WEEK

Republic of the Philippines

7
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CUENCA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

GENERAL CHEMISTRY I
QUARTER I – WEEK 7

GAS LAWS

After going through the lesson, learners are expected to:

1) Use the gas laws to determine pressure, volume, or temperature of a gas under certain
conditions of change
2) Use the ideal gas equation to calculate pressure, volume, Temperature, or number of moles
of a gas
3) Use Dalton’s law of partial pressures to relate mole fraction and partial pressure of gases in a
mixture

GAS LAWS

Boyle’s Law
Gas Pressure is caused by fast- moving gas molecules colliding with the inner wall of the
container. The direction of gas pressure is always perpendicular to the surface of the wall at
every point.

Decreasing the volume of a contained gas will increase its pressure and increasing its volume
will decrease its pressure. In fact, if the volume increases by a certain factor, the pressure
decreases by the same factor, and vice versa. The pressure- volume realtionship was
investigated by Robert Boyle. This relationship is now known as Boyle’s law, which states that
the pressure of a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to the
volume of the gas.

Following is the mathematical expression showing the inverse relationship between pressure
and volume:
P ∝ 1 or PV= Constant
V
Sample Problem
A sample of gas at 3.2 atm is confined in a cylinder and occupies a volume of 4.0 L.
Calculate the new pressure if the gas is compressed to 1.5 L at constant
temperature.
Given: P1 = 3.2 atm Required: P2 in atm
V1= 4.0L
V2= 1.5 L

Formula: P1V1 = P2V2

P2 = P1V1 P2 = 3.2 atm x 4.0L
V1 1.5L
P2 = 8.5 atm

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Charles Law
As the volume of gas increases by a certain factor, the temperature also increases. The direct
volume- temperature relationship was explained by Jacques Charles and known as Charles
Law which states that the volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant pressure is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature (Kelvin) of the gas.
Following is the mathematical expression showing the direct relationship between volume and
temperature:
V ∝ T or V= Constant
T
Sample Problem
The gas in a balloon measures 150mL at 30°C. What will be its volume if it is heated
to 40°C?
Given: V1= 150 mL Required: V2 in atm
T1= 30°C + 273K= 303K
T2 = 40°C + 273K= 313K

Formula: V1= V2
T1 T2

V2 = V1T2 V2 = 150mL x 313K

T1 303K
V2 = 155mL

Amonton’s law or Gay-Lussac’s law

The pressure-temperature relationship was explained by Guillaume Amontons. He empirically
established the relationship between the pressure and the temperature of a gas. Moreover,
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac determined the relationship more precisely. Because of this, the
pressure- temperature relationship for gases is known as either Amontons’s law or Gay-
Lussac’s law. Under either name, it states that the pressure of a given amount of gas is directly
proportional to its temperature on the kelvin scale when the volume is held constant.
Following is the mathematical expression showing the direct relationship between pressure and
temperature:
P ∝ T or P = Constant
T
Sample Problem
A sample gas confined in a steel cylinder has a pressure of 1.0 atm at 27°C.
Calculate the pressure if the temperature is raised to 67°C
Given: P1= 1 atm Required: P2 in atm
T1= 27°C + 273K= 300K
T2 = 67°C + 273K= 340K

Formula: P1= P2
T1 T2

P2 = P1T2 V2 = 1.0 atm x 340K

T1 300K
V2 = 1.1 atm

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Avogadro’s Law
The proponent of this law is named after Amedeo Avogadro, who is a notable Italian
mathematical physicist. This law state that “The volume of a gas at a given temperature and
pressure is directly proportional to the number of moles contained in the volume”. This law is
based on Avogadro’s hypothesis that the same volume of two gases at constant temperature
and pressure contain the same number of molecules. It means as the volume increases the
amount of substance or the moles also increases, so the relationship is directly proportional.
Keep in mind that a mole is related to the quantity of molecules in
a substance.

Avogadro’s Law is expressed in this mathematical equation:

In terms of proportion: V α n (at constant temperature and pressure)
In terms of equation: V = k n (at constant temperature and pressure)
V / n =k or
V1 / n1= V2 / n2
Where;
V1 = initial volume
n1 = initial number of moles of the gas
V2 = Final volume
T2 = Final number of moles of the gas

Example: A 2.4 moles of gas occupies 60.0 L at a certain temperature. What volume
will 3.7 moles of a gas occupy? V2 = V1 n2 / n1
Given: n1 = 2.4 moles n2 = 3.7 moles
V1= 60.0 L V2 = ? = 60.0 L ( 3.7 moles)
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2 ; V1n2=n1V2 2.4 moles

= 92.5 L
Ideal gas Equation
It is a single equation that sums up and combines the mathematical expression of Boyle’s Law,
Charles’ Law, and Avogadro’s Law.

Where;
P = Pressure n= moles (refers to the amount of substance)
V= Volume T= Temperature (express in Kelvin (K))
R = The universal gas constant (0.0821 atm.L / mol.K)

The value of the universal gas constant (R) is the same anywhere and anytime. It
can be calculated using the using the standard conditions of mole, pressure, volume,
and temperature. The value can also be derived from the ideal gas equation as
shown below.

PV = nRT

R = PV = 1.00 atm x 22.4 L

nT 1.00 mole x 273 K

Example:

A 3.5 L container holds 0.45 moles of O2 gas at 300K. What is the pressure
inside the container?

Given: V = 3.5 L T = 300 K

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 N = 0.45 moles P=?

PV = nRT ; P = nRT
V
atm . L
= 0.45 moles x 0.0821 mole .K x 300 K
1.5 L

Activity 1: Experiment Time!

Direction: Perform the following short experiments. You may use materials that are already
available at home.

Experiment 1. Expanding Marshmallow

Materials
Syringe, without needle 35-mL
Marshmallow

Procedure:
1. Remove the plunger of the syringe and insert a marshmallow inside the marshmallow into the
syringe.
2. Cover the other end of the syringe with your finger
3. Return the plunger and push it down until it reaches the marshmallow. After pushing the
plunger try to pull it. Observe what will happen to the marshmallow;
4. If desired, you can repeat this several times
5. Take the syringe apart and remove the marshmallow. Observe the marshmallow

Guide Questions
1. What happened to the marshmallow as you pushed the plunger inside?
2. What is the appearance of the marshmallow when you pulled the plunger?
3. What do you think is the reason for the changes that occurred on the marshmallow when you
pushed and pull the plunger
4. What happened to the marshmallow after removing from the syringe?

Experiment 2. What Causes the Water to Rise in the Glass?

Materials:
tall glass candle matches water plate food color

Procedure:
1. Mix the food coloring with water. Depending on the size of your plate, you'll need 1 to 2 cups
of water. The food coloring will make it easier to observe the movement of the water later, but
you can do the experiment without it.
2. Place the candle in the middle of the plate.
3. Pour the water in the plate until it completely covers the bottom. It should be about a 1/2 inch
deep.
4. Light your candle and carefully put the glass over top of it. The candle will eventually go out.
While it burns, observe what happens.

Guide Questions:
1. What happed to the water as you burned the candle?
2. What causes the water to rise in the glass?

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 Experiment 3. Egg in A Bottle?
Materials:
1-Soda bottle 1-hardboiled egg 500mL hot water 500mL cold water

Procedure:
Part A
1. Remove the shell of the egg
2. Put the hot water inside the bottle
3. Place the egg (smaller end pointing down) in the opening of the bottle for 1 minute. Observe

Part B
1. Immerse the glass bottle into very cold water for a bit. Place the egg (smaller end pointing
down) into the mouth of the bottle. Observe

Guide Questions:
1. When is the pressure of air inside the bottle greatest? Why?
2. How is the volume of air inside the bottle kept constant after putting the egg?
3. How can you tell that air pressure inside the bottle is lower after immersing in cold water?

Activity 2: Problem Solving

Directions. Calculate the given problems and use the gas laws to determine pressure, volume,
or temperature of a gas under certain conditions of change. Show your solutions. Encircle your
final answer.

1. The gas inside the tire has a volume of 20.00 L at a pressure of 5.00 atm. Calculate the
pressure of the gas if its volume is reduced to 10.0 at the same temperature.

2. If 150.00 mL of N2 gas was collected at 760 torr, what is the new volume of the gas when the
pressure is compressed to 740 torr at the same temperature?

3. At 300 K, the given amount of fluorine gas has a volume of 30.0 L. What will be the
temperature if the gas occupies a volume of 25 L at constant pressure?

4. A certain gas sample has a volume of 40.00 L at 273 K. At constant pressure, the volume
increase to 50.00 L. What will be the final temperature of the gas?

5. At 55.00 L a compressible container contains 5.00 moles of a certain gas. If 3.00 moles of a
gas were added to the container, what will be its final volume?

6. A certain amount of gas has a volume of 5000mL at 760mmHg. What will its volume be if the
pressure is increased to 790mmHg at constant temperature?

7. A gas occupies 15.3 liters at a pressure of 0.076 atm. What is the volume when the pressure
is increased to 0.098atm?

8. Determine the pressure change when a constant volume of a gas at 3.0 atm if heated from
15°C to 45°C.

9. A gas occupies 0.78L at 37°C. What is the volume at 175°C?

10. A 3.5 L sample of a gas is collected at a pressure of 2.00 atm. Calculate the pressure
needed to reduce the volume of the gas to 3.0 L. the temperature is constant.

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Activity 3: Poster Making
Direction. Draw and illustrate atleast three (3) laws of gasws on their real-life application. Use
any phone or laptop application to create your poster as an image. Post your output on your FB
Group.

REFLECTION
The things I have learned today ….
The things I found interesting …
The questions I still have …

References:
General Chemistry I, Module, Department of Education Division of Cagayan de Oro City–
Region X
General Chemistry I, Module, Department of Education Division of Cavite– Region IV-A