neutrophils= 2.5 to 7.5x10 9/L , 40 to 75 %
Eosinophils= 0.04 to 0.44x10 9/L , 1 to 6 %

Basophils = 0.015 to 0.1x10 9/L , <1%

 Agranulocytes = monocytes = 0.2 to 0.8x10 9/L, 2 to 10%
Lymphocytes = 1.5 to 3.5x10 9/L, 20 to 50%
  PLATELETS

 diameter = 2-4 um
 Normal in blood = 200x109 L and 350x109L

CH: 5 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

 Average adult contain nearly 10,000 km of blood vessels.

 Diameter 3-4 um
 Red blood cell diameter about 170um
 Dissolve in the water of the blood plasma 7%

 heart
 weight = 225 g in women , 310 g in man
 apex = 9 cm left of midline level of 5 th intercostal
 SA NODES = 40 -60 b.p.m
 Stroke volume approx. 70 ml , heart rate = 72/min , cardic output = 5/L min
 Systolic pressure = 120 mmHg
 Diastolic pressure = 80 mmHg
 The brachiocephalic artery 4 -5 cm long
 Superior vena cava = 7 cm long
 Coelic artery = 1.25 cm long

 placenta
 shape – pancake
 weight – 500g.
 diameter – 20 cm
 thick – 2.5 cm
 ch: 6 The lymphatic system

 Thoracic duct
 The duct is about 40 cm long & open into the left subclavian vein in the root of neck.

 SPLEEN

 12 cm long
 7 cm wide
 2.5 cm thick
 200 g weight

 THYMUS GLAND
 Weight = 10 -15 g at birth
= 30 – 40 g at middle age

Ch:14 THE SKIN

o SKIN surface area is 1.5 – 2 cm square meter in adult.

Ch:16 THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

o Skeletal muscle cell are 35cm long muscle.

CH:7 NERVOUS SYSTEM

o There are 50 neurotransmitters in the brain.

o CSF is secreted continuously at a rate of about 0.5 mL per minute.
o i.e 720 mL per day
o hypothalamus weight = 7g.
o medulla oblongata = 2.5 cm long.
o spinal cord = 45 cm long in male adult .

 cranial nerves
 12 pairs.
 Olfactory – sense of smell.
 Optic – sense of vision.
 Oculomotor – help in movement of eye ball.
 Trochlear – support muscle of eye.
 Trigeminal – sensory nerve for the face and head.
 Abducent – nuclei of 4th ventricle
 Facial – helps in muscle of facial expression .
 Vestibulocochlear – maintain posture.
 Glossopharyngeal nerve – tongue and pharynx.
 Vagus – supply muscle and sensory gland.
 Accessory – supply muscle of neck.
 Hypoglossal – tongue and muscle .

CH: 13 URINARY SYSTEM

 Kidney
 Bean shape organ.
 11 cm long.
 6 cm thick.
 3 cm wide.
 150 g weight.
 It receives 20% of cardic output.
 ureters
 muscular tubing.
 25 – 30 cm long in length.
 3 mm in diameter.

 urethra
 longer in male than female .
 4 cm long.
 6mm in diameter.

CH:12 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

 GI tract is 5 meter in length.

 Oesophagus – 25 cm long and 2 cm in diameter.
 Stomach size – 1.5 liters or more in adult.
 Gastric juice - 2 liters.
 Small intestine - 5 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter.
 Duodenum – 25 cm long.
 Jejunum – 2 meters.
 Ileum - 3 meters.
 Villi – 0.5 to 1 mm long
 The entire epithelium is replaced by every 3 to 5 days.
 Intestinal juice – 1500ml.
 Bile – 1000ml daily.
 Alkaline intestinal juice is 7.8-8 PH.
 Large intestine is 1.5 meter long .
 Lumen- 6.5 cm.
 Rectum - 13cm long.
 Anal canal -3.8 cm long.
 Pancreas is 12 to 15 cm long and 60g weight.
 Liver is 1 to 2.3 kg
 Bile secrete by the liver daily 500 to 1000 ml.
 The hepatic duct is 3 cm and common bile duct is 7.5 cm long and 6 mm diameter .
 In adult 80 to 100 g of protein area broken.