PD measurement and monitoring for insulation condition

evaluation of medium and high voltage assets

© OMICRON 1 June 2018

Agenda

10:00 Introduction
Speaker(s) introduction
Who is OMICRON?

10:30 Sensitive PD measurements

PD basics (definition, set-up, results visualization)
Requirements for a conventional (standard compliant) PD measurement
Unconventional PD measurements. Sensors
Noise elimination methods
Hands-on session

12:00 Lunch
13:00 Power transformers
Methods for PD testing on transformers
Off-line PD testing on transformers (set-up and examples from factories)
On-line PD testing (case studies)
Electrically triggered acoustic measurements for defect localization

14:00 Power cables

Off-line and on-line PD measurements on cable. Defect localization.
AC voltage after installation testing
Continuous PD monitoring of cables

14:30 Cafe break

15:00 Rotating machines
Off-line PD testing on rotating machines (relevant standards and test set-up)
On-line PD testing on rotating machines
Architecture of continuous monitoring system
Data analysis based on case studies

16:30 Open discussions / Audience feedback

17:00 End of the seminar
OMICRON: PD portfolio

Sensors High-end measurement and analysis system

Permanent Temporary Monitoring&

Monitoring Monitoring Diagnosis
Systems Systems SW

2001 2010

© OMICRON Page 3
 Sensitive PD measurements

4
1 June 2018
Sensitive PD measurements

> PD basics (definition, set-up, results visualization)

> Requirements for a conventional (standard compliant) PD measurement
> Unconventional PD measurements. Sensors
> Noise elimination methods
> Hands-on session
Sensitive PD measurements
What is partial discharge?

Definition from IEC 60270: localized electrical discharge that only partially
bridges the insulation between conductors and which can or can not occur
adjacent to a conductor

Discharge in laminated material Corona discharge Surface discharge

Cavity discharge Treeing

© OMICRON
Sensitive PD measurements
PD detection methods

Electrical:
Conventional (according to IEC60270) – Measurement results in pC
HF/VHF/UHF

Nonelectrical:
Acoustic
Optical
Chemical
Electrical (IEC 60270) Electrical (HF, VHF)

Acoustics (e.g. transformer, GIS)

UHF (150 MHz – 1.5 GHz, GIS, transformer, cable termination)

10 kHz 100 kHz 1MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1GHz 10 GHz

© OMICRON Page 7
 Conventional PD measurement
IEC60270: measurement set-up

IEC60270:2000-12
Conventional PD measurement
IEC60270 Requirements

Wide-band detectors

Narrow-band detectors

∆f

f1 fm f2
9
Conventional PD measurement
Filter output for narrow and wide-band detectors

Narrow-band detector Wide-band detector

Higher sensitivity PD localization

10
TDR – Time domain reflectometry

> A single PD pulse on an expanded test objects (cable) causes traveling

waves in both directions

> Pulses reaching the far cable end will be reflected

> The reflected pulse will also be measured at the near end

> The time delay of these 2 pulses depends on the PD fault position

scope view
near end

far end
u t1 ∆t t2

t
PD fault
measuring location
point
Analog PD measurement system

PD

pC
C R
MPD600 digital PD measurement system with digital
filtering

Digital Filter + PD Processor

Communications
PD A Processor
D

V A
D
USB 2.0

+
Power Fiber Optic Cable
-
Management
Unconventional method

Acoustic method

Frequency range: 20 kHz – 300 kHz

Unconventional method

HF-Method

Frequency range: 50 kHz – 30 MHz

© OMICRON 15
Unconventional method

UHF-Method

Frequency range : 100 MHz – 2000 MHz

UHF-Sensor

16
PD interpretation
Corona discharge cut of the semi conductive layer

Internal discharges XLPE cable Floating potential

17
Noise reduction
Sensitive PD measurements
Sources of noise in a PD circuit

• Noise coming from the HV source

• suppression solution: line filters; selective measurement frequency

• Air built noise

• suppression solution: Faraday cage; selective measurement frequency

• Noise from the ground connections

• suppression solution: gating methods; selective measurement frequency

• Noise and multiple sources of PD separation (OMICRON patents)

• 3PARD: 3-Pulse Amplitude Relation Diagram
• 3CFRD: 3-Center Frequency Relation Diagram

© OMICRON Page 19
Sensitive PD measurements
How does it look?

Page 20
Sensitive PD measurements
Tuning the PD filter for an optimal SNR

© OMICRON
Sensitive PD measurements
Working principle of unit gating

PD
pulse
detected
External gating
channel, usually
nearby the HV
PD
source
pulse
detected

Condition: The channels must measure synchronously!

© OMICRON Page 22
Sensitive PD measurements
Working principle of external gating

disturbance

MPD
Gate PD threshold
Unit
time axis

PD pulses
MPD
Unit

time axis

gate time gate time gate time

© OMICRON PAGE 23
Sensitive PD measurements
Partial discharges analysis using 3PARD feature

∆t 1/∆t ~ selectivity

PD cross-talk between phases

© OMICRON PAGE 24
Sensitive PD measurements
Partial discharges analysis using 3PARD feature
Inner PD-source
L1>L2>L3
L2 L1

Inner PD source in L1

L2

L3

L3 L1

timeframe
1 µs

Because of the complex propagation and coupling characteristics of PD

impulses, every source of PD impulses has unique characteristic 3PARD
signature
© OMICRON PAGE 25
© OMICRON 2018-06-01
 Sensitive PD measurements
Partial discharges analysis using 3PARD feature
Noise
L1 ≈ L2 ≈ L3
L2 L1

noise

L2

L3

L3 L1

timeframe
1 µs

Electrical interferences and outer noise usually have the pulse-like nature of PD
but occur with almost the same amplitude on all three phases of the machine.

© OMICRON PAGE 26
2018-06-01
Sensitive PD measurements
Partial discharges analysis using 3PARD feature

Synchronous multi-channel PD measurements

© OMICRON PAGE 27
Sensitive PD measurements
Partial discharges analysis using 3CFRD feature

Ck

CD MPD600

Source 1 Source 2 Source 3

Acquisition
unit

© OMICRON PAGE 28
 Sensitive PD measurements
Partial discharges analysis using 3CFRD feature

fc1 fc2 fc3

FFT pulse 3

FFT pulse 1

FFT pulse 2 fc2

PD source 1

PD source 2

fc3 fc1
PD source 3

© OMICRON PAGE 29
Sensitive PD measurements
Partial discharges analysis using 3CFRD feature

Surface discharge Corona discharge Internal void

© OMICRON PAGE 30
Power transformers

1 June 2018
Power transformers

> Methods for PD testing on transformers

> Off-line PD testing on transformers (set-up and examples from factories)
> On-line PD testing (case studies)
> Electrically triggered acoustic measurements for defect localization
Methods for PD testing on transformers

> Conventional PD detection (FAT)

> Acoustic detection (defect localization)

> UHF detection (higher immunity against noise)

Power transformers and bushings
Off-line PD measurement on power transformers

© OMICRON
 Power transformers and bushings
Off-line PD measurement on power transformers

765 kV, 500 MVA autotransformer

© OMICRON
Factory testing of 115kV/11kV distribution transformer

36
Factory testing of 115kV/11kV distribution transformer

• Two PD sources were identified: phase V and phase W

• Inception voltage:
- Phase V: 1.0 Un
- Phase W: 1.3 Un

37
 Factory testing of 115kV/11kV distribution transformer
Defect localization based on signal analysis (time and frequency domain)

Phase V Phase W
Calibration pulse
PD pulse

Conclusion: PD source is not located close to the bushing taps

38
Factory testing of 115kV/11kV distribution transformer
Defect localization based on acoustic method

39
Factory testing of 115kV/11kV distribution transformer
Defect localization based on acoustic method

40
 Power transformers and bushings
Off-line PD measurement on dry-type transformers
6,6 kV dry-type transformer

FAT test: IEC60270 complient measurement

Target: PD level below 10 pC
Starting PD level: 30 pC
© OMICRON
Power transformers and bushings
Off-line PD measurement on dry-type transformers

6.6 kV

11.5 kV

42
Power transformer 230/115 kV
PD activity confirmation

© OMICRON PAGE 155

Power transformer 230/115 kV
Synchronous PRPD patterns

1N 1U (230 kV) 1V (230 kV)

1W (230 kV) 2U (115 kV) 2V (115 kV)

2W (115 kV) UHF

© OMICRON PAGE 157

PAGE 44
Power transformer 230/115 kV
Acoustic PD measurement

© OMICRON PAGE 160

Acoustic PD measurement
1st sensor position

Sensors

© OMICRON PAGE 46
PAGE 161
Acoustic PD measurement
2nd sensor position

PD Location

© OMICRON PAGE 162

Case study 2: Internal inspection

48
Case study 2: Internal inspection

49
Findings
Power cables

1 June 2018
Power cables

> Off-line and on-line PD measurements on cable.

> Defect localization.
> AC voltage after installation testing
> Continuous PD monitoring of cables
AC voltage tests

General Test conditions

> „... sinusoidal ...”, frequency shall be between 49Hz and 61Hz
> Test according to IEC60885-3

Test after installation (on-site)

> „... a.c. test voltage [...] shall be subject to agreement between the
purchaser and the contractor ...”
> „... A voltage according to Table 4, shall be applied for 1h...”
> „... sinusoidal ...”, frequency shall be between 20Hz and 300Hz
> „... For installations which have been in use, lower voltages and/or shorter
durations may be used....”
> „... Alternatively, a voltage of U0 may be applied for 24h....”
Test voltages

IEC 62067 – Table 4

IEC 60840 – Table 4

Voltage profile for PD test

> „... The test voltage shall be raised gradually to and held at 1,75 U0 for 10 s
and then slowly reduced to 1,5 U0 ...”

> „... There shall be no detectable discharge exceeding the declared

sensitivity from the test object at 1,5 U0. ...”

1,75 U0
10s 1,5 U0

PD Test
Application: Dual-End-PD
l
X t0
Z

MPD 1 MPD 2

Double sensitivity and resolution as

no reflected signals are required.
Testing of power cables
On-site and on-line testing: 220 kV XLPE Cable of 100 m length

© OMICRON Page 57
Testing of power cables
Tuning the PD filter for an optimal SNR

© OMICRON
Testing of power cables
On-site and on-line testing: 220 kV XLPE Cable of 100 m length

PRPD 3PARD PRPD 3PARD

PRPD pattern before (a) and after separation and back transformation (b)

Trends of PD value – periodic monitoring

© OMICRON
Page 59
Testing of power cables

5 MHz 7 MHz

9 MHz 11 MHz

2018-06-01 Page: 60
Testing of power cables

61
Testing of power cables
On-site testing: 110 kV internal gas pressure cable of 1.9km length,
manufactured in 1970

62
Testing of power cables
On-site testing: 110 kV internal gas pressure cable of 1.9km length,
manufactured in 1970

63
Testing of power cables
On-site testing: 110 kV internal gas pressure cable of 1.9km length,
manufactured in 1970

OHL terminations

64
Testing of power cables
On-site testing: 110 kV internal gas pressure cable of 1.9km length,
manufactured in 1970

OHL terminations – PD detected at 290 MHz

65
Testing of power cables
On-site testing: 110 kV internal gas pressure cable of 1.9km length,
manufactured in 1970

OHL terminations – HFCT sensor OHL terminations – UHF sensor

@2MHz @ 290 MHz

66
Testing of power cables
On-site and on-line testing: 33 kV GIS to XLPE cable terminations

© OMICRON Page: 67
Testing of power cables
On-site and on-line testing: 20 kV XLPE cable

2018-06-01 Page: 68
© OMICRON
Testing of power cables
On-site and on-line testing: 20 kV XLPE cable

© OMICRON Page: 69
Testing of power cables
On-site and on-line testing: 20 kV XLPE cable

- 1200 sensors installed already

- 58 3-phase test objects
- 20 kV XLPE cable and 20/0,4 kV dry type transformers
- XLPE cable length between 30 – 250 m
- one system (switchgear – cable – dry type transformer) showed PD, only

© OMICRON
Testing of power cables
Off-line testing using VLF voltage source

I c = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ f ⋅ C ⋅U
© OMICRON
Testing of power cables
VLF vs 50 Hz voltage source

0,1 Hz 50 Hz

© OMICRON
PD localization based on Time Domain Reflectometry

Reflected
Original PD pulse
PD pulse

© OMICRON
 Continuous monitoring of power cables: MONCABLO
OMICRON support during project realization

Monitoring system architecture Equipment installation location Customized solutions for

Buried/tunnel cable Sensors arrangement Low-voltage circuitry design
Short/long link Link box type testing Inductive Power Supply

Customer
cable project

Integration of additional parameters IT structure for cyber security Confirmation of installation quality
Sheath voltage limiters monitoring Safe remote connection SAT with the monitoring system
Sheath current monitoring Remote data evaluation Supervision of SAT

© OMICRON Page 74
Monitoring of 4 x 380 kV buried cable systems – 11 km

75
MONCABLO system elements review

...to be installed at the asset ...to be installed in the control room

PD sensor Acquisition unit (OMS 841) MCU Controller

(MCT120)

Central computer with

Inductive power supply software

© OMICRON Page 76
Monitoring system installation at the cable terminations

Example of monitoring system installed at an Example of monitoring system installation at

OHL cable termination a GIS cable termination

Acquisition unit PD sensors Acquisition unit PD-Sensors (HFCT)

© OMICRON Page 77
Monitoring system installation at the cable terminations

PD sensors installed in the link box

© OMICRON Page 78
Step 1: Monitoring system Site Acceptance Test

79
 Step 2: Cable system SAT
1 h; 374 kV; 26.3 Hz

- AC voltage after installation testing

- withstend voltage combined with PD test 330 kV

- 140 A required for the test (2x2 resonant test sets)

- X-bonded joints modified as straight

80
 After-installation test using the monitoring system
Test of four 380 kV parallel cable lines (12 phases sequentially tested)

Voltage T1 T2
source J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10

PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD

Page 81
Software

Real-time data display

T1 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6
> Asset model with real-time status
displayed next to the individual measuring
points J7 J8 J9 J10 J11 T2

> Event Log displays the warnings or alarms

for selected asset
> Values are colored according to their T1 J1
real-time warning/alarm status
> Scroll over the bar graphs to view date,
time and PD values for each cable
accessory and phase

Charge (C)

T1 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10 J11 T2

© OMICRON Page 82
 Software

Historical trend display

> Scroll over data points to view date, time and scalar values.
> Zoom into any part of a historical diagram to see more detail.
> Click on the trend points in order to obtain more information about
a specific measurement.

Aug 17 Sep 17 Sep 17 Oct 17 Oct 17 Nov 17 Nov 17 Dec 17 Dec 17

Scalar values with timestamp Visualize PRPD patterns Automated cluster separation Pulse distribution Navigation panel

© OMICRON Page 83
Software
Automatic multiple PD sources
(cluster) separation
> Click on the separated clusters to obtain its
individual PRPD pattern
> All raw PD data is saved and available
for download for detailed analysis

© OMICRON Page 84
 ...to remember about MONCABLO

> Redundancy in case of FO interruption

> Automated defect localization along the cable

> AC voltage after installation testing performed

with the PD monitoring system

> Support for the power supply design (ciruitry

design, inductive power supply)

85
Rotating machines

1 June 2018
Rotating machines

> Off-line PD testing on rotating machines (relevant standards and test set-up)
> On-line PD testing on rotating machines
> Architecture of continuous monitoring system
> Data analysis based on case studies
…good to know

Test object max. PD level

GIS 2pC – 5pC

XLPE cables 5pC at 1.5 Unom

Transformers < 300pC at1.3 Unom

Motors & Generators > 1000pC is acceptable for years

…good to know

> PD bevahiour:

> independent on the machine type (motor, turbo or hydro generator)

> independent on the insulation system type

> depends on the rated voltage of the machine

> depends on the cooling system

© OMICRON Page 89
What do we evaluate?

Based on PD the stator winding insulation condition is assessed

© OMICRON Page 90
Offline test: open star point

Setup according to IEC 60034-27-1

Source: IEC 60034-27-1

© OMICRON Page 91
Offline test: open star point

Optimized setup – based on IEC 60034-27-1

© OMICRON Page 92
How to perform charge calibration

> Single channel offline measurement

U2 U1

HFCT
V2 V1 Coupling
MPD600
Capacitor
1.2

W2 W1
MPD600
1.1
Offline test IEC 60034-27-1: test voltages

> Maximum applied voltage is defined whether:

U1 = UN / or operating (line-to-ground) voltage of the insulation system

U2 = 1.2 x UN / or 120 % of operating (line-to-ground) voltage of the insulation system;

U3 = UN, or rated line to line voltage of the insulation system

> Test voltage shall be applied in steps (∆U = 0.2 Umax) or continuous ramping (<
1kV/s)

Figure 7a – Gradual stepped power- Figure 7b – Continuous power-up

up in steps of U/Umax = 0.2 with ramped test voltage

© OMICRON Page 94
 Case studies
Testing of motors 1 MW, 11 kV

Testing of 11 motors of same type PRPD Diagram Phase V

Defect classification: end winding surface discharge

PRPD Diagram Phase V

PRPD Diagram Phase U Defect classification: slot discharges
Defect classification: slot discharges
 Case studies

Motor data
> Manufacturing year: 1981
> Rated voltage: 6400 V
> Rated power: 5.6 MVA
> Rotational speed: 600 rpm

© OMICRON Page 96
 Contamination of windings

> Contamination at slot-portion and end-winding area

Contamination at end-winding area (upper)

Inspection at slot-portion & end-winding area Contamination at end-winding area (lower)

© OMICRON Page 97
Case studies

Observations
> High discharges at 7kV up to 100nC
> Very high single discharges at 8kV up to 500nC!!

PRPD: Phase U, at 8.00kV

© OMICRON Page 98
Case studies
Visual inspection

© OMICRON Page 99
Case studies
Visual inspection

© OMICRON Page 100

PD measurement on stator windings

(offline) (online)

• 1-channel-measurement • 3-channel-measurement

• higher stress for the insulation • no external voltage source

• good to find insulation faults • high stress only on the front parts

• detection of faults related to

mechanical stress
Conclusion?

> Defects at OCP and EPG lead to heavy outer PD at end-winding area
> High energy discharge in air cause generation of ozone – O3
> Very aggressive O3 cause further degradation of insulation material
> Reaction at metallic surfaces (aluminum) further cause generation of “sulfites”
> Distribution through cooling system through whole generator

© OMICRON Page 102

Continuous monitoring of rotating machines: MONGEMO

Extendable system for one or several machines at one location

Single First Second Third Fourth

machine machine machine machine machine

Coupling
capacitors
Add
Protected machines to
enclosure with be monitored
acquisition unit

Central computer Central

with monitoring monitoring
software server and
software

Multiple machine monitoring system

© OMICRON
MONGEMO: System components

1 Capacitive sensors 3 Fiber optic communications

2 Data acquisition unit in 4 Central computer and software
a protected enclosure

4
1 1
1 2

© OMICRON Page 12
MONGEMO: Acquisition unit

OMS 841 data acquisition unit

> 4-channel, simultaneous PD data acquisition
> Digital bandpass filter with adjustable bandwidth
and center frequency to achieve an optimal SNR
> Can be powered by an optional external
12 V battery to bridge temporary power outages
> Protection class: IP 65
Technical Data
PD Input Channels 4 (BNC connectors)
Frequency range AC: DC…16 kHz
PD: 16 kHz...30 MHz
Sampling rate AC: 31.25 kS/s
PD: 125 MS/s
Peak input range AC: 200 mA
PD: 80 V
Measurement accuracy AC: ±0.25% (40 Hz < f < 70 Hz)
PD: ±5% (f = 300 kHz, ∆f=150kHz)
PD event time resolution < 2 ns

© OMICRON Page 105

Technical specifications

Standard Rating
Vibration EN 60068-2-6 Frequency range 10 Hz … 150 Hz
Acceleration 2 g continuous (20 m/s2),
10 cycles per axis
Shock EN 60068-2-27 15 g/11 ms, half-sinusoid, each axis
Protection class EN 60529 IP 50 (OMS 841 acquisition unit)
IP 65 (OMS enclosure)

Emission EN 55011/22, 30 MHz … 3 GHz

FCC Subpart B, 30 MHz … 1 GHz
Immunity EN 61000-6-5: MV/HV substations

Safety requirements for EN 61010-1

electrical
equipment for measurement,
control and laboratory use

© OMICRON Page 106

Coupling capacitor

MCC 117
17 kV

MCC 124
24 kV
Permanent installation of sensors
Terminal box for periodic monitoring with permanently-installed sensors
> Plug-and-play connection to fix-installed coupling capacitors
> Available with either 3-channel inputs/outputs or 4-channel inputs/outputs
> Protection rating: IP 66 (EN 60529)
> 5m coaxial cables are pre-installed at the terminal box

© OMICRON Page 108

MONGEMO: System configuration

Easy integration with third-party devices and SCADA systems

> Integration of several types of monitoring sensors
> i.e. temperature, voltage, power, H2 pressure, etc.

> Send data from MONGEMO central computer

to other systems (i.e. SCADA)
> Supports multiple industrial communications standards:
> Modbus (RTU, TCP/IP)
> DNP 3.0
> IEC61850 Coupling
capacitors

Protected
enclosure with
acquisition unit
3rd Party monitoring sensors
(i.e. temperature, voltage,
power, H2 pressure, etc.) Central computer
with monitoring
SCADA system
software

© OMICRON Page 109

PD pattern classification

Enter Trainer Name 1 June 2018

Multiple PD source separation (3PARD)
Automated cluster separation

2018-06-01 Page: 111

 How does it work?

Step 1: Automated
PD separation

Step 2: Discrimination
between PD and noise

Step 3: Knowledge
based analysis result

Step 4: Pattern recognition

approach result

© OMICRON Page 112

PD defect classes

Abbreviation Source

Delamination of insulation tapes

S1
from winding conductor

S2 Delamination of insulation tape layers

Abrasion of slot corona

S3
protection tape / paint

S4 Micro voids / cavities

End-winding surface discharge /

E1
tracking

End-winding discharges in
E2
gas / sparking

E3 Discharge between Outer Corona Protection and End potential grading

N1 Noise (asynchronous noise)

N2 Excitation / converter noise

Type Cause Diagnosis

S4 Improper The positive and negative polarity PD pulses will be similar in magnitude and repetition rate. The magnitude may
impregnation decrease with the increase of temperature. This type of discharges will not reduce the operation reliability as long
as the size of the cavities doesn’t increase.
S2 Improper The positive and negative polarity PD pulses will be similar in magnitude and repetition rate, or possibly, the
impregnation negative polarity pulses will predominate. The magnitude of the PD pulses will change as a result of the
Thermal deterioration temperature increase. This is sometimes a sign of delamination between layers of tape. The magnitude of the
Ageing pulses increases in time (voltage, temperature, load, humidity, gas pressure etc. remain constant)
S1 Improper When negative polarity pulses (on the positive cycle of the voltage) predominate in magnitude the source of the
impregnation PD can be expected to be at or near the copper strands. In the case of multi-turn coils, there may be an
Thermal deterioration inadequate bond between the turn insulation and the groundwall. The time to failure is relative short in
Load cycling comparison with the other type of defects.

S3 Loose windings Positive polarity pulses (on the negative cycle of the voltage) will have higher amplitude than the negative polarity
(damaged conductive pulses. In case of air cooled machines, ozone will be produced. In case of loose windings, it is expected that
coating, loss of positive polarity pulses at least twice the magnitude and ten times the repetition rate of the negative polarity
wedging pressure, pulses. Both amplitude and the repetition rate of the pulses will increase with the machine load (assuming
abrasion) the voltage and temperature remain constant). Changes in temperature may affect the magnitude of the pulses as
well. The magnitude of the pulses increases in time (voltage, temperature, load, humidity, gas pressure etc.
remain constant). The patterns may show rather a triangular shape. Appears in areas with higher voltage stress
and the time to failure is relative short especially in case of bar/coil vibration.

E1 Surface Negative polarity pulses predominates. The magnitude and repetition rate of the PD pulses are influenced by the
contamination humidity of the surrounding air (or gas). Higher PD has been attributed to the surfaces of the end arms at times
Ageing when the humidity is low. It may form a vertical cloud around 30-40° more often on the positive cycle of the
voltage. In case of hydrogen-cooled machines, surface discharges, will be more prominent at low gas pressure. If
the magnitude and PD pattern shape remains the same at both low and high pressures, the source is not likely to
be from the stator winding (inside the hydrogen seal). On the other hand, if the PD magnitudes increase with
decreased Hydrogen pressure, then the source is likely from the stator winding. The magnitude of the pulses
increases in time (voltage, temperature, load, humidity, gas pressure etc. remain constant).

E2 Insufficient phase-to- The positive and negative polarity PD pulses will be similar in magnitude and repetition rate. The patterns form as
phase clearances or horizontal clouds. A phase shift may be visible in the pattern as this type of PD is triggered by the phase-to-phase
between other voltage. This is a dangerous type of defect as it may result in a phase-to-phase breakdown.
elements
E3 Electrical stress Positive polarity pulses will predominate and their magnitude increases with the increase of temperature. The
Thermal degradation patterns will show a rather rounded shape. This is a slow failure mechanism, even though the PD behavior might
Material be subjected to relatively fast changes due to surface effects.
incompatibility
Overview about slot PD defect types

outer corona protection inner corona protection

S1
S2
S3
S3

S4

core winding: mica, paint, epoxy laminated core / stator slot wall
Overview about end winding PD defect types
end winding protection
E3 spacer
outer
winding
protection

E2
E2 E1

S3
E1
conductor

mounting parts
laminated core
Summary of PD classes
high high S2 high
S1 S3 high S3

Delamination winding - main Insulation Slot discharge, semicon paint abrasion Slot discharge, semicon paint abrasion
from conductor – void between inner Delamination of tape layers - bigger - void between stator/ slot iron and - void between stator/ slot iron and
conductor and insulation symmetrical inner micro void insulation insulation

low low S4 low medium

S4 S4 E1

Inner PD + Endwinding surface

Micro void Micro void – different scaling Micro void - different scaling discharge - contamination

medium medium E1 medium medium

E1 E2 E2

medium
Inner PD + End winding surface Inner PD + End winding surface Insufficient Spacing, Tracking, Sparking, Insufficient Spacing, Tracking, Sparking,
discharge - contamination discharge - contamination Contact, Corona, Floating Potential Contact, Corona, Floating Potential

medium E3 medium E3 Disturbances Disturbances

Connection area between slot corona Connection area between slot corona protection
protection and end winding corona and end winding corona protection, surface Background Noise and Disturbances - Excitation Thyristor – 6 Peaks also 12
protection, surface endwinding discharge endwinding discharge asynchronous with AC and 24 peaks
Summary of PD classes
high S1 high S2 high S3 high S3

Delamination of insulation tapes Delamination of insulation tape Abrasion of slot corona Abrasion of slot corona
from winding conductor layers protection tape / paint protection tape / paint

low S4 low S4 low S4 medium

E1

End-winding surface
Micro voids / cavities Micro void – different scaling Micro void - different scaling discharge / tracking

medium E1 medium E1 medium E2 medium E2

End-winding surface End-winding surface End-winding discharges in End-winding discharges in

discharge / tracking discharge / tracking gas / sparking gas / sparking

medium E3 medium E3 Disturbances Disturbances

Discharge between Discharge between Noise (asynchronous noise) Excitation / converter noise
OCP and EPG OCP and EPG

© OMICRON Page 118

Automatically generated reports

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Coupling capacitors comparison

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Coupling capacitors under test

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Coupling capacitors under test

MCC112 250 pF, MCC117 2nF, EATON 80pF, IRIS 80pF, HVPD 1nF, TechImp 470pF

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PRPD for the same type of stator problem (∆f)
cf: 1 MHz cf : 8.5 MHz cf : 18 MHz

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80 pF vs higher capacitance coupling capacitors

80 pF 500 pF
pre-defected stator bar
Laboratory testing

80 pF 500 pF
Testin of generator
with PD problems

Inception condition defects are not visible with 80 pF

Slot problems of lower-voltage machines are not seen by the 80 pF
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Case studies

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Typical Sensor Installations #1

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Typical Sensor Installations #2

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Acquisition unit installation
PD monitoring of two synchronous motors

5000 HP, 13.8 kV

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System elements

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Case study, 15,75 kV 267 MVA turbo generator

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Case study

Generator data
> Turbo generator (gas turbine)
> Manufacturing year: 1991
> Rated voltage: 16500 V
> Rated power: 180 MVA
> Two generators under monitoring in the same plant

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Case studies
Turbo generator 180 MVA, 16.5 kV

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Case studies
Turbo generator 180 MVA, 16.5 kV

Before maintenance Maintenance After maintenance

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Case studies
Separation of multiple PD sources

PRPD 3PARD

PRPD pattern PRPD pattern

classification classification

End winding surface discharce Distributed micro voides

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Conclusions

> After stator cleaning the surface discharge was no longer detected
> PD trend after the generator start-up is not relevant for its condition
> Monitoring results of MKA11 can be use for maintenance planning of MKA12

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Case study

Generator data
> Hydrogenerator
> Manufacturing year: 1987
> Rated voltage: 16500 V
> Rated power: 140 MVA
> Eight generators under monitoring in the same plant

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Case study
Complex monitoring projects

Generator 1

Generator 6
Generator 2

Generator 7
Generator 3

Generator 8

Generator 4

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Case study
Hydro generator: 140 MVA, 16.5 kV

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Case study
Preventive maintenance based on PD monitoring
One year trend
One week trend

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Case study
Separation of multiple PD sources Corona protection abrasion (slot exit)

R PRPD 3PARD

S
S

R T
T

Noise

End winding surface discharge

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Internal inspection and results

Before repair Internal inspection of the stator

After repair

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 Before repair Before repair

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Internal inspection and results

After repair After repair

Conclusions

• Comparison of generators of similar design supports in the diagnosis process

• Surface discharge and slot-exit related problems were identified

• Timely maintenance could be planned based on the monitoring system results

• Monitoring results (PRPDs) of Unit 7 can be use for maintenance planning of

other Units (Unit 1…Unit 6, Unit 8).

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Thank you!

laurentiu-viorel.badicu@omicronenergy.com

1 June 2018
OMS 605 portable equipment for diagnosis and monitoring

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