Interchange rows

MAT307 Numerical Analysis Multiply a row by a number

Add a multiple of a row to another row

MAT307 Numerical Analysis

Elementary Matrices and Row Operations

Dr. Mustafa Ağgül

mustafaaggul@hacettepe.edu.tr

Dr. Mustafa Ağgül Hacettepe University

 Interchange rows
MAT307 Numerical Analysis Multiply a row by a number
Add a multiple of a row to another row

In the augmented matrix below, interchanging the 2nd and 3rd rows is
required to continue Gaussian elimination.
   
1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1
   
 0 0 1 4  R2 ↔ R3  0 2 0 0 
   
   
0 2 0 0 0 0 1 4

This swapping operation is given by the matrix multiplication below:

    
1 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1
    
4 = 0
    
 0 0 1  0 0 1 2 0 0 
    
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 4

To obtain the elementary matrix on the left (permutation matrix), we

start with the suitably-sized identity matrix and interchange its rows that
will be subject to swapping in the augmented matrix.

Dr. Mustafa Ağgül Hacettepe University

 Interchange rows
MAT307 Numerical Analysis Multiply a row by a number
Add a multiple of a row to another row

Remark
The inverse of a permutation matrix is equal to its transpose.

Example
 
0 0 1
 
The matrix  0 1 0  corresponds to the interchange of rows 1 and
 
 
1 0 0
 
0 0 1
 
3. Also, its inverse is  0 1 0 .
 
 
1 0 0

Dr. Mustafa Ağgül Hacettepe University

 Interchange rows
MAT307 Numerical Analysis Multiply a row by a number
Add a multiple of a row to another row

Example
 
0 1 0 0 0
 
 
 1 0 0 0 0 
 
 
 0 0 0 0 1 
 

 0 0 0 1

0  The given matrix on the top cor-
  responds to the interchange of
0 0 1 0 0 the 1st row with the 2nd row and
  the 3rd row with the 5th row.
0 1 0 0 0 Also, its inverse is below.
 
 
 1 0 0 0 0 
 
 
 0 0 0 0 1 
 
 
 0 0 0 1 0 
 
0 0 1 0 0

Dr. Mustafa Ağgül Hacettepe University

 Interchange rows
MAT307 Numerical Analysis Multiply a row by a number
Add a multiple of a row to another row

Let us multiply each entries in the second row of the following

augmented matrix by 21 :
   
1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1
  1R  
 2 2 
 0 2 0 6  −−−→  0 1 0 3 
 
   
0 0 1 4 0 0 1 4

This multiplication operation is given by the matrix multiplication below:

    
1 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1
    
 0 12 0   0 2 0 6  = 
    
0 1 0 3 
    
0 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 4

To obtain the elementary matrix on the left, we start with the

suitably-sized identity matrix and replace its diagonal entry of the row
number to be multiplied by the constant to be multiplied.

Dr. Mustafa Ağgül Hacettepe University

 Interchange rows
MAT307 Numerical Analysis Multiply a row by a number
Add a multiple of a row to another row

Remark
The inverse of a diagonal matrix is obtained by replacing each element in
the diagonal with its reciprocal.

Example
 
1 0 0
 
The matrix  0 0  corresponds to the multiplication of 3rd row
 
1
 
0 0 7
 
1 0 0
 
with 7. Also, its inverse is  0 1 0 .
 
 
0 0 17

Dr. Mustafa Ağgül Hacettepe University

 Interchange rows
MAT307 Numerical Analysis Multiply a row by a number
Add a multiple of a row to another row

Example
 
1 0 0 0 0
 

 0 1 
3 0 0 0 
 
 
 0 0 1 0 0 
 

 0 0 0 5

0  The given matrix on the top cor-
  responds to the multiplication of
0 0 0 0 1 the 2nd row with 13 and the 4th
  row with 5. Also, its inverse is
1 0 0 0 0 given below.
 
 
 0 3 0 0 0 
 
 
 0 0 1 0 0 
 

 0 1 
0 0 5 0 
 
0 0 0 0 1

Dr. Mustafa Ağgül Hacettepe University

 Interchange rows
MAT307 Numerical Analysis Multiply a row by a number
Add a multiple of a row to another row

Consider the following augmented matrix. Let us multiply the first row by
2 and add the result to the second row.
   
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
   
 R2 +2R1 
 −2 0 −3 4  −−−−−→  0 2
 
1 6 
   
0 2 0 −4 0 2 0 −4
This addition operation is given by the matrix multiplication below:
    
1 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
    
1 0   −2 0 −3 = 0
    
 2 4 2 1 6 
    
0 0 1 0 2 0 −4 0 2 0 −4
To obtain the elementary matrix on the left, we start with the
suitably-sized identity matrix and replace one of its zero entry with the
number to be multiplied. The row number of this entry is the row
number to be added only and the column number is the row number to
be multiplied, and then added.
Dr. Mustafa Ağgül Hacettepe University
 Interchange rows
MAT307 Numerical Analysis Multiply a row by a number
Add a multiple of a row to another row

Remark
The inverse of such elementary matrix is obtained by replacing each
off-diagonal entries by its additional inverse.

Example
 
1 0 0
 
The matrix  0 0  corresponds to the addition of the 3rd row
 
1
 
0 7 1
 
1 0 0
 
with 7 times the 2nd row. Also, its inverse is  0 0 .
 
1
 
0 −7 1

Dr. Mustafa Ağgül Hacettepe University

 Interchange rows
MAT307 Numerical Analysis Multiply a row by a number
Add a multiple of a row to another row

Example
 
1 0 0 0 0
 
 
 0 1 0 0 0 
 
 
 0 2 1 0 0 
 

 0 −3 0 1

0  The given matrix on the top cor-
  responds to the addition of the
0 4 0 0 1 3rd row with 2 times the 2nd row,
  the 4th row with -3 times the 2nd
1 0 0 0 0 row and the 5th row with 4 times
 
  the 2nd row. Also, its inverse is
 0 1 0 0 0 
  given below.
−2
 
 0 1 0 0 
 
 
 0 3 0 1 0 
 
0 −4 0 0 1

Dr. Mustafa Ağgül Hacettepe University

 Interchange rows
MAT307 Numerical Analysis Multiply a row by a number
Add a multiple of a row to another row

Theorem
The inverse of a lower triangular matrix assuming diagonal entries 1 only
is obtained by replacing each off-diagonal entries by its additional inverse.
 −1  
1 0 0 ··· 0 1 0 0 ··· 0
   
 a21 1 0 ··· 0   −a21 1 0 ··· 0 
   
   
 a31 a32 1 ··· 0  =  −a31 −a32 1 ··· 0 
   
 .. .. ..   .. .. .. 
   
.. ..
 . . ··· . .   . . ··· . . 
   
an1 an2 an3 ··· 1 −an1 −an2 −an3 ··· 1

Dr. Mustafa Ağgül Hacettepe University

 Interchange rows
MAT307 Numerical Analysis Multiply a row by a number
Add a multiple of a row to another row

Example
 −1  
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
   
 −2
   
 2 1 0 0  1 0 0
  = 
 −3 −5
   
 3 5 1 0  1 0 
   
4 6 7 1 −4 −6 −7 1

Dr. Mustafa Ağgül Hacettepe University