INTERNSHIP REPORT

on

Construction Works

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

By
ROHAN KUMAR
Reg.NO: RA2011039010006

Faculty Advisor

Dr.A. MANIMARAN
Assistant Professor (O.G)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603203

Chengalpattu District

NOVEMBER 2022

i
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Internship report entitled “CONSTRUCTION WORKS” is the

bonafide work of ROHAN KUMAR (RA2011039010006) which was carried out at

SRI LAXMI SURYA INFRA PVT. LTD,Patna,Bihar.

Signature of the Faculty Advisor Signature of the Coordinator

Dr. S.Durgadevagi, Mr. S.Pradeep,

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
SRM Institute of Science and Technology
Kattankulathur- 603 203
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
SRM Institute of Science and Technology
Kattankulathur- 603 203

INTERNAL EXAMINER 1 INTERNALEXAMINER 2

ii
Certificate

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE No.

No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii

1 INTRODUCTION x
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION x
1.2 OBJECTIVE x
1.3 NECESSITY x

xi
1.4 SCOPE
xi
1.5 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE xi

1.6 REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS xi

1.7 REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS xi

1.8 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS xi

1.9 MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND TEAM WORK xi

1.10 SOFTWARE/EQUPIMENT USED xi

2 COMPANY PROFILE xiii

2.1 COMPANY BACKGROUND xiii
2.2 COMPANY HISTORY xiii
2.3 MISSION AND VISION xiii
ONGOING PROJECTS
2.4 xiv

3 OVERVIEW OF
THE TRAINING xv
3.1
3.2 INTRODUCTION xv
3.3 COMPONENTS OF BUILDING xv
SIZES OF ROOMS xix
4 MATERIALS USED xx
4.1 INTRODUCTION xxi
4.2 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS xxiv
4.3 QUALITY CONTROL TEST xxvi

CONCLUSIONS xxviii

REFERENCES xxix

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to place on record, our grateful thanks to Dr. C.

MUTHAMIZHCHELVAN, Vice Chancellor for providing all facilities and help in
carrying out this project. We thank Dr. T.V.GOPAL, Dean (College of Engg. & Tech.)
for the stimulus provided.
We are extremely grateful to Dr. P.T. RAVICHANDRAN, Professor and Head,
Department of Civil Engineering for the encouragement and support provided during the
project work.
We express our sincere thanks to the Academic Advisor Mr.S.PRADEEP and
Faculty advisor Dr. S. DURGADEVAGI, Assistant Professor for their valuable
suggestions for improvement during reviews.
We hereby acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude the valuable guidance,
encouragement and suggestions given by our guide KUMAR AJIT SINHA, Project
manager,Sri Laxmi Surya Infra Pvt. Ltd. who has been a constant source of
inspiration throughout this Internship.
Also, we would like to take this opportunity to thank all the faculty members and
non-teaching staff members in the Department of Civil Engineering for their direct and
indirect help rendered during the course of the project work.
We also thank the staff of SRM DTP section for their efforts in composing
the project report. We record our sincere thanks to our parents for the support and
motivation.
Last, but not the least, we thank all our friends, who freely helped us in many
ways towards the successful completion of this project work.

ROHAN KUMAR

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 ABSTRACT

In order to fulfill the requirements for a B.Tech at SRM Institute of science and technology,

Kattankulathur, this report outlines my work experience as an intern at Sri Laxmi Surya Infra Pvt. Ltd.

a construction company based in Bihar. This report describes the role of the civil engineer in

Construction of A Residential G+4 Apartment Building and the progressive phases of the development

projects at Sri Laxmi Surya Infra Pvt. Ltd.. The project phases, responsibilities, and tasks that were

typical of these projects are detailed through the description of a Internship that I was involved with

the company. Insights of my work experience and the role that my education at SRM Institute of

science and technology played at Sri Laxmi Surya Infra Pvt. Ltd. is discussed in conclusion.

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Reference to codes and standards x
1.2 Application of earlier course works x
2.1 Opertating Schedule of Sri Laxmi Surya Infra xii
3.2 Noiminal Dimension of Building Components xvi

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO.

NO.
3.2 Super Structures xviii
3.2 Beams and Columns xviii
4.2 Bricks Used xxiii
4.2 Cement Used xxiii
4.2 Steel Bars Used xxiii

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of building such as
residential houses. In a simple building can be define as an enclose space by walls with roof.
food, cloth and the basic needs of human beings. In the early ancient times humans lived in
caves, over trees or under trees, to protect themselves from wild animals, rain, sun, etc. as
the times passed as humans being started living in huts made of timber branches. The
shelters of those old have been developed nowadays into beautiful houses. Rich people live
in sophisticated condition houses.

1.2 OBJECTIVES
The following objectives were formulated to achieve the target of the project.

 The efficient design of all the structural components and elements

 To analyse the load, shear component.

 Appropriate selection of machinery and equipment.

 Suitable procurement of human resources and materials.

1.3 NECESSITY
There are major issues that happen in building due to poor construction, that are

damping, termite attack, fungal attack, the efflorescene of concrete, etc. So the necessity is to

make the building a safer place to live in.

1.4 SCOPE
Scope of work in construction project clearly defines what is expected from each

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party involved in a contract, and this makes it an essential document in project management.

Scope of work in construction tells the project manager handling the project where his work

begins and where it ends.

1.5 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE

From the works carried out on this project, it was gained the design experience

majorly on design of slab, beam, column and foundation.

1.6 REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

This project was worked with some of the realistic design constraints such as

Wind, Shear, Earthquake zone. To overcome these constraints, efforts were taken like Indian

Standard code during the designing phase of the project.

1.7 REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARS

There are some codes and standards were refereed for this project and they are
listed in the Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Reference to codes and standards
Codes and standards Context

1.8 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS

There are some earlier course works were refereed and the knowledge gained
from those courses were implemented for the successful completion of this project and they
are listed in the Table 1.2.

Subject code Subject name

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 Table 1.2 Application of earlier course works

1.9 MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND TEAM WORK

Apart from the parent Civil Engineering, some of the other specialized people

from planning, design, fabrication, material management and general project office work.

1.10 SOFTWARE / EQUIPMENT USED

Equipment used in this project are listed as below:
 Excavators.
 Backhoe.
 Dragline Excavator.
 Bulldozers.
 Graders.
 Wheel Tractor Scrapers.
 Trenchers.

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 CHAPTER 2

COMPANY PROFILE

2.1 Company Background

Sri Laxmi Surya Infra Private Limited is a Private incorporated on 18 July 2016. It is classified as
Non-govt company and is registered at Registrar of Companies, Patna. Its authorized share capital is
Rs. 500,000 and its paid up capital is Rs. 150,000. It is inolved in Building installation [ These
activities are usually performed at the site of construction, although parts of the job may be carried out
in a special shop. Repair of installations are also included in the corresponding sub-classes.]

Sri Laxmi Surya Infra Private Limited's Annual General Meeting (AGM) was last held on 30
November 2021 and as per records from Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), its balance sheet was
last filed on 31 March 2021.

Directors of Sri Laxmi Surya Infra Private Limited are Amit Kumar, Ravi Kumar Singh, Kumar Ajit
Sinha.

Table 2.1: Operating Schedule of Sri Laxmi Surya Infra Pvt. Ltd

Days Working Time Operating Period

8.20 a.m – 1.00 p.m 4 hours 40 minutes
Sunday to
1.00 p.m – 2.00 p.m (lunch hour) 1 hour
Thursday
2.00 p.m – 5.20 p.m 3 hours 20 minutes
(Total : 9 Hours)

Friday &
Weekend Holiday -
Saturday

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2.2 Company History

 Sri Laxmi Surya Infra Pvt Ltd in Patna is one of the leading businesses in the Construction
Companies. Also known for Estate Agents, Construction Companies, Builders, Builders &
Developers, Estate Agents For Plot, Property Consultants, Land Developers, Estate Agents For
Residential Plots and much more. Find Address, Contact Number, Reviews & Ratings, Photos,
Maps of Sri Laxmi Surya Infra Pvt Ltd, Patna.
 A dream project needs expert supervision and Construction Companies can be the best
assistance. These companies execute complete building and infrastructure work that includes
designing, landscaping, assembling the material, and renovation. Many people hire them to
better understand the project needs, cost and for proper management.
 There are many Construction Companies in Patna working with a vast network of skilled
engineers and construction workers to complete projects on time. They take care of everything
including painting, plumbing and electrical work.
 Sri Laxmi Surya Infra Pvt Ltd in Kumhrar, Patna has skilled manpower to execute and
complete construction projects.

2.3 Vision And Mission

Established in the year 2016, Sri Laxmi Surya Infra Pvt Ltd in Kumhrar, Patna is a top
player in the category Construction Companies in the Patna. This well-known
establishment acts as a one-stop destination servicing customers both local and from
other parts of Patna. Over the course of its journey, this business has established a firm
foothold in it’s industry. The belief that customer satisfaction is as important as their
products and services, have helped this establishment garner a vast base of customers,
which continues to grow by the day. This business employs individuals that are
dedicated towards their respective roles and put in a lot of effort to achieve the
common vision and larger goals of the company. In the near future, this business aims
to expand its line of products and services and cater to a larger client base. In Patna,
this establishment occupies a prominent location in Kumhrar. It is an effortless task in
commuting to this establishment as there are various modes of transport readily
available. It is at Kankarbagh Main Road, Near Laddu Gopal, which makes it easy for
first-time visitors in locating this establishment. It is known to provide top service in
the following categories: Estate Agents, Construction Companies, Builders, Builders
& Developers, Estate Agents For Plot, Property Consultants, Land Developers, Estate
Agents For Residential Plots.

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 2.4 On Going Projects

 Sri Laxmi Surya Green Isles

Surya Green Isles in Bihta, Patna by Sri Laxmi Surya Infra is a residential project. The project offers
Villa and Land with perfect combination of contemporary architecture and features to provide
comfortable living. The Villa and Land are of the following configurations: 3BHK, 4BHK and 5BHK.
The area of the Villa is from 55.74 Sq. mt to 557.41 Sq. mt Price starting from Rs. 21.00 Lacs. Surya
Green Isles offers facilities such as Gymnasium and Lift.It also has amenities like Jogging track and
Swimming pool. It also offers services like Community hall. It also offers Car parking. The project is
spread over a total area of 20 acres of land. It has 60% of open space. The construction is of 1 floors.
An accommodation of 260 units has been provided.

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 CHAPTER 3

OVERVIEW OF THE TRAINING

3.1 Introduction
 A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place,
such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes and functions, and have
been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials
available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic
reasons.
 Buildings serve several needs of society - primarily as shelter from weather, security, living
space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter
represents a physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety) and the
outside (a place that at times may be harsh and harmful).

3.2 Components of Building

Super Structure

The superstructure is that part of the building which is above the ground and which serves the purpose
of building's intended use.

 Plinth

 Wall and columns

 Beams

 Arches

 Roofs and slabs

 Lintel and arches

 Chajjas

 Parapet

 Steps and stairs.

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 Table 3.2: Nominal Dimensions of building components.

Building component Nominal Dimension

Plinth (Height) 30,45,60,75,90 cm

Wall thickness Partition wall Load bearing wall 10 cm 20,30,40 cm
Lintel (thickness) 15 cm
Chajja Projections 30,45,60,75,90 cm
Slab thickness 0,1 to 0.15 m.
Parapet wall thickness 10 cm
Parapet height 1m
Door width 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2 m
Door height 1.8, 2.0, 2.1 m
Sill height 0.07 to 0.1 m
Lintel height 2.0 m from floor level

i. Plinth: Plinth is that part of the building between surrounding ground surface and floor
space immediately above the ground. Plinth resists the entry of rain water entry inside the
building. entry of animals, insects & Rodents, General plinth height is 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 cm

ii. Wall: The walls are building blocks of bricks or stones. They divide the building space
into various space into various rooms. They support slabs and beams. They safely transmits the
loads coming on them from beams and slabs to the foundation. They provide privacy and
protection against heat, cold, rain, noise, dust winds. They offer resistant to firewalls may be of

• Brick masonry

• Stone masonry

iii. Columns: are vertical members along which beams and slab froof is supported They are

iv. square, rectangular and circular in shape in C/S

v. Floor: A floor is a plane area to support occupants, fumiture's, and equipment's. Roof:
The upper most part of the building constitutes the roof. The Slab and roof encloses the space
and offers protection from rain, heat, snow, wind, sound, fire. Slabs are 10, 12, 15 cm.

Doors and windows:-A door provides a connecting link between rooms, allowing easy free
movement in the building. Window are opening provided in walls. Doors and windows provide
lighting and ventilation. The provide resistance to weather, sound and heat. They provide security and
privacy.

Sills: Sills are lower portion of window and ventilator opening.

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Steps and Stairs: Steps and stairs are meant to provide access between different levels. Stairs should be
properly located to provide easy access and fast services to the building.

In one flight maximum 8 steps should be provided for more than 8 steps it is recommended
to provide them with lending.
• Generally for residential building width of stair is 1.0 m and 1.2 m

No of risers- Total height of floor/ Height of riser

No of tread Number of riser-1

 Beams

• Beams are horizontal members above which the slabs are provided. The beams are instead supported
on walls and columns

They are generally 20, 39, and 45, 60 cm thick and deep members as per structural design.

 Lintels and arch:

Lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across the opening. An arch is normally a
curved member comprising of wedge shaped building blocks holding each other with mutual pressure.

 Chajjas:

Chajjas are provided on external wall opening tolget protection from rain, snow and heat.
They are weather sheds. Their thickness tapers from 100 to 75 mm and projection is 30, 45, 60, 75, 90
cm

 Parapet:

Parapet is generally 10 cm thick partition wall constructed above slab to enclose the
terrace open to sky. Thickness is 10 to 15 cm height is 1.0 m to 1.2 m

xvii
 Figure:-3.2 Super Structure

Figure:-3.2 Beams & Columns

xviii
 3.3 Size of Rooms: -

Drawing room: Drawing room should be the very first room of a house as we enter

The minimum area should be 15 to 20 sq. m

 General sizes: 3.5m x 5.5 m

 5m x 6m

 7mx 9 m

Ventilation in Drawing rooms: Minimum window area should never be less than 10% of
floor

area but 20% is preferred Dining room: It is a place where families take their breakfast, lunch, dinner

 Size: 4 m x 3 m

 4mx 5 m

 5mx6m

Kitchen: A Kitchen is a place where food is prepared and stored for consumption

 Sizes: 1.5 m x 3m

 mx 5 m

 4mx 6m

Ventilation in kitchen: window area should be at least 15% of floor area

Bed room: A man spends major part of the day in the bed room either sleeping or relaxing. A

minimum floor area of 10 sq. m should be provided

• Sizes: 4 m x 3 m

 5mx 4m

 mx 3m

 4mx 4m.

Ventilation: Minimum window area of 10% of floor area.

Bath and W.C.: Bathroom is a place where inmates take bath and the waste water is collected and

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conveyed off

Water Closet is the place of collection of human discharge

A minimum floor area of 1.8 sq. m

Floor are of Bath and we should not be less than 2.8 m2 with minimum width of 1.2 m

W.C should have a minimum width of 0.9 m and minimum length of 1.2 m

A minimum floor area of 1.1 sq. m is to be provided for w.c • Ventilator of 500 mm x 300 mm is to be

provided at a height of 1.8 from floor area.

Sizes:1.5m x 2 m,2m x 3m, 3m x 4m

Store Room: It is to store Items like food grains cylinders, utensils etc. Floor area 15 sq. to m 20 sq. m

Verandah: It is area open on I side, 2 sides or 3 sides.

• Minimum width 1.5 m not greater than 4m

Minimum Height of verandah 2.1 m Puja Room: Many people perform puja in houses. It is quite calm
space to perform puja.

It should be located in N-E corner of the building

• Sizes: 2.1 m x 2.1 m

•Roughly 4 m in area

Study room: It is place where study material are stocked and read

Area of study room should be 10 m2 to 12 m.

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 CHAPTER 4

MATERIALS USED

4.1 Introduction

Construction materials or Building materials are materials used for construction. Many naturally
occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, have been used to construct buildings.
Apart from naturally occurring materials, many manufactured products are used, some more and some
less synthetic.

Construction materials must be strong and durable to withstand the forces of construction and use.
They must also be able to resist weathering and other environmental effects.

4.2 Building Construction materials .

Stone: The stone is always obtained from rock. The rock quarried from quarries is called

stone. Quarried stone may be in the form of stone blocks, stone aggregate, stone slabs, and stone lintels

Here to be used as impact test, water absorption test, hardness test and crushing strength. It is preferred

according to SP27-1987.

Brick: Brick is made up of soil and it is used to make the masonry structure Absorption

test, Shape and size test, Crushing strength test. Soundness test, Hardness test. The bricks he table

molded, well burnt in kilns, copper- colored, free from cracks and with sharp and square edges.

Aggregate:- Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of IS 383. As far as possible

reference shall be given to natural aggregate. Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete.

They give body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy. One of the most important

factors for producing workable concrete is good gradation of aggregates. For most work, 20 mm

aggregates are suitable.

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Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.38

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.71

Cement:- The most common cement used is Ordinary Portland Cement. The type I is

preferred according to IS: 269-1976, which is used for general concrete structures. 53 Grade ordinary

Portland cement is confirming to 12269. Out of the total production, Ordinary Portland Cement

accounts for about 80-90 percent.

Fineness of cement = 8%

Standard consistency of cement = 31%

Initial setting time of cement = 36 min

Specific gravity of cement = 3.46

Water: Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actually participates in the

chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and

quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully. Water used for mixing and curing shall be

clean and free from materials like oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other materials

that may be harmful to concrete or steel. PH value of the water used in concreting shall not be less than

Steel: Steel is important ingredient of qualify structure and it is used to carry out the load

easily from the structure to column and it is having high tensile strength. It is preferred according IS

800-2007.

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 Figure 4.2:- Bricks Used.

Figure 4.2:- Cement Used

Figure 4.2:- Steel Bars Used

xxiii
4.3 Quality Control Test.

Tests for bricks:

A brick is generally subjected to following tests to find out its suitability of the
construction work.

ii. Absorption

iii. Crushing strength or compression strength

iv. Hardness

v. Presence soluble salts

vi. Shape and size

vii. Soundness

viii, Structure

1) Absorption: A good should not absorb not more than 20 percent of weight of dry brick

2) Compressive strength: crushing or compressive strength of brick is found out by placing it in

compression testing machine. It is pressed till it breaks. Minimum crushing strength of brick is Bricks

35kg/cm2 and for superior bricks, it may vary from 70 to 140 kg/cm2.

3) Hardness: No impression is left on the surface the brick is treated to be sufficiently hard
4) Presence of soluble salts: The bricks should not show any go or white deposits after immersed in
water for 24 hours

5) Shape and size: It should be standard size and shape with sharp edges

6) Soundness: The brick should give clear ringing sound struck each other

7) Structure: The structure should be homogeneous, compact and free from any defects 2.6 Grading
of Bricks

As per IS10719557 and 1970 code specifications,

a. Bricks with compressive strength not less than 140kg/cm2 - Grade A-A class

b. Bricks with compressive strength not less than 105kg/cm2- First class bricks - Grade A.
c. Bricks with compressive strength not less than 70kg/cm2-Second class bricks-Grade B.

d. Bricks with compressive strength not less than the average value 35kg/cm2-class III bricks Grade C

xxiv
Tests on cement:

Colour Test:- The color of the cement should be uniform. It should be grey color with a
light greenish shade.

Strength test:-A block of cement 25 mm x25 mm and 200 mm long is prepared and it is
immersed for 7 days in water. It is then placed on supports 15cm apart and it is loaded with a weight of
about 34 kg. The block should not show signs of failure. If cement is of sound quality such block will
not be broken easily.

Setting test:-A thick paste of cement with water is made on a piece of glass plate and it is
kept under water for 24 hours. It should set and not crack.

Tests on aggregates:

Silt Content for Aggregate:-The permissible silt content in sand (fine aggregate) must not

exceed the values as specified in the standards. Hower, this method can only be used for natural sand,

it should not be used for crushed rock sand

The apparatus required for this test is only 250 ml glass measuring cylinder.

The silt content determination by volume is done in the following manner.

 The glass cylinder is filled with salt-water solution (concentration of the solution will teaspoon

full of common salt for every 570 ml) up to 50 ml mark

 Add sand until the level of the sand is up to 100 ml mark.

 Add further salt-water solution till 150 ml mark is reached.

 Place the palm on the mouth of the glass cylinder and shake it vigorously.

 Place the cylinder on hard levelled surface and tap it all round so that sand is leveled.

 Wait for three hours for silt to settle on top of sand.

 Measure the thickness of the silt layer and the height of the sand. The silt content can be
calculated as follows:

Silt (%) by volume = [(Thickness of silt layer/ Height of sand + Silt) x 100 %]

Sieve Analysis:-Sieve analysis is done to check the gradation of aggregate.

The test is done as follow.

Take required amount of aggregate sample (for coarse aggregate take approx. 2.5 kg and

xxv
for fine aggregate take 0.5 kg)

Arrange the required no of sieves as per the contract or job requirement in a descending

manner. (i.e. keep the sieve having largest size opening at the top and the smallest size opening at the

bottom)

Shake vigorously the sieve set for at least 2 minute.

Then measure the weight of aggregate on each sieve and express it as the percentage of passing.

Now compare these values with the recommended values to know whether it falls within

the range or not. If not falling within the desired gradation then take necessary action.

Fineness Modulus:-Fineness modulus is generally used to get an idea of how coarse or

fine the aggregate is. More fineness modulus value indicates that the aggregate is coarser and small

value of fineness modulus indicates that the aggregate is finer.

 Sieve the aggregate using the appropriate sieves (80 mm. 40 mm, 20 mm. 10 mm, 4.75 mm,
2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron & 150 micron).

 Record the weight of aggregate retained on each sieve.

 Calculate the cumulative weight of aggregate retained on each sieve.

 Calculate the cumulative percentage of aggregate retained. Add the cumulative weight of

aggregate retained and divide the sum by 100. This value is termed as fineness modulus.

Compare the text value with the values given in the following table and you can get an idea

about how coarse or line the sand is

Only sand between FM 2.6 to 2.9 is considered suitable for nominal mix proportion.

xxvi
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS

We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done. As the scope

of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get more knowledge in such a

situation where we have great experience doing the practical work.

Knowing the loads we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of longer to shorter span of

panel. In this project we have designed slabs as two way slabs depending upon the end condition,

corresponding bending moment. The coefficients have been calculated as per IS. code methods for

corresponding lx/ly ratio. The calculations have been done for loads on beams and columns and

designed frame analysis by moment distribution method. Here we have a very low bearing capacity,

hard soil and isolated footing done.

xxvii
 REFERENCES

 1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footing

 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material

 3.https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-building-

materials-construction/699/

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slump_test


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