Solubility of Alcohols

Hydrocarbon Observation Reaction Deduction/ Conclusion/

Discussion

Ethanol Soluble C2H5OH (l) + H2O (l) → C2H5OH

(aq)

Isopropyl Soluble C3H7OH (l) + H2O (l) → C3H7OH

Alcohol (aq)

T-Butyl Soluble C4H9OH (l) + H2O (l) → C4H9OH

Alcohol (aq)

Unknown A Soluble -

Unknown B Soluble -

Lucas Test

Hydrocarbon Observation Reaction Deduction/

Conclusion/
Discussion

Ethanol The solution turns into clear No reaction occur

yellowish solution

Isopropyl The solution turns to cloudy C3H7OH (l) + HCl (l) →

Alcohol yellowish colour. C3H7Cl + H2O

T-Butyl Two-layer solution is formed: C4H9OH (l) + HCl (l) →

Alcohol C4H9Cl + H2O
- Upper layer: colourless

- Lower layer: cloudy

yellowish

Unknown A The solution turns to cloudy -

yellowish colour.

Unknown B Two-layer solution is formed: -

- Upper layer: colourless

- Lower layer: cloudy

yellowish

Chromic acid test

Hydrocarbon Observation Reaction Deduction/

Conclusion/
Discussion
 Ethanol Green solution is 3 C2H5OH (l) + 2 CrO4- +10 H+ → 3
immediately formed CHOCHO + 2 Cr3+ + 8 H2O
after addition.

Isopropyl Two-layer solution is 3 C3H7OH (l) + 2 CrO4- +10 H+ → 3

Alcohol formed: (CH3)CO + 2 Cr3+ + 8 H2O

- Upper layer:
greenish cloudy

- Lower layer:
dark green

T-Butyl Two-layer solution is No reaction occur

Alcohol formed:

- Upper layer:
redish cloudy

- Lower layer:
brownish red

Unknown A Two-layer solution is -

formed:

- Upper layer:
greenish cloudy

- Lower layer:
dark green

Unknown B Two-layer solution is No reaction occur

formed:

- Upper layer:
redish cloudy

- Lower layer:
brownish red

Reaction with metallic sodium

Hydrocarbon Observation Reaction Deduction/

Conclusion/
Discussion

Ethanol - Large amount of 2 C2H5OH (l) + 2 Na (s) → 2

bubble forming in a C2H5ONa (l) + H2 (g)
short time

- Reaction rate is
fast
 Isopropyl - Medium amount of 2 C3H7OH (l) + 2 Na (s) →
Alcohol bubble forming in a C3H7ONa (aq) + H2 (g)
period of time

- Reaction rate is not

as fast as ethanol
however it’s faster
than T-butyl
alcohol

T-Butyl - Small amount of 2 C4H9OH (l) + 2 Na (s) → 2

Alcohol bubble forming in a C4H9ONa (aq) + H2 (g)
period of time

- Reaction rate is
slow

Unknown A - Medium amount of -

bubble forming in a
period of time

- Reaction rate is not

as fast as ethanol
however it’s faster
than T-butyl
alcohol

Unknown B - Small amount of -

bubble forming in a
period of time

- Reaction rate is
slow

Exp 19

Chromic acid test

Hydrocarbon Observation Reaction Deduction

Acetaldehyde Two-layer solution is formed: CH3CHO + H2CrO4→ Oxidized

CH3COOH + Cr3+ + H2O
- Upper: milky colour

- Lower: dark green

colour

Benzaldehyde Solution turns to dark green C6H5CHO + H2CrO4 → Oxidized

colour C6H5COOH + Cr3+ + H2O

Acetophenone No colour change -

 3-Pentanone No colour change -

Isopropyl Solution turns to dark green C3H8CHO + H2CrO4 → Oxidized

Alcohol colour C3H6O+ Cr3+ + H2O

Unknown A Solution turns to dark green Unknown Aldehyde

colour (oxidized)

Unknown B No colour change - Ketone

Unknown C No colour change - Ketone

Tollen’s Test

Hydrocarbon Observation Reaction Deduction

Acetaldehyde - Immediate reaction CH3CHO + 2Ag(NH3)2→ Reaction occurs

2Ag(s) + CH3CO2-NH4+ +
- Bubble is formed
H2O +3NH3
- Two-layer solution is
formed:

 Upper:
colourless
with silver
participate

 Lower: black

Benzaldehyde Two-layer solution is formed: C6H5CHO + 2Ag(NH3)2→ Reaction occurs

2Ag(s) + C6H5CO2-NH4+ +
- Upper: colourless
H2O +3NH3
- Lower: white
participate (silver)

Acetophenone Two-layer solution is formed: - No reaction

occurs
- upper: milky colour

- lower: grey colour

3-Pentanone Two-layer solution is formed: - No reaction

occurs
- upper: milky colour

- lower: colourless
solution

Isopropyl Two-layer solution is formed: - No reaction

Alcohol occurs
- upper: milky colour

- lower: black colour

 Unknown A Two-layer solution is formed: unknown aldehyde

- upper: milky colour

(with white
precipitate)

- lower: black colour

Unknown B Two-layer solution is formed: - Ketone/alcohol

- upper: milky colour

- lower: grey colour

Unknown C No colour change (remain - Ketone/alcohol

colourless)

Fehling’s Test

Hydrocarbon Observation Reaction Deduction

Acetaldehyde Solution turns to greenish Reaction occurs

yellow colour, with some
precipitate.

Benzaldehyde Milky colour solution with Reaction occurs

white precipitate

Acetophenone No change in colour -

3-Pentanone No change in colour -

Isopropyl No change in colour -

Alcohol

Unknown A Precipitation occurs unknown Aldehyde

Unknown B No colour change - Ketone or

alcohol

Unknown C No colour change - Ketone or

alcohol

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP Test or Brady’s Reagent)

Hydrocarbon Observation Reaction Deduction

Acetaldehyde Orange precipitate is formed Reaction occurs

Benzaldehyde Yellow precipitate is formed Reaction occurs

Acetophenone Orange precipitate is formed Reaction occurs

 3-Pentanone Orange precipitate is formed Reaction occurs

Isopropyl No reaction -
Alcohol

Unknown A Orange precipitate is formed Aldehyde or

ketone

Unknown B Orange precipitate is formed Aldehyde or

ketone

Unknown C No reaction - Alcohol

Iodoform Test

Hydrocarbon Observation Reaction Deduction

Acetaldehyde yellow precipitate is formed CH3CHO + NaOH + I2 → CHI3 Methyl group is

+ HCO2-Na+ present

Benzaldehyde Two-layer solution is formed: - No methyl

group is
- upper: colourless
present
- lower: milky colour

Acetophenone Yellow precipitate is formed CH3CHO + NaOH + I2 → CHI3 Methyl group is

+ C6H5CO2-Na+ present

3-Pentanone No reaction occurs - No methyl

group is
present

Isopropyl Yellow precipitate is formed C8H8O + NaOH + I2 → CHI3 + Methyl group is

Alcohol CH3CO2-Na+ present

Unknown A Yellow precipitate is formed unknown Acetaldehyde/

methyl
ketones/isopro
pyl alcohol

Unknown B No reaction - No methyl

group is
present

Unknown C No reaction - No methyl

group is
present