AZƏRBAYCAN TURİZM VƏ MENECMENT UNİVERSİTETİ

Faculty: Tourism And Hospitality

Department: Languages
Subject: Translatıon And Intercultural Communıcatıon
Group: Lq2001
Student: Bayramli Nigar
Teacher: Nisa Guluzade
Topic: United Kingdom

BAKI - 2022
 CONTENTS
United Kingdom, location and
geography........................................................3
History...................................................................3
Culture.......................................................................4
Education......................................................6
SOURCES.......................................................................
.......................................7

UNITED KINGDOM
United Kingdom, location and geography
United Kingdom, island country located off the northwestern coast of
mainland Europe. The United Kingdom comprises the whole of the
island of Great Britain—which contains England, Wales, and Scotland
—as well as the northern portion of the island of Ireland. The name
Britain is sometimes used to refer to the United Kingdom as a whole.
The capital is London, which is among the world’s leading commercial,
financial, and cultural centres. Other major cities include Birmingham,
Liverpool, and Manchester in England, Belfast and Londonderry in
Northern Ireland, Edinburgh and Glasgow in Scotland, and Swansea and
Cardiff in Wales.In the south of England, the countryside is mostly
rolling hills. In northwest England and the Scottish Highlands are dozens
of lakes, called lochs. These were left behind when the Ice Age glaciers
melted. They tend to be long and narrow, and some are very deep.
Legends say that a giant monster called Nessie lives in Loch Ness in
Scotland.
History
The origins of the United Kingdom can be traced to the time of the
Anglo-Saxon king Athelstan, who in the early 10th century CE secured
the allegiance of neighbouring Celtic kingdoms and became “the first to
rule what previously many kings shared between them,” in the words of
a contemporary chronicle. Through subsequent conquest over the
following centuries, kingdoms lying farther afield came under English
dominion. Wales, a congeries of Celtic kingdoms lying in Great
Britain’s southwest, was formally united with England by the Acts of
Union of 1536 and 1542. Scotland, ruled from London since 1603,
formally was joined with England and Wales in 1707 to form the United
Kingdom of Great Britain. (The adjective “British” came into use at this
time to refer to all the kingdom’s peoples.) Ireland came under English
control during the 1600s and was formally united with Great Britain
through the Act of Union of 1800. The republic of Ireland gained its
independence in 1922, but six of Ulster’s nine counties remained part of
the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland. Relations between these
constituent states and England have been marked by controversy and, at
times, open rebellion and even warfare. These tensions relaxed
somewhat during the late 20th century, when devolved assemblies were
introduced in Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Nonetheless, even
with the establishment of a power-sharing assembly after referenda in
both Northern Ireland and the Irish republic, relations between Northern
Ireland’s unionists (who favour continued British sovereignty over
Northern Ireland) and nationalists (who favour unification with the
republic of Ireland) remained tense into the 21st century.
Culture
British culture is influenced by the combined nations' history; its
historically Christian religious life, its interaction with the cultures of
Europe, the traditions of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, and the
impact of the British Empire. Although British culture is a distinct
entity, the individual cultures of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern
Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and
distinctiveness.
British literature is particularly esteemed. The modern novel was
invented in Britain, and playwrights, poets, and authors are among its
most prominent cultural figures.[2] Britain has also made notable
contributions to music, cinema, art, architecture and television. The UK
is also the home of the Church of England, the state church and mother
church of the Anglican Communion, the third-largest Christian
denomination. Britain contains some of the world's oldest universities,
has made many contributions to philosophy, science, technology and
medicine, and is the birthplace of many prominent scientists and
inventions. The Industrial Revolution began in the UK and had a
profound effect on the family socio-economic and cultural conditions of
the world. As a result of the British Empire significant British influence
can be observed in the language, law, culture and institutions of its
former colonies, most of which are members of the Commonwealth of
Nations. A subset of these states form the Anglosphere, and are among
Britain's closest allies.[3][4] British colonies and dominions influenced
British culture in turn, particularly British cuisine.[5] Sport is an
important part of British culture, and numerous sports originated in the
country including Cricket, football and rugby. The British people have
traditionally enjoyed social interaction relating to popular culture
throughout the centuries.
The theatres have long been well supported with entertainment ranging
from music to drama and to comedy.
In the 19th Century, the Music Hall was the mainstay of entertainment
offering all manner of acts from singing to acrobatics.
The cinema is very popular as are the numerous social clubs across the
country. Music too plays an important role in popular culture and has
been the forerunner in exports.
The UK is home to the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Adele, and many
other artists who have made it to the world stage.
Jungle, Dubstep, Grime and other modern forms of dance music also
originate from the UK.
Traditionally music and social gatherings have been the cement in
isolated communities over the centuries with dancing and singing. The
Scottish and Irish Ceilidh is a traditional social gathering involving
Gaelic folk music and dancing either in a house or larger venue.
The Welsh people are known for their singing voices and the Welsh
Men’s Choir is renowned World Wide.
Art and literature has also played a focal part in the history of UK
culture. T
here are many art galleries throughout the country and Britain is known
for its history of authors such as Virginia Woolf, TS Eliot, Agatha
Christie and Jane Austen.
Education
Education in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter with each of the
countries of the United Kingdom having separate systems under separate
governments: the UK Government is responsible for England; whilst the
Scottish Government, the Welsh Government and the Northern Ireland
Executive are responsible for Scotland,[6] Wales[7] and Northern
Ireland, respectively.The Programme for International Student
Assessment coordinated by the OECD currently ranks the overall
knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in
reading, literacy, mathematics, and science with the average British
student scoring 503.7, compared with the OECD average of 493.
In 2014, the country spent 6.6 percent of its GDP on all levels of
education – 1.4 percentage points above the OECD average of 5.2
percent.In 2017, 45.7 percent of British aged 25 to 64 attained some
form of post-secondary education.22.6% of British people aged 25 to 64
attained a bachelor's degree or higher.52% of British people aged 25 to
34 attained some form of tertiary education, about 4% above the OECD
average of 44%.The education system in the UK is divided into four
main parts, primary education, secondary education, further education
and higher education. Children in the UK have to legally attend primary
and secondary education which runs from about 5 years old until the
student is 16 years old.
The education system in the UK is also split into "key stages" which
breaks down as follows:
Key Stage 1: 5 to 7 years old
Key Stage 2: 7 to 11 years old
Key Stage 3: 11 to 14 years old
Key Stage 4: 14 to 16 years old

Sources
1)https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom
2) https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom
3) https://www.afsusa.org/countries/united-kingdom/#:~:text=United%20Kingdom
%20Cultures&text=Most%20people%20in%20the%20UK,a%20strong%20sense%20of
%20nationalism.