ACTIVITY SHEET IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES

Week 6.1

PRACTICE EXERCISES
A. Practice Exercises 1

RELATIVE DATING ABSOLUTE DATING

Qualitative method of dating
Determines the order of
formation of remains using
stratigraphic methods
Estimate
Comparing the object to things
around it or an event in time
Finding the estimate age of an
object
Quantitative method of dating
Determines the age of remains
using radiometric methods
Provides the
order of Exact
formation and
Helps find the exact age of an
age of
object
remains
Allows us to estimate the precise
age of old fossils, rocks, etc., by
using carbon dating

1. What is the difference between absolute dating and relative dating?

 Relative dating does not provide precise dates; it just determines if
one artifact, fossil, or stratigraphic layer is older than another.
Absolute dating methods provide more precise origin dates and
temporal ranges, such as a year-by-year age range. The main
difference between absolute and relative dating is that absolute dating
identifies the numerical age of a rock or fossil, whereas relative dating
determines the relative age.

2. How did geologists use relative dating and absolute dating?

 Geologists usually need to know the age of the object they discover.
They apply absolute dating methods, sometimes known as numerical
dating, to give rocks an exact date, or date range, in years. This differs
from relative dating, which only places geological events in
chronological order.
 3. How does the age of a layer is calculated using absolute dating?
 The formula for calculating absolute age of a layer by this method of
counting is: Absolute age in years (A) = time elapsed since the
formation of the most recent layer (R) plus (the number of layers (N)
lying above the layer in question multiplied by the duration (D) of the
depositional cycle).

4. How accurate is relative dating in tracing the Earth’s history?

 A country's history is one of its foundations. Through this, the beliefs
that became a part of our history may be considered treasures in
today's world. The sequences of rock layers are chronologically
ordered using relative dating. Despite the fact that the layers are no
longer horizontal, geologists can still establish their order.

B. Practice Exercise 2

1. A
2. R
3. A
4. A
5. R
6. A

C. Practice Exercise 3

Figure 1 Figure 2
Youngest Youngest
E H
EVALUATION
I G
1. A
D F 2. C
3. B
H E
4. A
B M 5. A

F A
A D
C C
G B
Oldest Oldest
 ACTIVITY SHEET IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES
Week 6.2
PRACTICE EXERCISES
A. Practice Task 1

The Divisions of Geologic Time Percent Millions of years

The Age of the Earth 100 % 4,600 mya

Cenozoic Era 1.5 % 4.08 mya

Mesozoic Era 4.0 % 69 mya

Paleozoic Era 6.5 % 184 mya

Precambrian Time 229 mya

88.0 %

B. Practice Task 2
 Single – celled organisms: 3,500 mya PRECAMBRIAN
Trilobites: 500 mya CAMBRIAN
Early Land plants: 430 mya SILURIAN PERIOD
Reptiles: 280 mya PERMIAN PERIOD
Fish: 395 mya DEVONIAN PERIOD
Whales: 20 mya NEOGENE PERIOD
Dinosaurs: 225 – 65 mya JURASSIC, TRIASSIC, & CRETACIOUS PERIOD

Mammals: 65 mya PALEOGENE PERIOD

Humans: 2.5 mya CRETACEOUS PERIOD

Pangaea starts to separate: 225 mya TRIASSIC PERIOD

1. What is being measured by the Geologic Time Scale?

 The geologic time scale (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that
classifies geological strata (stratigraphy) in time. It is used by geologists,
paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and
relationships of events in geologic history.

2. What are the 4 major divisions of the geologic time scale?

 Precambrian Era
 Paleozoic Era
 Mesozoic Era
 Cenozoic Era

3. What are the 4 major divisions of GTS occupied the largest unit of time in Earth
history?
 Geologic Time Scale divisions mark major events which highlight changes in
climate, geography, atmosphere, and life. The largest units of time are eons.
Eons include smaller eras, which in turn include periods, epochs, and stages
or ages.

4. What significant event in the history of the earth happened during the largest unit of
time?
 Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago by accretion from the solar nebula,
a disk-shaped mass of dust and gas left over from the formation of the Sun,
which also created the rest of the Solar System.
5. How important is the geologic time scale in the study of earth’s history?
 The geologic time scale is an important tool used to portray the history of the
Earth—a standard timeline used to describe the age of rocks and fossils,
and the events that formed them. It spans Earth's entire history and is
separated into four principle divisions.
C. Practice Task 3
 a.
1. How will you differentiate eons, eras, periods, and epochs in the geologic time scale?
 Geologists divided the 4.6 billion years of Earth's history into units of time
called eons. Then they further divided the eons into two or more eras, eras
into two or more periods, periods into two or more epochs, and epochs into
two or more ages.
 Phanerozoic Eon: Phanerozoic Eonothem
 Cenozoic Era: Cenozoic Erathem
 Quaternary Period: Quaternary System
 Pleistocene Epoch: Pleistocene Series

2. How did scientists for fossils and other geological evidence as they developed the
geologic time scale?
 The geologic time scale was developed after scientists observed changes in
the fossils going from oldest to youngest sedimentary rocks. They used
relative dating to divide Earth's past in several chunks of time when similar
organisms were on Earth. Scientists first developed the geologic time scale
by studying rock layers and index fossils worldwide. With this information,
scientists placed Earth's rocks in order by relative age. Later, radioactive
dating helped determine the absolute age of the divisions in the geologic
time scale.

3. Describe what happened during Pangaea.

 Pangaea is a hypothetical supercontinent that included all current land
masses, believed to have been in existence before the continents broke
apart during the Triassic and Jurassic Periods. The movement is caused by
the convection currents that roll over in the upper zone of the mantle. This
movement in the mantle causes the plates to move slowly across the surface
of the Earth. About 200 million years ago Pangaea broke into two new
continents Laurasia and Gondwanaland.

4. What helped scientists to develop a theory of plate tectonics?

 Evidence that led to the development of plate tectonic theory in the 1960s
came primarily from new data from the sea floor, including topography and
the magnetism of rocks. Paleomagnetic studies, which examine the Earth's
past magnetic field, showed that the magnetic north pole seemingly
wandered all over the globe. Since the North Pole is essentially fixed, except
during periods of magnetic reversals, this piece of evidence strongly
supports the idea of plate tectonics.

b.
1. D EVALUATION
2. C 1. D
3. A 2. C
4. C 3. C
5. B 4. C
6. 5. D
ACTIVITY SHEET IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES
Week 6.3
PRACTICE EXERCISES
A. Practice Exercise 1
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. A
8. B
9. B
10. A

B. Practice Exercise 2
1. Landslide
2. Volcanic Eruption
3. Earthquake

C. Practice Exercise 3
1. A
2. C
3. F
4. J
5. G
6. H
7. E
8. I
9. K
10. B

EVALUATION
1. A
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. D

ACTIVITY SHEET IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES

Week 7.1
 PRACTICE TASK
SITUATION/SCENARIO EARTHQUAKE VOLCANIC ERUPTION AVALACHES
Analysis: Analysis:
A. Ground shaking can Relatively safe, but could Analysis:
Family in concrete house cause house to get experience ash fall which No effect. So the answer
near the highway far from cracks, falling objects can is dependent on is
river, mountains and hurt people, fire can start prevailing wind direction
volcano so the answer is so the answer is X
 
B.
Mountain going up the   X
slope of the volcano
C.
Exchange in a local
learners in a local family  X X
home in the barrio near
the river
D.
 X 
Friends in isolated beach
E.
Fisherman in the open  X 
sea
F.
Passengers in a jeep
 X X
along a road with
moderate traffic

EVALUATION
 Catanduanes
 Isabela
 Zambales
 Ilocos Norte
 Sarangani

ACTIVITY SHEET IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES

Week 7.2
 PRACTICE TASK
1. What are they doing? Do you think these human activities may affect the
people and the environment if earthquake happens? How?
 The picture shows that they’re conducting a mining. This human
activity may affect the people and the environment in a way that Mine
exploration, construction, operation, and maintenance may result in
land-use change, and may have associated negative impacts on
environments, including deforestation, erosion, contamination and
alteration of soil profiles, contamination of local streams and wetlands,
and an increase in noise level, and dusts.

2. What causes the denudation or balding of this mountain? What would likely to
happen if there would be heavy rains or typhoon?
 Denudation causes water and/or nutrient stress, which may account
for the reduced reproduction in A. Ordosica. The reduced reproductive
biomass means less contribution to the next generation, and thus
investment to the next generation seems less favored by A. Ordosica
when they were exposed to severe denudation.
 Heavy rainfall can lead to numerous hazards, for example: flooding,
including risk to human life, damage to buildings and infrastructure,
and loss of crops and livestock. Landslides, which can threaten
human life, disrupt transport and communications, and cause damage
to buildings and infrastructure.

EVALUATION
1. ☹
2. ☹
3. 😊
4. 😊
5. ☹
6. ☹
7. ☹
8. ☹
9. ☹
10. 😊

ACTIVITY SHEET IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES

Week 8.1
 PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. Interpreting Typhoon Risk Map
a. Identify ten provinces whose risk to typhoon is very high

 Laoag  Catanduanes
 Cagayan  Isabela
 La Union  Zambales
 Sorsogon  Ilocos Norte
 Siargao  Sarangani

b. Metro Manila is densely populated and the risk to typhoon is high. What
are the consequences if a strong typhoon hit the metropolis?
 Depending on the wind, such a typhoon could bring storm surges
as high as five meters travelling inland at least a kilometer. Winds
would batter buildings, tearing off roofs and smashing glass. Entire
sections of the capital would be flooded.

2. Cyclones, Where Did You Come From?

a. Locate the area where tropical cyclones are formed. Is our country within
the area?
 Tropical cyclones occur in the South Pacific Ocean and Indian
Ocean.
b. What other Southeast Asian countries are along the so-called typhoon?
 Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, and China are the largest countries
that are most affected by typhoons.
c. What are the disadvantages of being along the path of tropical cyclones?
 Tropical cyclones remove forest canopy as well as change the
landscape near coastal areas, by moving and reshaping sand
dunes and causing extensive erosion along the coast. Even well
inland, heavy rainfall can lead to landslides in mountainous areas.
d. How does tropical cyclone affect our way of life?
 Tropical cyclones are one of the biggest threats to life and property
even in the formative stages of their development. They include a
number of different hazards that can individually cause significant
impacts on life and property, such as storm surge, flooding, extreme
winds, tornadoes and lighting.

3. Did You SEE what I See?

Hydrometeorological
Social Impact Economic Impact Environmental Impact
Hazards
1. Tropical Outbreaks of disease due Floods can halt the A cyclone's high winds can

to the lack of sanitation,
Cyclone food, water, shelter, and
medication.
Storm surge expose coastal
areas and its residents
2. Storm Surge to risk of loss of life, fatal
injuries, property
damage etc.
During floods, especially
flash flooding, houses,
offices, hospitals,
3. Flash Flood transportation, roads,
bridges, water tanks are
destroyed. People become
homeless. 
Uproot people's livelihoods
by destroying their places
of work, the food that they
4. Tornado
eat, and how they
communicate and interact
with one another.
entire economy of the
erode the soil, thereby
towns and cities they
damaging existing
affect indefinitely with
vegetation and ecosystems.
washed-out roads and
This erosion leaves the area
bridges, ruined brick-
exposed and prone to even
and-mortars, and
more wind erosion.
Internet access loss.
Economic cost of storm A storm surge can lead
surge inundation and to extreme flooding in
rising seas may coastal areas, causing
include loss or damage property damage, loss of
to public facilities and human life, coastal erosion,
infrastructure that may change in ecosystem etc.
become temporarily The two most vulnerable
inaccessible, as well as areas during storm surge
disruptions to business are the estuaries and
and services. coastal areas.
Flash floods often carry
away some trees along the
Flash flooding can have river, and these floods
devastating can destroy buildings,
consequences and can roads, bridges, etc. Coastal
have effects on the flooding can result from
economy, environment heavy rains due to cyclones
and its people. or tropical storms, causing
sea water to flow towards
inland.
Tornados can affect the
Results in both direct environment by causing
and indirect losses to the environmental damage to
local economy. Direct buildings, houses, etc.
losses result from the Winds can also destroy
destruction of assets bridges, flip trains, send
from the initial impact of cars and trucks flying, tear
the tornado and include the bark off trees, and suck
the loss of human lives, all the water from a riverbed.
roads, power, phone High winds sometimes kill or
lines, crops, factories, injure people by rolling them
homes, and natural along the ground or
resources. dropping them from
dangerous heights.

EVALUATION
1. A
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. ACTIVITY SHEET IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES
Week 8.3
 1. Root Mapping!

RESPONSIBLE
HAZARD CAUSES EFFECTS
COASTAL PROCESSES
Barrier Island Strong winds and Loss of wildlife
Waves
movement storms habitat
Damaged of
Flooding Tides Climate change economic life and
properties
Fresh water Unhealthy habitat of
Sea level change Salt water intrusion
contamination water species

2. Concept Map!
Mitigation to Human Activities’ Impact to the Coastal Processes
Construction of
Home Activity Water Disposal Land
Structures
Altering landscape to
Building structures
Definition Dumping wastes agriculture or
(Houses, hotel, etc.)
residential

Over the long term,

construction activities
can induce structural
Marine dumping can settlement and
The increased
destroy or degrade distress, and damage
consumption of non-
important habitats for to services, in existing
renewable resources,
aquatic species and structures.
higher levels of
Impact cause coastal erosion Construction-term
pollution, global
and salutation, which disruptions due to
warming and the
affect the health and noise, vibration, dust
potential loss of
productivity of the and diminished access
environmental habitats.
marine environment. can cause special
short-term irritations to
occupants of nearby
buildings.

Mitigation Method Reduce and reuse Minimize haul When developing a

wastewater - reduce distances; reduce natural area, it is your
wastewater at the vehicle idling time, Use duty as custodian of
source by improved greener, alternative the land to minimize
technologies, e.g., low fuel sources, and use the impact on the
water washing hybrid equipment. natural environment
machines and toilet through mitigation
systems, or using planning. This can be
 done by following the
correct protocols as
recycled water
stipulated in national
(greywater) in toilets
legislation and
provincial guidelines.

3. We can!

- Overfishing
- Waste CAUSES OF
- Deforestation
- Consumerism GLOBAL - Wastes
- Burning coal, oil, and WARMING - Consumerism
gas
- Fertilizers

- Campaigning to produce 1. - Use a reusable bottle/cup

behavioral change. for beverages on-the-go. ...
- Developing more 2. - Use reusable grocery bags,
sustainable commuting. and not just for groceries. ...
- Producing products and 3. - Purchase wisely and
food locally. recycle.
MY COMMUNITY
- - Providing services to people 4. - Compost it!
af affected by climate change. 5. - Avoid single-use food and
- Reducing the use of energy drink containers and utensils.
in buildings. 6. - Buy secondhand items and
donate used goods.