LAB NO#6

OBJECT: To Explain and understand the ultrasonic imaging of the pancreas.

THEORY:
LOCATION OF THE PANCREAS:
It is soft, elongated and lobulated organ situated at the back of the abdomen behind the stomach.
SHAPE OF THE PANCREAS: It is leaf like structure or letter J like in shape.

DIMENSIONS OF THE PANCREAS: It is around 10-15 cm or 6 inches long and around 60-
140 mg in weight.

DIVISION OF PANCREAS:
Pancreas is divided into: 3. Body
1.Head 4. Tail
2. Neck

FUNCTION OF PANCREAS:
The pancreas is involved in blood sugar control and metabolism within the body and also in the
secretion of substances collectively pancreatic juice which helps digestion.

BLOOD SUPPLY:
Pancreas receives blood from branches of both the celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery.

SECRETION OF PANCREAS:

 AS AN EXOCRINE GLAND:  AS AN ENDOCRINE GLAND:

It includes digestive enzymes such as It consists of islets of Langerhans and
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, secretes different hormones in blood stream
carboxypeptidase, amylase, phospholipase,
lipase, deoxyribonuclease.

COMPOSITIONS OF CELLS:
1. ALPHA CELLS: 20% and they secrete glucagon
2. BETA CELLS: 68% and they secrete insulin
3. DELTA CELL: 10% and they secrete somatostatin
4. PANCREATIC POLYPEPETIDE CELL: 2% and they
secrete polypeptide hormone.
PATHOLOGIES OF PANCREAS:
1. PANCREATITIS:
It is the inflammation of pancreas although alcohol and gallstones can contribute, sometimes
causes never found. It is of two types:

A. ACUTE PANCREATITIS:
It is usually and a sudden and severe illness when pancreas rapidly becomes inflamed. Pancreatic
enzymes and various tumors may enter the blood stream and may destroy other organs.

CAUSES:
Common channel between common bile duct and make pancreatic duct due to migrating gall
stone and destruction.

B. CHRONIC PANCREATITIS:
In this inflammation develops more slowly and becomes increasingly bad overtime. The
pancreas loses its ability to make enough digestive enzymes and insulin

TYPES OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS: 2. Groove pancreatitis

1. Hereditary chronic pancreatitis 3. Long alcoholic tropical pancreatitis

2. DIABETES MELLITUS:
It is a chronic disorder or carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism due to defective and
deficient insulin secretary response.

CAUSES:
Destruction of islets of Langerhans due to pancreatitis or drugs.

TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS:

Diabetes mellitus is of two types:

A. TYPE 1:
The body's immune system attacks and
destroy the pancreas insulin producing cell.
Lifelong insulin injections are required to
control the blood sugar.
B. TYPES 2:
The pancreas loses the ability to
appropriately produce and release insulin.
The body also becomes resistant to insulin
and blood sugar rises.

3. CYSTIC FIBROSIS:
It is a genetic disorder that affects multiple body systems usually including lungs and pancreas.
Digestive problems and diabetes often results.

4. ISLET CELL TUMOR:

The hormone producing cells of the pancreas multiply abnormally, creating a benign (non-
cancerous) or malignant tumors. These tumors produce excessive amount of hormones and then
release them into the blood. Gastrinomas, Glucagonamas, Insolinomas are examples of islet cell
tumor.
PANCREAS TEST:
1. Physical examination
2. CT scan
3. MRI
4. Pancreas biopsy
5. Ultrasound
6. Amylase and lipase (Blood test showing levels of each pancreatic enzyme and suggest
pancreas.)
CONCLUSION:
 The ultrasound examination
The study of the pancreas includes transverse, longitudinal and angled oblique scans. By
moving the transducer and applying graded compression, bowel gas can be removed, thus
improving visualization of the pancreas.