5) CSE202 - Unit II - Part 1

CSE202 –
Computer Graphics Using

OpenGL
Unit II
Geometric Transformation
27-03-2021
2D Geometric Transformation
• Basic 2D Transformations
• Homogeneous Coordinates
• Composite Transformations
• Other 2D Transformations
27-03-2021 Ref: Computer Graphics with OpenGL by Donald D. Hearn et al., 2

Basic 2D Transformations
• Operations that are applied to the geometric description of an object
to change its position, orientation, or size are called geometric
transformations.
• Two-Dimensional Translation
• Two-Dimensional Rotation
• Two-Dimensional Scaling
27-03-2021 Ref: Computer Graphics with OpenGL by Donald D. Hearn et. al. 3
Two-Dimensional Translation
• A translation on a single coordinate point by adding offsets to its
coordinates so as to generate a new coordinate position
• Moving the original point position along a straight-line path to its new
location
• Every point on the object is translated by the same amount
Two-Dimensional Translation (Contd.)
Two-Dimensional Translation (Contd.)
Two-Dimensional Rotation
• All points of the object are then transformed to new positions by
rotating the points through the specified angle about the rotation
axis.
• Origin
• Pivot point
Rotation (Contd.)
• Origin
Rotation (Contd.)
• Arbitrary Pivot position
Two-Dimensional Scaling
• A simple 2D scaling operation is performed by multiplying object
positions (x, y) by scaling factors sx and sy to produce the transformed
coordinates.
• Uniform /differential scaling

Scaling (Contd.)
• Fixed point scaling
Homogeneous Coordinates
• Many graphics applications involve sequences of geometric
transformations
• Multiplicative and translational terms for 2D geometric
transformation can be combined into a single matrix as 3×3 matrices
• All transformation equations can be expressed as matrix
multiplications
• Where the homogeneous parameter “h” is a nonzero value such that
Homogeneous Coordinates(Contd)
• Therefore, a general 2D homogeneous coordinate representation
could also be written as
• Each two-dimensional position is then represented with

homogeneous coordinates
2D Homogeneous Matrix
Composite 2D Translations
• Two successive translations are additive
Composite 2D Rotations
• Two successive rotations are additive
Composite 2D Rotations (Contd.)
• Two successive rotations are additive
Composite 2D Scalings
• Two successive scaling operations are multiplicative
General 2D Pivot-Point Rotation
General 2D Pivot-Point Rotation(Contd.)
General 2D Fixed-Point Scaling
General 2D Fixed-Point Scaling(Contd.)
General 2D Scaling Directions
• To accomplish the scaling without changing the orientation of the
object
• perform a rotation
• scaling transformation
• opposite rotation
Matrix Concatenation Properties
• Multiplication of matrices is associative
• It may not be commutative
General 2D Composite Transformations
2D Rigid-Body Transformation
• If a transformation matrix includes only translation and rotation
parameters, it is a rigid-body transformation matrix
Other 2D Transformations
• Reflection
• A transformation that produces a mirror image of
an object is called a reflection
• Reflection about the line y = 0 (the x axis)
Other 2D Transformations (Contd.)
• Shear
• A transformation that distorts the shape of an object
• such that the transformed shape appears as if the object were composed of
internal layers
Basic 3D Transformations
• 2D methods by including considerations for the z coordinate
• homogeneous coordinates is represented as 4 x 4 matrix
Basic 3D Translation
Basic 3D Rotation
Z – Axis Rotation
X & Y – Axis Rotation
General Three-Dimensional Rotations
• A rotation matrix for any axis that does not coincide with a coordinate
axis can be set up as a composite transformation
General 3D Rotations(Contd.)
• When an object is to be rotated about an axis that is not parallel to
one of the coordinate axes, we must perform some additional
transformations
General 3D Rotations(Contd.)
Three-Dimensional Scaling
3D – Fixed Point Scaling
Problem
Composite 3D Transformations
• We can implement a transformation sequence by concatenating the
individual matrices from right to left or from left to right, depending
on the order in which the matrix representations are specified
• The rightmost term in a matrix product is always the first
transformation to be applied to an object and the leftmost term is
always the last transformation
Other 3D Transformations
• Three-Dimensional Reflections
• Performed relative to a selected reflection axis or with respect to a reflection
plane
• The matrix representation for this reflection relative to the “xy” plane is
Three-Dimensional Shears
• A general z-axis shearing transformation relative to a selected
reference position is produced with the following matrix:
OpenGL Geometric Transformation Example
OpenGL Geometric Transformation Functions
References
• Donald D. Hearn, M. Pauline Baker and Warren Carithers, “Computer
Graphics with OpenGL”, Pearson Education, Fourth Edition, 2011.
27-03-2021 56

5) CSE202 - Unit II - Part 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

5) CSE202 - Unit II - Part 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CSE202 –

Computer Graphics Using

27-03-2021 Ref: Computer Graphics with OpenGL by Donald D. Hearn et al., 2

• Uniform /differential scaling

• Where the homogeneous parameter “h” is a nonzero value such that

• Each two-dimensional position is then represented with

• It may not be commutative

You might also like