Solid Geometry

Following topics will be covered in Solid Geometry

Topic-I Projections of Points in space
Topic-II Projections of Lines
Topic-III Projections of Planes
Concept of Auxiliary Planes
Topic-IV Projections of Right & Regular Solids
Topic-V Section of Solids
Topic-VI Development of Solids
 Auxiliary View

Just these two

views suffice

Rotated
into 2D

Definition: Any view obtained by orthographic projection onto a plane other than the
Horizontal Plane (TV), Vertical Plane (VP), and Profile Plane (PP) is an auxiliary view

Need: To capture the true shape and size of planar features (otherwise not possible through
orthographic projections on principal planes) contained by inclined planes
 Auxiliary Planes: Nomenclature
Reference/ Auxiliary Planes
Principal Planes A. Vertical Plane (AVP) A. Inclined Plane (AIP)

Primary Auxiliary View: one obtained by projections onto a plane

that is:
• Perpendicular to one of the RPs
• Inclined to the others
 Higher Level Approach for Auxiliary View

Step-1(a) : Draw FV Step-2 Step-1 (b): Draw TV

(on VP: a principal plane) Ø Define: Auxiliary Plane // to an inclined (on HP: a principal plane)
object face (AP)
Ø Define: Direction of Sight (DoS) ⊥ to the
AP (also inclined object-face)

VP: Face-Projector If AP is ⊥to VP HP: MPD-projector

(edge of AP hits VP)

one of the principal planes, that: one of the principal planes, that:
• Is perpendicular to AP • Is not perpendicular to AP
• serves as the reference plane • which contains MPD: Missing
of projection – one from which Principal Dimension - principal
the projectors are drawn onto dimension missing in the RP
the other PP and AP • Maps MPD onto the AP
 Higher Level Approach for Auxiliary View

2
2
1
2 1
1

• Object dimensions ⊥ to the projection lines from the face-projector

are retained on the HP & AP
• The lines formed by the intersection of VP with the HP & AP can be
seen as “hinge lines” for unfolding & alignment with RP

• The “hinge lines” can be seen as original & new Reference axis
• After Unfolding/Alignment : the MPD (in the VP here) that is
originally perpendicular to the projection lines:
Øappears as parallel to the projection lines
Øcan be mapped from the MPD-projector onto the auxiliary view
 Procedure: Generation of an Auxiliary View
Step-1: Draw FV Step-2 Step-1: Draw TV
(on VP: a principal plane) Ø Define: Auxiliary Plane // to an (on HP: a principal plane)
inclined object face (AP)
Ø Define: Direction of Sight (DoS) ⊥
to the AP (inclined object-face)

VP: Face-projector (FP) If AP is ⊥to VP HP: MPD-projector (MPDP)

• ⊥ to Auxiliary Plane • The distances of the corner
• Projection lines from it hit points in the HP from the prev RL
the old/new reference = distances of the corner points
lines ⊥ in the AP from the new RL

The Auxiliary view results from mapping of Missing Principal Dimension (from Ref. Plane not ⊥ to AP)
onto the projection lines from the Face Projector (Reference Plane ⊥ to AP)
Procedure Revisited: Generation of an Auxiliary View
1. Draw the FV and TV

2. Locate your auxiliary plane (a new ref line in 2D)

3. Ask yourself the question…to which Reference Plane is Auxiliary

Plane perpendicular?

Face projector + Missing Principal dimension New positions + Distances from X-Y

• If VP (PP1) is ⊥ to AP, then : AP is inclined to HP, you will get ATV.

• the FV on VP will throw New TV (ATV) will come from the intersection of
projectors on new RL (AP) • New positions from current FV: here positions
and also HP (PP2) are given by face projectors

• the TV on HP (PP2) will • Previous TV preserving distances: here the

provide missing principal distances of the corners in the previous top
dimension to AP view from the previous RL = the distances of
the new corners from the new RL
(representing auxiliary plane)
Ex-1 Change of Position versus Auxiliary Plane Method
Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25 mm side, having one of its sides in the HP, and Inclined at 60
deg to the VP, while its surface makes an angle of 45deg with the HP

Change of Position Method

Auxiliary Plane Method or Change of Reference Line Method:

To show both the surface & edge inclination, we will not move the plane,
instead we will rotate the reference axis.
Ex-1 Change of Position versus Auxiliary Plane Method
Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25 mm side, having one of its sides in the HP, and Inclined at 60
deg to the VP, while its surface makes an angle of 45deg with the HP

New TV will come from intersection of
• Previous TV restoring distances of
corners from previous Ref Line
• Current FV offering new positions
(through face projectors)
New FV will come from intersection of
• Precious FV restoring distances of corners from previous RL
• Current TV offering new positions (through face projectors

Auxiliary Inclined AFV 4

(H) Plane 3
• Will give ATV ATV
• ⊥ to VP à FV
in VP becomes 6
face projector

45
2
5
Auxiliary Ver Plane
• Will give AFV
• ⊥ to HP à TV in
HP becomes face
projector 1
Ex-1 Change of Position versus Auxiliary Plane Method
Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25 mm side, having Change of Position Method FV3
one of its sides in the HP, and Inclined at 60 deg to the VP, while
its surface makes an angle of 45deg with the HP

TV3
• Now: to show both the surface & edge inclination, we will not move
the plane, instead we will rotate the reference axis.

AIP ∠ from HP (gives ATV) ; ⊥ to VP VP with FV≡FP 6 Change of Reference Axis/

Auxiliary Plane Method
AVP ∠ from VP (gives AFV); ⊥ to HP HP with TV≡FP
FV3 4
A Surface FV@ The project. TV will The dist. of the
1 45o rot @ VP is lines from reveal corner points in TV3
HP: (X1Y1) the the FV will the the TV from the 3
AIP ⊥ VP: Face hit the new missing prev RL (XY) =
get ATV Proj. RL (X1Y1)⊥ distances distances of the
corner points in
the ATV from the
new RL (X1Y1)
5
A Edge TV@ The proj. FV will The dist. of the X2-Y2 represents 2
2 60o rot HP is lines from reveal corner points in AVP and VP
@VP: the the ATV will the the FV from the captures FV, hence
(X2Y2) Face hit the new missing prev RL (X1Y1) = AVP will capture
AFV
Proj. RL (X2Y2)⊥ distances distances of the 1
AVP⊥ HP: corner points in X1-Y1 represents AIP (A HP)
get AFV the AFV from the and HP captures TV, hence
AHP will capture ATV
new RL (X2Y2)
Ex-2 Change of Position versus Auxiliary Plane Method
A regular hexagon of 25 mm side, has a corner in the HP, its surface is inclined at 45o with the HP, and top
view of the diagonal through the corner which is in the HP makes an angle of 60o with the VP.

AIP: ∠ from HP; ⊥ to VP; VP with FV ≡ FP gives ATV AVP: ∠ from VP; ⊥ to HP; HP with TV≡FP gives AFV
Ex-3 Change of Position versus Auxiliary Plane Method
A semi circular plate of 60 mm diameter has its straight edge in the VP and inclined at 45o to the
HP. The surface of the plate makes an angle of 30o with the VP. Draw its projections.
AIP: ∠ from HP; ⊥ to VP; Step-A: Draw FV, TV
VP with FV ≡ FP gives ATV Step-B: Factor surface inclination
• ∠ with VP à New Ref Axis is ∠ with VP
AVP: ∠ from VP; ⊥ to HP;
HP with TV≡FP gives AFV • ∠ with VP à Aux Plane: AVP ⊥ to HP
• AVP à ⊥ to HP à TV is face projector
• AVP gives AFV (new FV)
2 • distance: Previous FV from previous axis
• orientation: TV that’s the face
projector
3
6 Step-C: Edge (diameter) inclination
• ∠ with HP à New Ref Axis is ∠ with dia
4 • ∠ with HP à Aux Plane: AIP ⊥ VP
• AIP ⊥ VP à FV (AFV): Face projector
7 • AIP gives ATV (new TV)
• distance: Previous TV from previous axis
• orientation: AFV that’s the Face
projector
Ex-4 Determining TL of a line, given its TV and FV
An object “O” is placed 1.2 m above the ground and in the center of a hall 8m x 6m x 4m.
Determine graphically its distance from one of the corners b/w the roof and two adjacent walls.

1m = 10mm

If FV gives projectors
(position), the other
AIP: ∠ from HP; ⊥ to VP; view - TV shall
VP with FV ≡ FP gives ATV preserve distance
AVP: ∠ from VP; ⊥ to HP;
HP with TV≡FP gives AFV
Ex-5 Determining TL of a line, given its TV and FV
A room is 6m x 5m x 3.5m high. An electric
bracket light is along the center of the longer 1m = 10mm
wall, 1m below the ceiling, and 0.3 m away
from the wall. The switch for the light is on an 7 mm
6
adjacent wall, 1.5m above the floor and 1m 48.
from the other longer wall. Find graphically the
shortest distance between the bulb an switch
49o

48
.67
mm