SECTIONAL

ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS
Why sectional Orthographic projections are used?

I. To understand inner details of complex object:

When the object is complex from inside, there
will be many hidden lines in the projections and it
will be difficult to understand the orthographic
projections. Therefore, to understand the
details of the complex object, sectional
orthographic Projections are used.
II. To understand the materials of object :
If object is made of two or more materials, then it
can be understood clearly by sectional
orthographic projections.
❑ Orthographic projections of complex
objects are drawn after imagining it as an
object cut by an imaginary cutting plane/planes
parallel to principal planes passing through the
details of the object.
❑ An imaginary plane by which the object is cut
is known as cutting plane or section plane.
❑Portion of the object between cutting plane

and observer is imagined to be removed and

then the object is viewed by the observer and
projection is drawn.
❑Projection of cut object is known as
sectional view or sectional projection.
❑ Generally hidden lines are not drawn in
sectional view.
❑ In sectional views, the Shape of the section,
visible edges and contours of object behind
the section plane are drawn.
❑When one view is drawn sectional, other views
are drawn as if the object is not cut and the
object exists as a whole.
❑It means other views are not affected by
taking section in one view, but Cutting plane
line is shown in non sectioned view to locate the
section plane and arrows are drawn to show the
direction of sight.

Cutting plane line

❑ Cutting plane line is also known as line of

section or trace of the cutting plane.
❑ The portion of the object cut by cutting plane and

touching the cutting plane is shown by

drawing hatching or section lines in them.

❑ Hatching or section lines are drawn thinner than
object lines.
❑ Normally hatching or section lines are drawn
at 45˚.
❑ Hatching lines are evenly spaced at about
2 to 3 mm apart.
 observer
Hatching
Cutting plane or
section plane
Parallel to H.P.

Sectional T.V.

F.V.
❑ Portion between observer and plane (Upper half portion)
is imagined to be removed.
❑ Sectioned portion will be as shown in fig.
❑ True shape of sectioned portion will be
Back
seen in T.V
 Various cutting planes or section planes

❑ Cutting plane Parallel to Principal vertical

plane.
❑ Cutting plane Parallel to Principal horizontal
plane.

❑ Cutting plane Parallel to profile plane.

Cutting plane Parallel to Principal vertical plane

When an object is cut by a plane parallel to

Principal vertical plane then:
❑The real or true shape of the section is observed
in F.V.
❑Section plane will be seen as a cutting plane line
in T.V.
 Cutting plane line

T.V.

Sectional F.V.

Object

observer
Sectioned object
back
 Vertical cutting
plane

Sectional F.V.

Observer
T.V.

observer

Back
Sectioned object
 Cutting plane Parallel to Principal horizontal plane
When an object is cut by a plane parallel to Principal
horizontal plane then:
❑The real or true shape of the section is observed
in T.V.
❑Section plane will be seen as a cutting plane line
in F.V.
 observer
Cutting plane
line
Horizontal cutting
plane

F.V.

Sectional T.V.

Sectioned object
 Cutting plane Parallel to profile plane
When an object is cut by a plane parallel to profile
plane then:
❑ The real or true shape of the section is observed
in side view.
❑Section plane will be seen as a cutting plane line
in T.V.
 A

A
Sectioned object
X
 Cutting plane line

Sectional R.H.S.V F.V.

Sectioned
X A object T.V.
Sectioning rule for machine elements like :

Ribs, rivets, webs, shafts, pins, nuts, bolts,

washers, keys and cotter.

Whenever, the cutting plane is passing through

above machine elements and if cutting plane
contains the axis of above machine elements,
then they are not sectioned.
However, when the cutting plane is cutting,
Elements perpendicular to the axis of the
Above Machine elements, section is taken
and in the projection hatching lines are drawn.
If cutting plane does not include axis then
These elements are hatched.
 Sectioning of Rivets

CORRECT WRONG
30 DEEP

F.V.

T.V.
 30 DEEP

Sectional F.V.

T.V.

F.V.
 A R=MO
C T
O
R

C C
M
C P

F.V.

A
X

Sectional T.V.
 R=MO

C R C
Rib M

Sectional L.H.S.V. F.V.

A
C

A
X
RULES OF HATCHING:

1) Area of a metal or a material, cut by a section

plane is shown by hatching lines in projection.
It is executed by thin lines normally at an angle of
45˚ to the axis or to the main outlines of the
sectional area.
(2) If the axis of the boundary of section is at 45 ˚then
the vertical or horizontal hatching lines are drawn.

Axis at 45˚

Axis at 45˚
(3)Separate area of a section of a single
component are hatched in the same
manner.

(4)Hatching lines on a second part,

adjacent to the first are at an angle of 45˚
but in the opposite direction. Hatching
lines on a third part adjacent to first two
are drawn at an angle of 30˚ or 60˚.
Sometimes spacing or pitch of the
hatching lines is varied to separate it from
the adjacent parts.
Hatching more than two adjacent components

C
45˚
hatched
at 60˚
B

A hatched
at 30˚
45˚ (2)
D on D
(5) If hatching is required on a large section
area, it is avoided. It is limited to a zone
following the contour of the sectioned area
required to be hatched.

Large area
(6) If hatching is required on a very thin section
area, it is avoided. Complete section is shown
entirely black. Thin space is left between
adjacent section of the same type.
(7) As far as possible avoid dimensioning inside
hatched area, but, if not possible, hatching
lines may be interrupted for the dimensioning.

(8) Hatched area can never have dashed or

dotted boundary.
Figure shows isometric view of a
machine component. Draw its
(1)Front view, Top view & L.H.S

15
View, using 3rd angle method
of projections.
(2) Sectional Front view, Top
view & L.H.S.V., using 3rd

50
angle method of projections.
15
 10

30

60
30
40
15
25
5

50 50

Top View

50
15

L.H.S.View Front View

 B

It will be nearer to V.P.

in 1st angle method &
against the vertical
plane in 3rd angle Retained split of the
method. machine parts
A
 10

30

30
40
15
25
A 5

50 50

Top View
A

B
L.H.S. View Sectional Front View -AB
 Figure shows the pictorial
view of a machine component.
Draw its following views as
per First angle method of
projections
A
(1) Front view from X direction.

60
(2) Sectional top view-AA
(3) L.H.S. View
A 20
20

X
Sketch shows the assumed cut model (retained part of
the machine component / split against the observer) due
to horizontal section plane passing through AB.
20

X
 Ø30, 7deep Ø20
A

20
A
A A
60

20
120 L.H.S.V.
F.V.
28
14

Sectional T.V.-AA
X
Figure shows the pictorial view 30
B
of a machine components.
Draw its following views,
using 3rd angle method of
projections.
(1) Front view from arrow X
(2) Top View

60
(3) Sectional R.H.S.V - AB
20

A
X
Retained split, will be
neare t . . in 1st
B
angle method &
against the vertical
plane in 3rd angle No hatching in
method. this area as not
contained in the
section plane

Retained split of the

machine parts
A
 A B
B

A
60

90
X
A
20 20 40
T.V.
A
80

Full SEC.
20

F.V. R.H.S.V
A
PROBLEM

Sketch, shows isometric view of a machine part.

Draw its
(1) Full Sectional F.V. (sectional F.V.)
(2) T.V.
(3) R.H.S.V.
Use third angle method of orthographic
projection. Dimension the view as per the
align system.
Given A
R30
Isometric
view

R20

B
L=100, D=100 & H= 100
 R20 A

A
TOPVIEW 30
60
B
12
45

100

100
B
SEC. FRONT VIEW R.H.S. VIEW
PROBLEM - 1
The following figure shows the
isometric view of a machine component
Draw its
1) Full sectional Front view (sectional F.V.)
2)Top view
3)L.H.S view

Use First angle method of projections and

dimensioning using aligned system only
R 25
Φ 25 ,10 deep
 Ø25 R 25
10
55

25
60°

10

10
SECTIONAL FRONT VIEW -AB
20 60 L.H.S. VIEW -AB

10 Φ 25
45

70
45
12.5

TOP VIEW
 Ø25 R 25
10
55

25
60#
10

10
FRONT VIEW L.H.S. VIEW

20 60

10 Φ 25
45

70
45
12.5

TOP VIEW
 Aim:-Sketch-1, shows Isometric View of a SOLUTION`
machine part. Draw its following
orthographic views using third angle
method of projections, giving dimensions.
(1) Sectional F.V.-AA
(2) T.V. A
A
(3) L.H.S.V 30

R35
A TOPVIEW
A
Ö20
8
Φ36 Φ20
Ö36

100
2 HOLES,Ö 14
65
14`

X A
A LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW SECTIONAL FRONT VIEWAA
Sketch-1 SCALE:- 1:1
SYMBOL OF PROJECTION METHOD, NOT SHOWN
 Aim:-Sketch-1, shows Isometric View of a SOLUTION`
machine part. Draw its following
orthographic views using third angle
methodmethod ofof giving dimensions.
(1) Sectional F.V.-AA
prprojections,ojections,
(2) T.V.
(3) L.H.S.V A
30

SCALE:- 1:1 R35

A TOPVIEW
A 14
Φ20
8
Φ36 Φ20
Φ36

100
2 HOLES,Ö 14

X A
A LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW SECTIONALFRONT VIEWAA

SYMBOL OF PROJECTION METHOD, NOT SHOWN

Types of sectional view

(1) Full sectional View

(2) Half sectional View .
(1) Full section:
❑The sectional view obtained after removing one
half portion of the object through its centre line
by an imaginary cutting plane is known as full
sectional view.
❑If it happens to be elevation (front view),
it is known as Full sectional elevation or
Full sectional front view. Normally the word
‘full’ is omitted.
❑If it happens to be plan (top view), it is known
as full Sectional plan or full sectional top view.
Similarly there can be full sectional side view.
Normally the word ‘full’ is omitted.
Important points:

❑hidden lines should not be drawn in sectional

view

❑ Visible lines behind the cutting plane should b

shown.

❑ The portions which are actually cut by cutting

plane should be hatched.

❑ The position of the cutting plane should be

shown by using cutting plane line.
 SPECIAL
SECTIONS

HALF SECTION
 HALF SECTIONAL F.V.-AB HALF SECTIONAL
LEFT S.V.-BC

C
TOP VIEW
(2) Half sectional view:
❑ When the object is symmetrical about its centre

line, from outside as well as from inside, half

sectional view is preferred.

❑ The main usefulness of the half section is in
assembly drawing where it is often required to
show both internal and external construction of
the object on the same view.
i) Half sectional front view :
❑The sectional view obtained after removing
the front quarter portion of the object by two
imaginary cutting planes at right angles to
each other is known as half sectional
elevation or half sectional front view.

❑The half sectional front view may be left or

right depending upon the left or right front
quarter portion of the object is removed.
ii) Half sectional top view:
❑sectional top view. The sectional view
obtained after removing the top quarter portion
of the object by two imaginary cutting planes at
right angles to each other is known as half
sectional plan or half
❑The half sectional top view may be left or right
depending upon the left or right top quarter
portion of the object is removed.

❑ Similarly there can be half sectional side view.

OFFSET
SECTION
OFFSET SECTION: The path of the cutting plane
is bent to pass through features not located in a
straight line, i.e. it is offset to pass through both
principle features of the object. Example is shown
below.
Section lines are
to be staggered R
as shown at R

B
B
SPECIAL SECTIONS

REMOVED &
REVOLVED SECTIONS
REVOLVED
SECTION

REMOVED SECTION
 REVOLVED REVOLVED
SECTION SECTION

REMOVEDSECTION
REVOLVED SECTION
REMOVED SECTION
REMOVED SECTIONS
Partial (broken, local
or Zonal) Section.
 Partial (broken, local or Zonal) Section.

This is used to show only a desired features of the

object . No cutting plane lines are necessary, and
it shown by wavy line
Partial (broken, Tap- bolt fastener
local or Zonal)
Section. pulley

shaft

Shaft and pulley partly broken

out to show internal fastening
SPECIAL SECTION
Cross hatching of adjacent parts

Part 1

Part 3 Part 2
SPECIAL SECTION

Hatching more than two adjacent components

at (2)
Part C

45# (hatched
Part B at 60 #)

Part A hatched
at 30#
45# Part D on D
 A B

F.V.

SEC.T.V.
Two vertical plates ,fastened by a horizontal
rivet is shown in its F.V. & T.V., cut by horizontal
section plane. Note: the rivet is shown in section in
T.V.
 Aim:-Sketch-1, shows Isometric View of a SOLUTION`
machine part. Draw its following
orthographic views using third angle
method of projections, giving dimensions.
(1) Sectional F.V.-AA
(2) T.V. A
A
(3) L.H.S.V 30

R35
A TOPVIEW
A
Ö20
8
Φ36 Φ20
Ö36

100
2 HOLES,Ö 14
65
14`

X A
A LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW SECTIONAL FRONT VIEWAA
Sketch-1 SCALE:- 1:1
SYMBOL OF PROJECTION METHOD, NOT SHOWN
 Aim:-Sketch-1, shows Isometric View of a SOLUTION`
machine part. Draw its following
orthographic views using third angle
methodmethod ofof giving dimensions.
(1) Sectional F.V.-AA
prprojections,ojections,
(2) T.V.
(3) L.H.S.V A
30

SCALE:- 1:1 R35

A TOPVIEW
A 14
Φ20
8
Φ36 Φ20
Φ36

100
2 HOLES,Ö 14

X A
A LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW SECTIONALFRONT VIEWAA

SYMBOL OF PROJECTION METHOD, NOT SHOWN

 A

X
 B

A
 B

A
 Aim:-Sketch-1, shows Isometric View of a SOLUTION`
machine part. Draw its following
orthographic views using third angle
method of projections, giving dimensions.
(1) Sectional F.V.-AA
(2) T.V. A
A
(3) L.H.S.V 30

R35
A TOPVIEW
A
Ö20
8
Φ36 Φ20
Ö36

100
2 HOLES,Ö 14
65
14`

X A
A LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW SECTIONAL FRONT VIEWAA
Sketch-1 SCALE:- 1:1
SYMBOL OF PROJECTION METHOD, NOT SHOWN