Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 1200–1209

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An investigation on the performance and viability of a hybrid twisted

blade profile for a horizontal axis micro wind turbine
Ratan U. Gaonkar a, Ramakrishna N. Hegde b,⇑
a
Research Scholar,,Srinivas Institute of Technology, Valachil, Mangaluru and Principal, Shree Vidyadhiraj Polytechnic, Kumta, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka, India
b
Srinivas Institute of Technology, Valachil, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: With the ever-growing concern about green and clean energy, one of the most viable options is wind
Received 23 April 2021 power. Though the concept of a micro wind turbine is not new, exploring the best blade profile that
Received in revised form 11 June 2021 would improve the performance is quite challenging. An ideal blade profile for a roof-mounted micro
Accepted 20 June 2021
wind turbine could be the one that would offer the lift at the lowest available wind velocity. This paper
Available online 1 July 2021
presents such a proposal wherein a hybrid twisted blade profile modelled out of NACA4412 and E193 air-
foils are used for the investigation. Three different profiles viz. a simple tapered blade (NACA 4412), a
Keywords:
twisted tapered blade (NACA4412) and a hybrid twisted tapered blade (Hybrid of NACA4412 and
HAWT
Wind power
E193) are considered and tested using CFD tool followed by experimental validation using a simple
Airfoil, Lift tapered blade in a wind tunnel. The test parameters included different air velocities (2 m/s to 8 m/s) at
Drag different angles of attack (
10° to + 10°). The results indicate that the hybrid profile gives superior lift
Hybrid Blade coupled with better structural stability and hydrodynamic power.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Global Conference on
Recent Advances in Sustainable Materials 2021.

1. Introduction for industrial load or domestic or grid to fulfil the electricity

Wind energy is one of the predominant sources of energy creat-
ing electricity using the wind or airflows that can serve as an alter-
native to fossil fuel-generated electricity. The generation of
electricity by rotating generators with the help of wind energy is
called wind power generation. Wind energy is one of the pure
sources of energy with no greenhouse effect on the atmosphere.
Although petroleum, natural gas as the primary source of fuel for
producing electricity, but the availability of such fuel is limited.
One single wind turbine is not convenient to produce the desired
amount of electricity, to attain the optimum amount of electricity
a greater number of wind turbines are connected to obtain the
desired input. When wind strikes the turbine blade, the turbine
rotates to run a generator which produces electricity. This gener-
ated electricity is fed through the cable mounted to the turbine
tower. The same cables are collected and are interconnected with
other wind turbines, the harvested electricity is then directly used
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ramakrishnahegde_auhod@sitmng.ac.in (R.N. Hegde).
requirements.
Tholudin Mat Lazim et al. [1] investigated the performance of
the SD2030 thin airfoil section at Reynolds number of 1x105 based
on blade elemental theory, numerical analysis and found that the
airfoil SD2030 can rotate at the low start with 2.4 m/sec wind
speed on a horizontal-axis windmill. Haseeb Shah et al. [2] studied
the blade performance using UBD-5494 airfoil on a HAWT. Airfoil
was tested in the Reynolds number range of 30,000 to 1,00,000
by varying the lift to drag ratio at higher values at the tip of the
blade ranging from 0 to 20°. They reported higher efficiency in
comparison with low Reynolds number airfoil. P. Giguere et al.
[3] worked on an HWAT with one root airfoil and three primary
airfoils to enhance the system performance of a 15 kW wind tur-
bine using both conventional (tapered/twisted) or pultruded
blades. Airfoils were tested at Reynolds number between
1,00,000–50,000. They reported an enhanced lift to drag ratio when
compared to other existing profiles. Mohammadreza Mohammadi
et al. [4] investigated the optimization of small-scale wind turbines
with maximum output torque as an objective, assuming a constant
wind speed of 7 m/sec. They found that the torque increased by
19.5% with a constant number of blades. Other noteworthy contri-
butions to the design of wind turbine blades are reported in the lit-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.288
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Global Conference on Recent Advances in Sustainable Materials 2021.
R.U. Gaonkar and R.N. Hegde
Nomenclature
Ρ Density of Air, kg/m3
V Velocity of air, m/s
D Cord Length = 0.150 m
Μ Dynamic viscosity of air, 1.7  10-5 Ns/m2
pi Local Static pressure values measured around the cylin-
der, N/m2
erature [5-7]. Ronit k. Singh et al. [8] experimented with the wind
tunnel with AF300 airfoil of a HAWT at 38000, 75000, 128000,
205,000 Reynolds number, for better start-up and low wind speed
performance. At different Reynolds number, the maximum lift
coefficients were 1.72, 1.81 and 1.86 at14-degrees stall angle.
Emmanuel Yeboah Osei et al. [9] tested three airfoils (EYO7-8,
EYO8-8, and EYO9-8) the experimental validation was satisfied
with the old existing low Reynolds number airfoil. They opined
that the proposed airfoils are suitable for the wind turbine with
the configurations giving the maximum power coefficient. The
contributions of Ozgepalot et al. [10], Justin Winslow et al. [11],
Navin Prasad E et al. [12] are also significant and noteworthy. Neel
S. Patel et al. [13] in their investigative study used conservation of
angular momentum and theory of aerodynamic forces to optimize
the pitch angle and chord length leading to maximum blade effi-
ciency. Xinzi Tanga et al. [14] proposed a mathematical model
for a small HAWT to determine the blade chord and twist angle
distribution along the blade span. They studied the effect of Rey-
nolds number, tip and hub effects and drag effects in the design
optimization. A thorough literature survey points out that further
scope exists in blade design and profile development for a small
HAWT that could run even at lower wind velocity. This paper
Fig. 1. Basic blade profiles used for Hybrid Tapered Twisted Blade.
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Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 1200–1209
p1 Free stream static pressure measured by the Pitot-static
probe, N/m2
po Free stream total pressure measured by the Pitot-static
probe, N/m2
h manometer liquid column height Dynamic Pressure, m
makes such an attempt and uses the concept of a hybrid profile
viz. NACA 4412 and Eppler E193, for the investigation on the per-
formance and viability of using it for a roof-mounted wind turbine.
1.1. Airfoil selection
Modern HAWT blades are derived from airfoil ‘families’ (Hansen
and Butter field, 1993) with the blade tip using a thin airfoil, for the
high lift to drag ratio, and the root region using a thick version of
the same airfoil for structural support. However, a hybrid version
of this could be advantageous at times. Typical Reynolds numbers
found in wind turbine operation are in the range of 500 000 and 10
million. For the present research, a hybrid combination of NACA
4412 and Eppler E193 profiles was used for the reasons mentioned
Figs. 1 and 2 show the NACA 4412 and E193 airfoils, respectively.
The NACA 4412 (Fig. 1) airfoil has a maximum camber of 2%
located 40% (0.4 chords) from the leading edge with a maximum
thickness of 12% of the chord. Four-digit series airfoil by default
has a maximum thickness at 30% of the chord (0.3 Chord) from
the leading edge [15].
R.U. Gaonkar and R.N. Hegde Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 1200–1209

1
2
p0
p1 ¼ qV ð1Þ
2
Substituting, p = qgh in equation (1) and on simplification,
2ðp0
p1 Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ V 2 ) V ¼ 3:61 h0
h1 ð2Þ
q
The density of air at Mangaluru is taken as 1.225 kg/m3. The
specific gravity of alcohol is 0.8.

2.1. Reynolds number

qVD
Re ¼ ð3Þ
l
The corresponding values of Re at flow velocity 2 m/s are 31,056
and 34,108 respectively based on aerofoil width of 0.25 m (CFD)
Fig. 2. The free body diagram of a representative hybrid air foil. and 0.225 m characteristic length (Experimental). Similarly, at
8 m/s the respective values of Re are 1,24,766 and 1,36,432. But
for CFD analysis purpose Re of 3x105 is taken which covers both
2. Data reduction the above ranges.

The following relations are used to find the aerodynamic coeffi- 2.2. Co-efficient of lift and drag:
cients [5].
Velocity Normal co-efficient,
For Multi-tube Manometer,

Fig. 3. Experimental Set Up.

Fig. 4. Three different blade profile configurations tested in a wind tunnel.

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R.U. Gaonkar and R.N. Hegde Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 1200–1209

Fig. 5. Variation of Torque v/s Angular velocity.

Fig. 6. Variation of Aerodynamic power v/s Angular velocity.

Fig. 7. Variation of Co-efficient of lift v/s Velocity (m/sec) at + 10° AOA.

Z  
1   X 2.3. Torque
Cn ¼ C p;
C pu  d ð4Þ
0 C
The thrust coefficient is another important dimensionless num-
Lift Coefficient; C L ¼ C n  cosa ð5Þ ber in wind turbine aerodynamics and is given by,
T
Drag Co
efficient; C D ¼ C n  sina ð6Þ CT ¼ ð7Þ
1=2qAV 2

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R.U. Gaonkar and R.N. Hegde Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 1200–1209

Fig. 8. Variation of Co-efficient of drag vs velocity (m/sec) at + 10° AOA.

Fig. 9. 3-D Model of (a) Simple tapered blade profile (b) Tapered twisted blade profile (c) Hybrid tapered twisted blade profile.

Fig. 10. Domain Mesh and Domain Parameter of the Hybrid blade.

The maximum torque coefficient of 0.0158 was obtained for a ables are non-dimensionalized in a similar way. The formula for lift
wind velocity of 8 m/s and from the Cm v/s alpha curve which and drag is given below.
was used to estimate the torque for various blade profiles.
L
The force vector is not straightforward, as stated earlier there CL ¼ ð8Þ
are two types of aerodynamic forces, lift and drag. Accordingly, 1=2qAW 2
there are two non-dimensional parameters. However, both vari-

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R.U. Gaonkar and R.N. Hegde
Fig. 11. Validation of computational result with the experimental result using STB.
D 30C and at air speed of 2 m/s,4 m/s,6m/s & 8 m/s with an assump-
CD ¼
1=2qAW 2
Where CL is the lift coefficient, the CD is the drag coefficient, W is
the relative wind speed as experienced by the wind turbine blade,
and A is the area of the wind blade.
The aerodynamic forces have a dependency on W, this speed is
the relative speed, and it is given by the equation below:
W ¼ V
U
Where ‘U’ is the rotational velocity in radians per second.
The aerodynamic power
Aerodynamic power is the main factor for wind turbines, and it
defines how efficient is the wind turbine in converting the energy
from the wind to electricity. The speed of air flowing over the tip is
Fig. 12. Pressure and velocity volume rendering for the HTB at 0° AOA(a), (b) and + 10° AOA (c), (d).
Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 1200–1209
also an important characteristic feature for the performance of the
wind turbine.
Pout ¼ T  x ð11Þ
The free body diagram of a representative hybrid air foil is
shown in Fig. 2.
2.4. Experimental setup and procedure
The experiments were performed using the Subsonic Wind Tun-
nel facility as shown in Fig. 3. The test section size of the wind tun-
nel is (600  600  2000) mm with removable side windows. It is
an open cycle, intermittent suction type Wind Tunnel, which
makes use of the compressed air supplied by a compressor. It has
a maximum speed of 50 m/sec. The entry section is of Bell mouth
entry type. The fan motors are powered by 400 V-3U-50 Hz power
supply through motor speed controller. Thus, the wind speed in the
tunnel can be varied both by controlling the fan motor speed.
The experimental data were extracted at room temperature of
ð9Þ tion that the flow is incompressible. The static pressure at different
AOA (-10, 0, +10) are measured from lower surfaces of the airfoil
model through different pressure tapings by using a multi-tube
water manometer. Specific density of air and water corresponding
to room temperature of 30C was taken as 1.215 kg/m3 and
1000 kg/m3 respectively.
ð10Þ 2.5. Experimental uncertainty
Head generated by the multi tube manometer is the only
parameter measured in the wind tunnel. The velocity and pressure
are the derived parameters or secondary parameters. While pres-
sure p = f (q, g, h) and velocity V = f (g, h), the following statistical
data are considered to measure the uncertainty in pressure and
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R.U. Gaonkar and R.N. Hegde Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 1200–1209

Fig. 13. Pressure and velocity volume rendering for the HTB at
10° AOA.

Fig. 14. Flow visualization of the hybrid blade at different AOA.

velocity. Accordingly, q ¼ 1:215  0:01215 kg/m3 = q  xq and h 3. Result and discussion

¼ 1  0:001m = h  xh , where q is the density of air, and h is
the head measured by the manometer, in consistent SI units. The
maximum uncertainty in pressure measurement is 1.818% and
the best estimate uncertainty is 1.5154%. Uncertainty in velocity
measurement is V = 1.8812 ± 0.0099 m/s.
3.1. Experimental investigation
The work has been carried out to design a micro HAWT blade
that included the optimum distributions of pitch angle and chord

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R.U. Gaonkar and R.N. Hegde
Fig. 15. Stress and strain distribution over Hybrid tapered twisted wind turbine blade.
length in each section under the design point. The method
employed in the present study for the aerofoil design is known
as the ‘direct designing method’ which involves designing section
geometry and calculating aerofoils performance. The validation of
the numerically analysed result is done with the experimental data
obtained from testing the simple tapered blade profile in a wind
tunnel. Fig. 4 shows the three different blade profile configurations
tested in a wind tunnel viz. a simple tapered blade (STB) a twisted
tapered blade (TTB) and the hybrid tapered twisted blade (HTB).
Fig. 5 shows the variation of torque at different angular veloci-
ties for the three blade configurations. The HTB gives a maximum
torque of 0.221 Nm for + 10° AOA and 0.148 Nm for
10° AOA.
Similarly, for the same testing conditions, TTB and STB profiles
generate corresponding torques of 0.156 Nm for + 10° AOA and
0.132Nm for
10° AOA and 0.075Nm for + 10° AOA and 0.106
Nm for
10° AOA. Thus, the HTB has distinct advantage of around
two-fold increase in torque at + 10° AOA.
The corresponding aerodynamic power advantage by using the
HTB profile is obvious as seen from Fig. 6, about 34% increased
aerodynamic power compared to STB at + 10° AOA and 42.61%

10° AOA. However, the aerodynamic power is almost 70% more
with + 10° AOA. Thus, the HTB profile is preferable even at lower
wind velocities.
Figs. 7 and 8 show a comparative variation of coefficient of lift
and drag for + 10° and
10° angle of attack for HTB, TTB and STB
profiles. The lift coefficients are respectively 0.275, 0.175, 0.03
for + 10° AOA and 0.9,0.5 and 0.325 for
10° AOA. However, the
accompanied drag is also higher for HTB, TTB and STB profiles in
the same order, as seen in Fig. 8.
The comparison of these three wind turbine blades vis-à-vis
with their performance shows that the hybrid taper twisted wind
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Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 1200–1209
turbine blade is more efficient compared to tapered twisted and
the simple tapered wind turbine blade profiles.
3.2. CFD analytical results
3.2.1. 3D modeling
Using CATIA V5 R20 software the 3-d models of the three blades
are prepared as shown in Fig. 9. Initially, the coordinates of the air-
foil are downloaded to the system. CATIA V5 R20 has a workbench
called ‘wireframe and surface design’ where the coordinates of the
airfoils are imported. The workbench supports creating the surface
of the blade and the complete body of the blade is made. However,
the vector plots of the HTB only are presented in the forthcoming
discussion.
3.2.1.1. Domain and mesh parameter. The mesh of the hybrid blade
profile model is made up of triangular mesh elements. Fig. 10(a)
shows the triangular mesh of the wind turbine blade, automati-
cally generated to ensure that both the face and the volume cen-
troid locations are well defined [16,17]. One side of the blade is
attached to a rectangular domain and the leading edge of the blade
is considered as inlet and the trailing edge as an outlet. Fig. 10(b)
shows the domain parameter and domain direction on the aerofoil
model. To ensure the reliability of the analysis a validation is done
using the STB profile, as shown in Fig. 11. The analysis is valid
without much scope for errors.
3.2.1.2. Pressure-Volume and velocity rendering. The following
Figs. 12 and 13 show the pressure–volume and velocity volume
rendering of the HTB, at the minimum and maximum inlet veloci-
ties (2 m/s and 8 m/s) in the tested range. The blade upper surface
R.U. Gaonkar and R.N. Hegde Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022) 1200–1209

Fig. 16. Stress and strain distribution over Tapered twisted wind turbine blade.

is exposed to lower pressure while the higher pressure is exerted
on the blade lower surface, creating the lift. The pressure difference
created at the lower and upper surface of the blade generates lift
which in turn rotates the rotor. Two specific test conditions are
taken i.e., the blade is placed at an angle of + 10° and
10° angle
of attack.
The flow visualization on the wind tunnel as shown in Fig. 14
gives evidence that the proposed HTB profile flow is attached to
the blade surface at different AOAs.
two profiles. The strain energy, equivalent stress and strain elastic
are minimum at the blade tip, whereas the deformation is mini-
mum at the base of the blade profile, suggesting better capability
of the blade against any bending moment. The static structural
approach on the three-wind turbine blade shows that there is a
maximum total deformation of 0.73 mm for HTB, 0.42 mm for
TTB and 0.53 mm for STB respectively. Also, the stress distribution
is more uniform and minimum in the case of the HTB profile, with
maximum concentration being spread at the central region.

4. Conclusion
3.2.1.3. Stress analysis. To evaluate the stability of the wind turbine
blade profile to withstand high-velocity stress developed, an anal-
In this work, the viability of a hybrid tapered twisted blade
ysis of hybrid tapered twisted, tapered twisted and simple tapered
designed for a horizontal axis wind turbine that could rotate at a
blades were done. The corresponding stress–strain distribution is
low start up wind speed of 2 m/s is investigated. An HTB profile
presented in Figs. 15 to 17. It may be observed that the equivalent
made out NACA 4412 and E193 blades were modelled and ana-
stress, strain energy and strain elastic are minimum at the blade
lyzed for lift and drag, stress and strain distribution. This model
tip, whereas the deformation is minimum at the base of the blade
was compared with NACA 4412 simple tapered and NACA 4412
profile, suggesting a stable blade against any bending moment.
twisted tapered profiles at different AOA ranging from +/-10°., at
Fig. 15 shows the stress and strain distribution over the hybrid
a low Reynolds number. The validation was done using the exper-
tapered twisted wind turbine blade.
imental values extracted for a simple tapered profile on a wind
Fig. 16 shows the stress and strain distribution over the Tapered
tunnel. Based on the analysis the following conclusions are drawn.
twisted wind turbine blade. Here also, the strain energy, equivalent
stress and strain elastic are minimum at the blade tip, whereas the
 Hybrid tapered twisted blade made of NACA 4412 & E193 pro-
deformation is minimum at the base of the blade profile.
files has a good co-efficient of lift when compared with tapered
Fig. 17 shows the stress and strain distribution over a simple
twisted and simple tapered NACA 4412 wind turbine blades.
tapered wind turbine blade which looks quite similar to the other
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R.U. Gaonkar and R.N. Hegde
Fig. 17. Stress and strain distribution over a simple tapered wind turbine blade.
 The blade with NACA4412 & E193 hybrid airfoil having twisted
tapered profile has better performance for the constant and
variable wind speeds. The increase in aerodynamic power at
8 m/s with a twisted blade profile as against the simple tapered
profile is significant.
 The HTB is structurally more stable with a uniform stress distri-
bution compared to STB and TTB profiles.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Ratan U. Gaonkar: Data curation Formal Analysis, Investiga-
tion, Project administration, Validation. Ramakrishna N. Hegde:
Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing
original draft, Writing -review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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