ELECTRICAL ENERGY UTILIZATION & PRACTICE (EPO521/EPO645)

TUTORIAL 2

1. Define the term “Earthing” or “Grounding”.

2. Discuss the following disadvantages of earthing:

i. Cost
ii. Possible safety hazard.

3. Illustrate and describe the following earthing system classification:

i. TT
ii. TN-S
iii. TN-C-S
iv. TN-C
v. IT

4. What are the function of grounding in power system? State the advantages of neutral
grounding of an electrical system.

5. Explain:
i. Over load current
ii. Short Circuit Current
iii. Design current
iv. Maximum Demand
v. Diversity Factor

6. An residual current devices (r.c.d) is designed to give protection against shock risk
and against fire. Sketch the basic circuit for a single phase device and explain briefly
the operation of the r.c.d.

7. Describe in detail, three factors which affect the heat release from the cable. Which
TABLE in the IEE Regulation does it refer to?

8. Write a short note on the following:

i. Semi-enclosed rewirable fuse.
ii. H.R.C catridge fuse.
iii. Difference between a fuse and circuit breaker.

Prepared by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraliza Hamzah

9. Explain the concept of fuse discrimination in power system.

10.Explain the meaning of diversity in electrical engineering installation.

11. Explain the meaning of maximum demand.

12. Define the followings:

i. Ib
ii. In
iii. Iz
iv. Fusing factor

13. Explain the factors that affect the choices of cables in power system installation.

14. Describe the difference between discharge and un-discharge lighting.

15. A small shop receives a three-phase, 415/240 V from utility Main Distribution Board
(MSB). The sub-distribution board located at the shop supplies fixed loads and socket
outlet circuits as follows:
i. One 5 kW and three 4 kW heater ovens.
ii. One 4 kW and four 3 kW cookers.
iii. Four units of 4 kW instantaneous water heaters with an efficiency of 90%.
iv. 30 units fluorescent light fittings, each fitting consists of 2 x 40 Watts
v. fluorescent tube.
vi. Six ring circuits with 30 A overcurrent protective device and five radial
vii. circuits with 20 A overcurrent protective device for 13 Aswitch socket outlet.
viii. 50 units incandescent lamps, each rated at 60 Watts and 20 units of
ix. incandescent lamps, each rated at 100 Watts.
x. 10 units 1.5 h.p air conditional with p.f 0.8.
By applying diversity in Table 1A and Table 1B provided by IEE 16th Edition On-Site
Guide,
a) Calculate the maximum demand of the shop sub-distribution board.
b) The size of the protection device used for back-up protection of the sub-distribution board.
(Ans: 137.8A, 160 BS88 fuse)

16. A small shop receives a three-phase, 415/240 V from utility Main Distribution Board
(MSB). The sub-distribution board located at the shop supplies fixed loads and socket
outlet circuits as follows:
i. One 5 kW and three 4 kW heater ovens.
ii. One 4 kW and four 3 kW cookers.
iii. Four units of 4 kW instantaneous water heaters with an efficiency of 85%.
iv. 15 units fluorescent light fittings, each fitting consists of 2 x 40 Watts
v. fluorescent tube.
vi. Six ring circuits with 30 A overcurrent protective device and five radial
Prepared by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraliza Hamzah
 vii. circuits with 20 A overcurrent protective device for 13 A switch socket outlet.
viii. 40 units incandescent lamps, each rated at 60 Watts and 20 units of
ix. incandescent lamps, each rated at 100 Watts.
x. 8 units 1.5 h.p air conditional with p.f 0.85.
By applying diversity in Table 1A and Table 1B provided by IEE 16th Edition On-Site
Guide,
a) Calculate the maximum demand of the shop sub-distribution board.
b) The size of the protection device used for back-up protection of the sub-distribution board.

17.The main cable from Main Switch Board (MSB) to Final Distribution Board (DB-A)
is protected by a protection device of type BS 88. The main cable to the DB-A is of
type “multicore 90o XLPE insulated, non-armoured copper cable”. This main cable is
installed horizontally on perforated cable tray and is touching with four other circuits.
The distance of this cable from MSB to the DB-A is 300 meters and the surrounding
ambient temperature is 50oC. The design current for the DB-A is 86 A. Find the rating
of protection device and the size of the main cable to the DB-A. The cable voltage
drop limit shall be 4% of the nominal voltage for the main cable.
(Ans: 100A, 70mm2)

18. A 415, 50 Hz three phase motor with an output of 13 kW, 0.8 power factor lagging
and efficiency 85% is to be supplied using multicore 70oC PVC insulated copper
cable. The cable length run horizontally from the protecting device circuit breaker of
50m, and half of this run of cable is clipped to the wall surfaces. For the remainder, it
shares a perforated metal cable tray, touching three other similar cables across the top
of a boiler room where the ambient temperature is 60oC. The three phase motor has a
direct on line starting current of 16 time of the rated current. Calculate:
i. The suitable current rating of the circuit breaker used to BS EN 60898.
ii. The Type of circuit breaker that comply with the starting current of the
motor.
iii. The size of the cable.
iv. The voltage drop in the cable and verify that the circuit complies with the
voltage drop constraint.
(Ans: In=32A, Istart=425.6A, Type D640A, Method 1, 25mm2, 1.995V)

19. A 415, 50 Hz three phase motor with an output of 15 kW, 0.85 power factor lagging
and efficiency 90% is to be supplied using multicore 70oC PVC insulated copper cable.
The cable length run horizontally from the protecting device circuit breaker of 60m, and
half of this run of cable is clipped to the wall surfaces. For the remainder, it shares a
perforated metal cable tray, touching three other similar cables across the top of a boiler
room where the ambient temperature is 60oC. The three phase motor has a direct on line
starting current of 16 time of the rated current. Calculate:
i. The suitable current rating of the circuit breaker used to BS EN 60898.
ii. The Type of circuit breaker that comply with the starting current of the
motor.
Prepared by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraliza Hamzah
 iii. The size of the cable.
iv. The voltage drop in the cable and verify that the circuit complies with the
voltage drop constraint.
(Ans:Ib = 27.28A, In=32A, Type D, 70mm2, Vd=0.93.5V)

20. What is the purpose of calculating the earth loop impedance?

21. A 20 A radial socket outlet circuit is protected by a Type B circuit-breaker to BS EN

60898. The circuit is wired using 2.5 mm2 single core 70oC PVC insulated cables
installed in a 20m length of PVC conduit. A separate protective conductor consisting
of a 1.5mm2 PVC cable is used. Assuming that no rating factors are applicable, that
the value of the external impedance ZE is given as 0.8 Ω, the norminal voltage is
taken as 230V and maximum volt-drop allowed is limited to 4%. The circuit having
maximum earth fault impedance for circuit breaker with instantaneous operation
giving compliance with both 0.4 and 5 seconds disconnection time. Determine
whether the circuit complies with shock risk protection of the IEE regulations.
(Zs=1.338Ohm, Zsmax=2.4Ohm, No shock risk)

22. A 30 A radial socket outlet circuit is protected by a Type B circuit-breaker to BS EN

60898. The circuit is wired using 4 mm2 single core 70oC PVC insulated cables
installed in a 30m length of PVC conduit. A separate protective conductor consisting
of a 1.5mm2 PVC cable is used. Assuming that no rating factors are applicable, that
the value of the external impedance ZE is given as 0.6 Ω, the norminal voltage is
taken as 230V and maximum volt-drop allowed is limited to 4%. The circuit having
maximum earth fault impedance for circuit breaker with instantaneous operation
giving compliance with both 0.4 and 5 seconds disconnection time. Determine
whether the circuit complies with shock risk protection of the IEE regulations.

(Zs=1.29, Zsmx=1.5, No shock risk)

Prepared by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraliza Hamzah