“ GROUP 4

Presented By:

Muhammad Imran , Saman Mushtaq , Issma Naeem ,

Laraib Fatima , Mubarra Rafaqat , Tooba seerat , Fatima
Bibi ”
Roll NO:
20011509-023,20011509-038,20011509-041,20011509-013,20011509-
032,20011509-034 ,20011509-039
 Comparision Tests

The Comparision Test

Let be a series with no negative terms.
a) converges if there is a convergent series with for all for some integer
N.
b) diverges if there is a divergent series of nonnegative terms with for
all ,for some integer N.
 Proof

 In part (a),the partial sums of are bounded above by

.
They therefore form a non-decreasing sequence with a limit
 In part (b),the partial sums of are not bounded from above .If they
were the partial sums for would be bounded by
.
and would have to converge instead of diverge.
 The Limit Comparision Test

Limit Comparision Test

Suppose that and for all (N an integer).
1. If ,then and both converge or both diverge.
2. If and converges ,then converges.
3. If and diverges,then diverges.
 Proof
we will prove Part 1.Part 2 and 3.
Since ,there exists an integer N such that for all n

Then, for ,

If converges ,then converges and converges by the Direct Comparison

Test. If diverges ,then diverges and diverges by the Direct Comparision
Test.
 EXERCISE 11.4
• Determining Convergence or Divergence
Which of the series in 1-36 converge , and which diverge ?
Give reasons for your answers.

Question#01

Solution:
Apply limit comparison test
 Cont…

Comparing

Dividing by ‘’
 Cont…

Diverges by p-series test

By Theorem(11) part(1) both converges or diverge
 Question#02

Solution:
,
So ,
 Cont…

By part(1) of Theorem 11

diverges according to p-series test

So
So also diverges.
 Question#03

Solution:
(Try to apply direct comparison tests on trigonometric
functions)
(In direct comparison test should be diverges).
When
 Cont…
Range of

Dividing by ‘’

So compare with
 Cont…

So
 Cont…

So is convergent geometric series as .So also converges.

 Question#04

Solution:
Range

Adding ‘1’

Dividing by
 Cont…

So

Hence

So is converges according to p-series so also converge.

 Question#05

Solution:
Both test fail so apply nth-term test
L’Hopital Rule

So diverges.
 Question#06

Solution:
(For )

So

Apply limit comparision test compare with .

 Cont…

By part(1) of Theorem (11)

So converges by p-series .So, also converges.

 Question#07

Solution:

Apply limit comparison test

Compare with
 Cont…

Dividing by ‘3n’
 Cont…

is convergent by geometric series so is also convergent.

 Question#08

Solution:

By limit comparison test

compare with
 Cont…

Dividing by ‘’
 Cont…

By part(1) of Theorem (11)

As

So converges by p-series so also converges.

 Question#09

Solution:

⇒ Taking ‘log’

So
 Cont…

As

So is diverges by harmonic series so also diverges.

 Question#10

Solution:
Simplify

By squaring

So,
 Cont…

inverse

So is now compare
Apply limit comparison test
Cont…
 Cont…

Part (3) of Theorem (11)

So diverges by p-series so also diverges.

 Question#11

Solution:

Compare with
Apply limit comparison test
 Cont…

Part (2) of Theorem (11)

So convergent by p-series So also convergent.

 Question#12

Solution:
Apply limit comparison test
 Cont…

Part (2) of Theorem (11)

 Cont…

So converges by p-series then also converges.

 Question#13

Solution:
(Also solve by direct comparison test same like ( Q#10)
Apply limit comparison test
Cont…
 Cont…

Part (3) of Theorem (11)

As

So diverges by harmonic series So also diverges.

 Question#14

Solution:

Applying limit comparison test

Cont…
 Cont…

Part (2) of Theorem (11)

As

So converges by p-series then also converges.

 Question#15

Solution:
Apply limit comparison test
 Cont…

Part (3) of Theorem (11)

As diverge by harmonic series so also diverges .

 Question#16

Solution:
Apply limit comparison test
 Cont..

Part (3) of Theorem (11)

As

As diverges by harmonic series so also diverges.

 Question#17

Solution:
Both test fail so apply integral test

Let
 Cont…

Limits:

So,
Cont…
 Question#18

Solution:
Apply limit comparison test
 Cont…

Part (3) of Theorem (11)

As diverges by harmonic series So also diverge.

 Question#19

Solution:
By direct comparison test,

Xing by ,

Taking square root,

 Cont.…

As ,
So converges by p-series then also converges.
 Question#20

Solution:
By limit comparison test,
 Cont.…

Part(1) of theorem(11),

So converges by p-series then also converges.

 Question # 21

Solution:

+
= +
Sum of two convergent series.
is a convergent geometric series.
( r = 1/2) common ratio
 Cont.…

is convergent by direct comparison.

Test with

So converges.
 Question # 22

Solution :
= +
=+
converges by direct comparison Test.
converges by Geometric Series r=1/2
 cont.…

And converges by p-series (p=2)

So, converges.
 Question # 23

Solution:
Apply Direct Comparison Test  an =

 bn =

So, an bn

bn converges by Geometric Series. Then an also converges.

 Question # 24

Solution :
Both tests fail so apply nth term test.
=
+
+
= + = +0= 0
So, diverges.
 Question # 25

Solution:

Applying limit comparison test

So =
 Let x =
 Cont.…
X=
x=0
= 1
Part (1) of theorem (11)

As diverges by divergent harmonic series so also

diverges.
 Question # 26

Solution:

Applying limit comparison test

So =
Cont.…

=/
= )()
 Let x =
X =
x=0
 Cont.…

=
=.1
= 1.1
=1
Part (1) of theorem (11)
=
As diverges by divergent harmonic series so also diverges
 Question # 27

Solution:

=
 Cont.…

Now apply limit comparison test

=
=
= L, Hpital rule
=
 Cont.…

=
=()
=10
part (1) of theorem (11)
= , p=2 , p >1

As converges by P-series so also converges.

 Question # 28

solution
=

=
 Cont.…
Now apply limit comparison test

= , L, Hpital rule
= ,
 Cont.…

= ,
=
=5
Part (1) of theorem (11)

= , p=2 , p >1

As converges by P-series so also converges.

 Question#29

Solution:
 <
<

Dividing by
<
<
=
p=1.1 ,p>1

As converges by P-series so also converges.

 Question# 30

Solution:-
Range:
Now

By dividing on both sides:

 Cont.…

Part (1) of theorem (11)

So,
,p=1.3 ,p> 1
So, converges by p-series so also converges.
 Question#31

Solution:
As we know that,

By limit comparison test,

Cont.…
 Cont.…

Part 1 of theorem 11 ,,

So, converges by p-series so also converges.

 Question#32

Solution:
By limit comparison test

=
 Cont.…

=
By applying limits ,we have
=
Part ( 1 )of theorem (11)
= , p=2 , p
So converges by p-series so also converges.
 Question #33

Solution:
= ,=
By using Limit Comparison Test,
=/
=
= () By Theorem 5#2
=) )=1
=
 Cont.…

=1

Part (1) of limit comparison test,

So, diverges by divergent Harmonic series and also

diverges.
 Question #34

Solution:-
= ,=
By using Limit Comparison Test,
=
= )()
 Cont.…

=1 By theorem 5,#2

Part(1) of Limit Comparison test, =1

= (p=2,p>1)
So,converges by p-series .Therefore, also converges.
 Question #35

Solution :
1+2+3+…+n=

/2 =
 Cont.…

x
= , =
By using Limit Comparison Test,
=/
=x
=) (
By using L- Hopital’s Rule,
=
= () form
 Cont.…
By using again L- Hopital’s Rule:

=)

=
= (2)
=2

Part (1) of limit Comparison test,

= (p=2,p>1)
So,converges by p-series .Therefore,also converges.
 Question # 36

Solution:-
By using formula of first n squares=
1+++…+n=

/6

Taking common “n” by numerator and denominator

 Cont.…

.
= ,=
By using Limit Comparison Test,
=/

=x
=
 Cont.…

=
=
= () form
By applying L- Hopital’s Rule
=
= () form
 Cont.…

By applying again L-Hopital Rule:

=
===3
=3

Part(1) of Limit Comparison test,

=(p=3,p>3)
So, converges by. P-series. Therefore, also converges.