Name: San Esteban, Frances Louie DL.

Course and Section: BSA ll-4

Date: 10-18-22

Assignment No.2
Crop Science 2: Approaches and Practices of Crop Production
Packaging of Horticultural Products

Direction: Discuss the following items comprehensively. Include figures/illustrations.

Introduction:
A critical step in ensuring that horticultural food is fresh and appealing to consumers
is packaging. In order to effectively extend the shelf life of horticulture produce, maintaining
the proper temperature, gas mix, and moisture in the packaging is crucial. The most
fundamental job that a package does is containment. Food is protected by packaging from
microbial, gaseous, and liquid tainting. A critical step in ensuring that horticultural food is fresh
and appealing to consumers is packaging. An effective extension of the shelf life of horticulture
produce depends on maintaining the proper temperature, gas mix, and moisture in the
packaging. Food is protected by packaging from microbial, gaseous, and liquid tainting. A food
box conveys crucial details about the item, preparation instructions, and nutritional
information. Packaging is defined as packaging in which subsidiary ingredients have been
purposefully added to, removed from, or otherwise modified from the packaging material or
the package headspace in order to improve the performance of the package system.

1. Characteristics of packaging materials to contain, to protect, to communicate, and to

market the product;
-Effective CPG Packaging Must Call Attention to Itself
- Your CPG Packaging Must Make the Brand and Its Purpose Clear
-Your Packaging Design Should Awaken Emotions
-Packaging Design Should Strive for Iconic Assets
-CPG Packaging Should Capture and Call Out Benefits
-Design Your CPG Packaging for Your Target Audience.
5 Factors To Consider When Choosing Packaging Materials
- Durable and high quality
- Cost-effective and convenient
- Tamper-evident and secure
- Environment-friendly and legally compliant
- Comes with quality customer service

2. Packaging Materials
-One of the most significant current uses for
nanoparticles in the food sector is in packaging
materials. Due to the features of ionic silver's great
toxicity and antibacterial activity, or metallic silver's
high temperature stability and low volatility,
packaging containing silver nanoparticles is used.

• Requirements and Functions of Food Containers

-The three main functions of food packaging are to enclose the food, safeguard it from outside
influences and harm, and give consumers ingredient and nutritional information. Food is
enclosed in food packaging to prevent damage, contamination, spoiling, pest attacks, and
tampering while being transported, stored, and sold to consumers.

• Primary and Secondary Containers

-Primary packaging serves as both the first and last piece of packaging that a customer opens
while protecting your product. It could be a juice box, potato chip bag, matchbook, or soap bar
wrapper. While the secondary containers is similar to primary packaging that’s displayed,
Secondary packaging has a useful function. In order to prepare things for shelves, it arranges or
stabilizes them. Additionally, it makes for simpler and safer storage, so when a manufacturer
needs to ship out additional units, you can be sure they arrive to customers unharmed. Both
primary and secondary packaging play a role in getting your product into consumers’ hands.
They work in concert, and a defect in either will compromise the packaging as a whole.
 • Hermetic Closure
-The technique of producing an airtight container is
known as hermetic sealing/closure. This guarantees
that no substance, whether it is a gas, liquid, or solid,
will leak out of the container. Hermetic sealing is
frequently employed to retain both functioning gases
and electrical mechanisms.

3. Protection of Food by Packaging Materials

-The purpose of product packaging is to safeguard the contents. Packaging must protect the
product from damage both during transportation from the manufacturing plant to the retailer
and while it is on the shelf.

• Films and Foils, Plastics

-If the material is dry and clean, plastic films
consisting of polyethylene resin are easily recyclable.
Only rigid plastic containers were supposed to be
covered by the resin labeling system initially. Many
manufacturers do, however, also print the code on
plastic films.

• Plastic sheets
-A continuous form of plastic material that is thicker
than.010 and is typically coiled on a core but is
mostly sliced into sheets is referred to as plastic
sheeting. Any thinner is referred to as plastic film.

• Receptacles and Packaging in Plastic Materials

-Plastic is a material that is excellent for use in packaging. It is incredibly lightweight, strong,
resilient, and cost-effective to create. Plastic is the most energy-efficient material to use in
packing since it is so lightweight. Less fuel can be used to ship more.
 • Laminates
-The process of laminating involves applying a bonding chemical to attach two or more flexible
packing webs to one another. These webs are made of aluminum foil, paper, or films. The
finishing layer that is most frequently used for MDF, plywood, particleboard, wooden furniture,
wall panels, and flooring alternatives is laminate.

• Glass Container
-Glass Container refers to any glass bottle, jar, or
other packing container used to hold a product that
is being sold at retail, excluding ceramic cups,
dishes, ovenware, plate glass, safety glass, and
window glass.

• Jars for sterilized/pasteurized canned products

-Glass bottles, jars, and jars are frequently used in food packaging, particularly by companies
who wish to project an upscale handcrafted or artisanal image. It is particularly suggested for
upscale preserves.

• Glass bottles
-Glass bottles are commonly used for the informal
delivery of notes, as well as for food sauces, soda,
liquor, cosmetics, pickling, and preservation. These
bottle types are practical and have a use in business
sectors.

• Glass receptacles with high capacity

-Glass has a propensity to smash readily, thus if a glass bottle or canister is accidentally knocked
to the ground, it will break easily and leave a mess behind. In addition, glass seems more
slippery to the touch than plastic.
4. Paper Packaging

• Paper sheets
-A single unbound sheet of paper that has two
pages one on the front and one on the back when
bound into a book or booklet. Each paper sheet has
two sides. Every side counts as one page. A sheet of
paper therefore has two pages. A four page
document is a sheet folded in half.

• Tin can/ tinplate

-Cans are made of three different materials:
electrolytic chromium coated steel, tin-coated
steel, and aluminum. Steel is the most common
material for food cans, while aluminum is most
often used for beverage cans.

5. Packaging and Post-Harvest Losses

-During the postharvest process, it's crucial to employ consistent packaging sizes for a given
commodity regardless of the material so that growers can quickly determine the overall harvest
by weight, count, and volume and more simply convey production numbers to their customers.

• Mechanical Injuries
-When plant parts are crushed, sliced, punctured, rubbed, or struck as a result of unintentional
or intentional physical acts, mechanical harm occurs.

• Physical and Environmental Factors

-Harmful substances, such as air pollution or proximity to toxic sites, which are the focus of
traditional environmental epidemiology, as well as access to a variety of health-related
resources, such as healthy or unhealthy food, recreational opportunities, and medical care, are
among the physical environment factors that are significant to health.

• Biological and Microbiological Losses

-Both macroscopic and microscopic organisms are a part of biology. Only microscopic creatures
are the focus of microbiology. occurs when a food product undergoes microbiological,
chemical, or physical changes that the consumer finds objectionable.
 • Indirect Causes of Post-Harvest Losses
-among the main sources of post-harvest losses during retailing are rotting, mechanical
damage, poor handling, inappropriate management of temperature and relative humidity, and
hygiene issues during handling.

6. Classification and Designs for Packaging

• Types of Package
-Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

-Primary packaging, often known as a consumer unit, is the packaging that comes into direct
touch with the product itself. The finished product is primarily contained, safeguarded, and/or
preserved by primary packaging. Many different materials are regularly used in secondary
packing, including boxes, cushioning, separators, reinforcements, bags, and paper. It can also
be tailored to make a product stand out in a warehousing environment. While secondary
packaging helps to organize things into unit loads during transit, tertiary packaging makes it
easier to protect, handle, and carry a series of sales units.

• Advantages
-While packing does increase safety, provide convenience, and decrease theft, it also has a
number of drawbacks. Throughout its life cycle, packaging can be heavy, expensive, and
environmentally harmful.

• Disadvantages
- Lower resistance to fractures, scratches, and thermal shock than other materials, More
variable dimensions than metal or plastic containers, Potentially major risks from glass splinters
or pieces in foods. Higher weight results in higher shipping costs than other types of packaging.
7. Facilitating Important Treatments
- it can be difficult to plan meetings for large groups of people and to maintain control over
them once they are underway, facilitation is crucial. A facilitator can first assist group members
in getting to know one another and learning how to work together.
8. Prevention of Pilferage
- Pilferage is the theft of little things, little quantities, or little amounts. Pilferage is a problem
that frequently involves workers stealing things from their workplace or place of employment.
9. Improvement of Sales Promotion
- Embrace Technology and Digital Transformation
- Understand & Optimize Revenue Generation
- Tailor Incentives to Strategies that Increase Sales
- Maximize Your Forecasting Accuracy
- Make Customer Experience Your Top Priority
10. Communication with Consumers
- The success of a business is significantly influenced by client communication. Improved
customer expectations, higher conversion rates, and greater customer loyalty and retention can
all be a result of effective client communication.
-Personalize the interaction
-Avoid negative phrases
-Use positive language with a touch of empathy
-Listen closely and avoid interrupting the customer
-Use consistent brand vocabulary
-Give thorough answers to technical questions
-Make communication clear and concise
11. Promotion of Product Identification and Company Recognition
- A brand's recognition process goes through five stages: awareness, preference, reputation,
trust, and loyalty. It's crucial that your product or service is high-quality and has good customer
service if you wish to reach these levels.