ANGULAR MOMENT Uy | , ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF 4 gig ota particle has angular motion LE Panton mylar elliptical ete.) then it posseey (itr momentum. It is denoted by | pr afl it is defined as cross product of ition vector F of the particle wnt onthe point about which particle ig ating. In figure 8.1 origin ‘o’ has been oe as pivot) and linear momentum p wae partic ee 6.1) Direction Angular momentum 1 is a vector quantity. Its dire rotation or along axis of rotation and is determined sie is normal to plane of product. (To apply this rule tails of the two vectors must comets ae of ere has to be redrawn from tail of other.) e.g. if the particle is moving on ac a ak about origin in anticlockwise direction in xy plane then I will be dire ae path axis (figure 8.1) pea Magnitude Magnitude of angular momentum | is given by l=rpsin@=rp,=r)p [from eq. 6.1)] or = |= mvrsin® (82) (=m) where m is mass of particle, v is its linear speed and 8 is angle between r and p. P, =p sin @ = component of p perpendicular tor dicular to P ach other at very point and ry=rsind= component of r perpen the (g For circular motion rand p are perpendicular to ¢ * (Grcular) path i.e. 8=90° sin@=1 183 Scanned with CamScanner184 Caravan's Concise Physics Series - Mechanics i S 's Concise Physi ‘ion Therefore, for circular mot 2y=10 l=rp=mvr=mro ’ 6, ff the particle and ‘T’ is rotational inertia 7 ) lal ; it where ‘ois angular velocity |= Io is rotational analogue of p = my ha out given axis. The equation al 2d 8 ords. ing In S.L. units of angular momentum are kg m in SL w it and Torque for a Single P, i Angular Moment Relation between Artie i uct, time t we get Differentiating equation (8.1) w.r. (84) or ae Lee But 9px P=vx (mv) =m(vxv)=0 | and according to Newton's Second Law of motion Be UF = Net force acting on the particle 80. x EF = Er= Net torque acting on the particle | Therefore equation (8.4) gets simplified to al arm (85) single. itiwoegeaton ‘res rlaton between angular momentum and torque for ea =IF Hence equation (8.5) represents Newton: rotational motion wi ‘tor Heh can alsobe sated a feleon® Second ‘plied on 4 Partich, mentum ofthe pare ape ce Particle is equal ae a th In equation (8:4) then, le al momentum mt torg *t torque i a et torque applieg on th, rhe must be along same axis tem om the can be written as xis Of rotati article a) and di, Poneng, form ait Fk=n0,} “When a net ‘Produces a change in angular mo change angular momentum of the Law for sngulet of torque is a tain axis then it mnt: The rate of PPlied on, it.” ite angular “uation (8.4) Scanned with CamScanneran and & °F the two Sides of a of aboy, Bry and qe = Te of net applied torque wi onent Sl article and its y and! Oly cha, (oe ae a ey ane 2 compe RAAB cm ar um of pa te wt it gent of MEY Particle Teepectively, of MOMENTUM AND ToR, sNorycLES QI 3 NEOPA SYSTEM oy 8 Agee are N particles in a oystem having | fn Bxed point (Pivot) then total angular weet Momentum | e _~ agver iven by ‘omentum 1, of He Vas cag L i 8 Oa be Be the ae int itt .c+); System about : v Lehtl+.+ly N N (88) . be Sha Exp) o ate jie angular momentum of ith particle ris its position Vector w . tote eae momentum. TX pivot and j jsits | , : It torques are acting on particles of system the: nm thei _gosne. Differentiating equation (86) w.r4,time'y mevlar momentum = a \ or Hoy 6D | where t; is net torque on ith particle. The torques acting on the system are of two types. (2) Internal torques 6) External torques Internal Torques : another ining MES torques may arise due to the forces exerted by particles on one Na thei ” e line. So they ir mutual interactions. But these forces act = these forces. So it 2 Moment arm and hence no torques are oe vis to nen0 “obvious that sum of all internal torques will also be ea! ct) e ‘iint = 0 Scanned with CamScanneree 4 ques ag on particles of the cing OF * 8¥8te, terD! 1g acing é (b) Bs! i oe them. Their Vector Sum ca. pe = aga lu nee ty EF 4 ii BAL (@.7) can be written © G0 equation aL De S text al ; d la @y rn is form of Newton's second 1aW for ropa, hove equation 18 ee “ aystem srartiet It can be stated as follo' | | “when external torques act on a particles of a wa f particles is changed. The rate of a, f stem of a vm is equal to vector sum of external torques ey momentum of momentum of syste aystem’. All external torques acting on the particles of system Nd the 5 momenta must be about one fixed point (pivot) which 18 usually taken ag org Example 8.1 Calculate the angular momentum about Earth's centre of an 84, Ik 4008). (K.U,, 96), the equator of rotating Earth, (RE = 637 km, T Solution radius, m= 84.3 kg *=Ry=6370 km = 6.37 x 108 my T= 86400 5 Iso (one day) But Ee Scanned with CamScanner2 go Eine BR = BAB hy x (6.3 37 x 190 ny? 23 ca or 1 F249 10! eg ay? gt SOA Ans, sample so Calculate angular momentum of k, SAPth ago its rotation on its axis ociate ith : ite orbital motion arqund eum o 24 (Mg = 5.98 « 10" ig, Re = 6.37 19h aeaniolea tgp 1.50% 10! oy (i day = - 8, Lyear= 3,16 x 197 ) KU, 95,19 + 95,14) golution tum of Earth due i [ Angular moment ue its rotati « own axis ‘on (spin motion) about In this case Earth on be regarded as a sphere rotating about its diameter § % its rotational inertia will be 3 Mp RE. My = 5.98 x 107 kg Ry =6.37 x 10° m T, = Lay =8.64x 10's Scanned with CamScanner9 its orbital motion ah, \ 1 0 je very 1oné (1.5 «10! m) gy “hy onaidered as a particle in thi ny, 7 Site, x10! m) 2 x 2x 3.14 21 agro hems o ple we find that py solving this exe™ Lele Example 83 ‘The angular 0 peoiti aj +130 k ind t= 2 sec. (KU, 13) | mentum of a particle is given a8 Find torque at t= 1 sec. a Solution L =oi'f-3t°} + 130° 43 a 8 ¢ (ot! i at3j +1313 ort =24f get + =i eef4gg.2¢ WAtt=Is)= 24 6f 4 398 uni units. > (b) Mat t= 25) = 199f _ 19 + 156k units ; ( ) J) J fe Ans. Scanned with CamScannerH Ww ew" ean © Pr Bo gn external torques are actin ANGu BON A pa, LUtoxt = 0 ti db gon” a L = constant fees Mom on, +n absence of ex! i ternal torques t 0 ie io vem of particles (or a single particl tal y sy" clo) Seto 1 nis is known as law of conservati ) remains a anes vation stant, mentum of echanics but i fm s but is related with 7 of angular - ational mo oti ajc lS wt di peyed as it hol x ver disove? ‘olds good i jee portant yole in orbi d in relativisti ion « the i an jmpo! orbital and spin HC a8 Well ag ON orbital moe of the ee i i q Metin 5 on one side and orbital and at of uae a neta ly in moti . Planeta, oe galore cles i ; tgeles in atoms and nuclei on other,” % “te . ona coe PP The angular momentum is dire ar? cted i esasié of rotation is fixed then obviously om axis of rotation. In my ‘ fred. In that case conservation of angular eee momenta a = poenitude hm wil be apples If axis of rotation is fixed and configurati ¢ ‘ ? iguration of changes then rotational inertia of system may change. ete bir baal gear that angwar velocity w of the system will then sstouatall mal ct iv 7 : inorder to Tn this case law of conservation can be ai "] (8.10) omentum. 1 ig ita alan, fe Sars and nd other conserve angular momentum. 1,0; = I202 where ©) iS angular velocity of system when its rotational inertia about the fixed axis tia is ly about that a3. ts angular velocity when its rotational iner isl, and 2 is i mutual ert forces on one by sun oF electri ny (it ‘The particles of system may ext a planet , produce ent interactions (e.8- gravitational force on by nucleus in an. ‘atom) but these forces 40 a article 8,2). Hence law of conservation of angular various # presence of these forces. Equation 10) is, helefi! ini Flowing of the! acrobats, skaters ballet dancers an diverse et er @ Spinning of skater i) Spring board diver (ii) Rotating picycle wheel Scanned with CamScannerCe torque is ac rd Diver (i) Spring Boa Some expert ewimming pool divers make few somersaults in ar after taking jumP from a spring board ‘and before entering the [ only be explained only on the : \ Zz although 7° pool This can basis of conservation of angular momentum as follows because no torque ‘acts on their body once they take the jump. While taking the jump a diver slightly sonds his (or her) body in forward direction to ave some angular velocity due fo small vaotional motion gained by his body about its vottre of mass on jumping. Thus his body acquires some rotational inertia and angular momentum. During the jump diver brings his legs closer to central part of his body. As a result ee et on and hence rotational inertia of his body about the axis of rotation decreas s es, Consequently angular velociy rotation of his body increases. Thus he makes few mes ults. i Before falling into the pool h i i 2 aise ea Se Tt shoul : ould be noted that translational motion (which is projectil centre of mass of his bod} i gr of mas fh body continues during tk's activity along a trajecto! ard, 60 that fe motion) ry shown 3 (iii) Rotating Bicycle Wheel Above twi 0 momentum, ee wei conserved. This is llustray Let us, ani of Ab tier that a sat Sere wheel rotting ine hea y tng in horizontal ions evolving stool and it we in anticlockwise direction Scanned with CamScanner re based : guar timeaa ee magnitude of angult ihe vader and aloo wooo ted in following exampl le.the wheel and @f800s 8too} /o pene oA1Y Whee iro Ako oy, out, momentum (say [, mts With a uw iA oe yy and other two are mand t inv omentum of system ig Ly Slag la} sf yson suddenly makeg the gh Mo4 now wheel is rotating in as Whey} arg, some ongular velocity arene fio ‘ angular momentum of yw)” 5 ion jis angular momentum bego 3 ee to law of conservation 9 oot the total angular mom cae still be Li. - o ' ? i Whee} 5 Meg — L. f angular entum of result the person and the stoo} wi i in anticlockwise direction an wt soem um 2L; so that the net angular om le of the system may still be L. Pa Ly= 24 = CL) = Ly It appears strange that Person and stool start wheel (because NO torque is applied) but it occurs sat Torvation of angular momentum. yr Totating on inverting the in reality as demanded by gumple 84 A wheel is rotating with angular speed of 80 revinn ona shat rine ona inertia in negligible. A second wheel initially at ret and with sit wit rational inertia of the first, is coupled suddenly to the same shaft ) What is the angular speed of resultant combination of the shaft and the two wheels? / sis What fraction of the original rotational K.E. is lost? Solution. 80 x 2x a =? let I, be rotational i that 152), Since no external torque is 2c" Will remain conserved. i-e- Scanned with CamScannerTotal final angular | a ngular _ Total jnitial ang" = momentum momentum To, =) +1) of _ To, = 51) of or Fy a, 9 or % =2.8rads! Ang, of 3 or _ Loss in KE. “practional Loss in ICE. = Tyitial KE. ° Initial KE. - Final KB, = Tnitial KE. Final K.E. =1~jnitial KE. Fd, +1) of =1- 1 2. hor 3, (@/3)" z (Using eq. 4&3, 1, oF Fractional loss in K.E. = Ans. 84 STABILITY OF SPINNING OBJECTS : fore or ast ee object is projected in space then some forces such s gravis a i of wind blowing at right angles to direction of its motion delle which will oppece us, ¥en a spin motion then it will have angular meme notion ofthe object, Th we iM Orientation of axis of rotation or in di and resulting torquce ont SPit motion of wbject reduces effect of deflects) depend on magnitade ee 9 the object The amount of reduetit To exlin it ty “of initial angular momentum of the object: ad Bomentum p.A force F acta one Gonslter translational motion of an obi! e| ight angles to direction of p [Fig.6.50) “a tI por Ap x ° B Scanned with CamScanneresulting Change Ap in mon, mee be moving in the ai ehtm he et 0 rtain angle ( ection gp Will bie” th by 9Y 0) under ye P+ jo figure 8-5(b) e yh prom tan 0 of the initial momentum ‘p' Greater free Wi P' of the m. So deflecting force will be less effective fi ma Her witty . # tia te similarly We May consider effect of deflect; I momenta 9 at a ) Let US suppose that an object (©. a om ire tor Marge a momentum L. A torque + is applied to " ie torque on an lee: SIeular dine) ee *vinning i Rang °F Petpendiculsy aL q ar. (a) c Fig. 8.6 ® } rood change angular momentum by AL, direction of AL bein Xacthe object swill rotate with angular momentum L + AL Rid lptieecatale jection of L + AL. If 6 is angle of deflection of orientation of its axis of ae fon figure 8.6(b). en Greater the initial angular momentum L, smaller will be effect of defeenng ure. Hence angular momentum provides orientational stability to spinning ets, If the spinning object has translational motion, then it provides directional ‘ability to the translational motion of the object. eee iti . For example a thin circular disc at rest (in upright posts Seda | ‘wantly when it is released. But if it is pushed on 4 a Daas \ a cover some distance before toppling. The a Jumps on the surface ie notion will provide stability to it against ™ fix orientation of ts ' show: to } 8 that rotating disc or wheel ete has tendency rotation. 1 a : ven spin MLN lat pl is essential to provide stability to satellites. They a eane® {ikany) “wiorbital position is not changed by solar wind oF P a9 it is also 8 ide cbt also needs directional stability, £0 1+ from a launchine nad ven spin, moue® Scanned with CamScanneri cussed rotation . fax we have mainly discusses eaale So nav he direction of angular momentum 8 é applied torque can Eig fixetitey this case an t if axis is not fixed or is fixed just at one my en n, then applied torque may also i ir the applied torque is directed lately “pont ular momentum (oF axis of rotation) then it ee right ion fh \ entum as it would have no component in aust chan’! les . i nly change direction of angular moment) © directs Aa a t Jane of rotation will al Which “at i‘ ws 80 change Ty ce in this case P Sug! Oy | v change ita’ so in ym. Bu' % momentum. direction of ang' of angular mom ‘momentum. It can 01 plane of rotation, Hent rotational motion in which plan talled precessional motion. e of rotation also changes conn. ou Axis of 3 of the ton 0 ‘Scanned with CamScannerid object of conical shape); (a 80 '8 6Ymmepe: 07 ye fixed at contact point Chive ei ie oxi io When it is given a api, ma Other Wing OU ite ay fof rota tually it slightly tilts. Thon lingo it initial, Xin hay Oe loner, tp pat ey erence a torque T is produced eo! Mtion of Frain ; r d due to et Fit wee ivot Pig directed inward perpendicyine Toit Weight at bee, it top [Fi ao * Nt pg feel 38 gion of the top [Fig.8.7(b)), ‘The cont ms of islaune 0.0 ts ie a circle shown as d k Totation, V ei : lotted circle gr BtAvity « 0 it em yo ose that axis of symmet, . de). Lage e pen set hen torque t acting on is of spinning LOD i tite jine- ernig it » line ce top will be given by d by an recy er qerFsin® ition vector of centre of Bravity Q of th 7 rt is jn vertically downward direction Fig 7, ae and P in its igh ie 1=Mgrsin® isaac ofthe €OP- e we on of torque t is perpendicular to pl, rection OF ™ Plane of r and ati sit Since direction r and angular momentum L a aa axis oe 810 oop) torque tis also perpendicular to L. So i aad axis of eymmetry will move on surface ofa coe Ese ton vil ae processional motion under the effect of torque + due to its weight, Let Land L + AL be angular momenta of the top and Q and @ be positions giseentre of gravity at instants t and t + At respectively. Then change in angular fmetum in time interval At will be AL. Its magnitude is represented by segment Qin figure 8.7(0). Let Ad be angular displacement of Q in time At. Then angular fequency of precessional motion of the top will be given by (8.10) Ba ri 6.11) From figure 8.7(c) in AOCQ ans= 29 But CQ=R td 0Q represents magnitude of angular momentum Leo sing== 7 (8.12) * R=Leine Also ina caq’ 7 AL - a= QQ AL Scanned with CamScanner196 __ Caravan’s COM" AL or Ab = [pain 0 Maj, \ n.be written 18 Roe by So eq.(8.11) ca! tal @p 2 Tsin 0 At i Newton's Second Law for rotational Motion My But accordin AL At =t a = Mgrsin or ; Using eg ion (8.13) can be written as So equatit = Mgr %%="L i If | is rotational inertia of the top about its axis of symme; fi frequency of the top try ang is ‘% then L =Io, 80 : > ie. with decrease in frequency of spin moti : 2 ‘ion of the top (due to fiz» pivot and air resistance), frequency of its precessional motion oe i Scanned with CamScanner