Remote Sensing

ASSIGNMENT
Polynomial Rectification
Introduction: Rectification is the process of projecting the data onto a plane and making it conform
to a map projection system. Assigning map coordinates to the image data is called georeferencing.
Since all map projection systems are associated with map coordinates, rectification involves
georeferencing.

IMAGE TO IMAGE GEORECTIFICATION

In this section, you rectify a QuickBird multispectral image, using a Georeferenced QuickBird
panchromatic image of the same area. The panchromatic image is rectified to the UTM projection.

Prepare: ERDAS IMAGINE must be running with a View open. Now, you have to display the image
to be rectified.
1. Open ju_unrec.img in infrared color composite and with Fit to Frame option. This file is a
QuickBird multispectral image and is not rectified.
This image will be rectified with reference to the file ju_p_2.img. This file is a QuickBird
panchromatic image and has been georeferenced and projected to the UTM map projection.

Start GCP Tool

1. Click Multispectral tab >

Transform & Orthocorrect group >
Control Points to start the Multipoint
Geometric Correction workspace.
The Set Geometric Model dialog opens.
2. In Set Geometric Model dialog, select
Polynomial and click OK.
Multipoint Geometric Correction and the
GCP Tool Reference Setup dialog both
open. The input image ju_unrec.img is
loaded in the group of three Input Views of the Multipoint Geometric Correction workspace.
3. In GCP Tool Reference Setup dialog, accept the default setting Image Layer (New Viewer) by
clicking OK.
4. The GCP Tool Reference Setup dialog closes. The Reference Image Layer File Selector opens.
Navigate to the image file ju_p_2.img and select it. Click OK.
5. The Reference Map Information dialog opens, reporting the map information for ju_p_2.img, the
reference image. Click OK.
6. When you click OK, wait a few moments for the second group of three Views to open in the
Multipoint Geometric Correction workspace. This group is the Reference Views, displaying the
reference image, ju_p_2.img.

7. The Polynomial Model Properties dialog also opens. Select Polynomial order as 1 and Close it.

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 Select GCPs
Here you collect Ground Control Points (GCPs) in the Input image (the image to be rectified) and the
corresponding GCPs in the Reference image.
The Toggle Fully Automatic GCP Editing Mode icon is active, indicating that this is the case.
1. In the Main View for ju_unrec.img, drag the zoom bounding box to one of the areas shown in the
following figure. The circled areas are good locations for GCPs. You should choose points that
are easily identifiable in both images, such as road intersections and landmarks.

GCP # 2

GCP # 1

GCP # 4
GCP # 3

2. Click Create GCP , then click in zoom bounding box in Main View to collect the first GCP for
the Input image (ju_unrec.img).
The point you have selected is marked as GCP #1 in the three View panes. The X and Y
coordinates for GCP #1 are listed in the CellArray as X Input and Y Input.
3. Now you collect a GCP for the corresponding point in the reference image. Click Create GCP ,
then click in zoom bounding box in Main View to collect the first GCP for the reference image
(ju_p_2.img).
In the GCP CellArray, note the X and Y coordinates for Reference image GCP #1 are reported as
X Ref. and Y Ref.
4. Collect at least three more GCPs by repeating steps 2 and 3.

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 Remote Sensing

After you collect the fourth GCP in the Input View, note that the GCP is automatically matched in
the Reference View. This occurs with all subsequent GCPs that you collect. In Zoom View pane,
click and move the GCP to the desired position if they do not match spatially.

Selecting GCPs
Selecting GCPs is useful for moving GCPs graphically or deleting them. You can select GCPs
graphically (in the View) or in the GCP CellArray.
To select a GCP graphically in the View, use the Select icon.
Select it as you would select an annotation element. When a GCP is selected, you can drag it to move
it to the desired location.

Deleting a GCP
To delete a GCP, select the GCP in the CellArray in the GCP Tool and then right-hold in the Point #
column to select Delete Selection.

Change Order of Transformation

A minimum number of GCPs are necessary to calculate the transformation, depending on the order of
the transformation. This number of points is:
(t + 1)(t + 2) Where, t is the order of the transformation.
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If the minimum number of points is not satisfied, then a message displays notifying you of that
condition, and the RMS errors and residuals are blank. At this point, you are not allowed to resample
the data.

To change the order of the transformation, use the Polynomial Model Properties dialog (available
from the Geo Correction Tools). Using this dialog, select the Parameters tab at the top of the dialog.
This tab allows the polynomial order to be altered.

Resample the Image

Resampling is the process of calculating the file values for the rectified image and creating the new
file. All of the raster data layers in the source file are resampled. The output image has as many layers
as the input image.
1. Click Resample icon in the toolbar. The Resample dialog opens.
2. In Resample dialog under Output File, enter the name ju_georef.img for the new resampled and
corrected data file.
3. Under Resample Method, select Nearest Neighbor interpolation.
4. Click Ignore Zero in Stats, so that pixels with file values of zero are excluded when statistics are
calculated for the output file.
5. Click OK in Resample dialog to start the resampling process.
The Process List dialog opens to let you know when the processes complete.
6. Click Close in the Process List dialog when the job is 100% complete.

Verify the Rectification

One way to verify that the input image (ju_unrec.img) has been correctly rectified to the reference
image (ju_p_2.img) is to display the resampled image (ju_georef.img) and the reference image in
two views and then visually check that they conform to each other.

1. Minimize the Multipoint Geometric Correction workspace.

2. Maximize the IMAGINE ribbon Workspace. The image ju_unrec.img is displayed in the 2D
View.
3. Now remove the displayed image from the view by clicking on [Clear View] button
in the Home tab (View group).

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4. The image ju_unrec.img is removed from View #1

5. Click Home tab > Add Views > Create New 2D View.
6. Open ju_p_2.img in the View#1.
7. Open ju_georef.img in View #2.
8. Click Home tab > Link All Views . View #1 is now linked to View #2.
9. Click Home tab > Inquire Cursor to open an Inquire Cursor in both Views.
The Inquire Cursor (a crosshair) is placed in both Views. An Inquire Cursor dialog also opens.
Drag the Inquire Cursor around to verify that it is in approximately the same place in both Views.
10. Close the Inquire Cursor dialog.
11. Now close View #2.

Another Method to Verify the Rectification

ERDAS IMAGINE must be running with a View open.
1. Open ju_p_2.img in the View.
2. Now open ju_georef.img in the same view, make sure Clear Display is unchecked while
opening.
3. Select Swipe from the View group in the Home tab. The Utility contextual tab
appears in the ribbon.
4. Swipe the top layer to check the matching status.

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 Remote Sensing

IMAGE TO MAP GEOREFERENCING

This exercise covers the processes of geometrically correcting a scanned raster map so that it can be
represented on a planar surface and has the integrity of a georeferenced map. Here the projection we
set for this image will be Geographic (Lat/Lon) and spheroid will be Everest.

USE ANY AVAILABLE TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP SHEET FOR THIS EXERCISE.

Prepare: ERDAS IMAGINE must be running with a View open. Now, you have to display the image
to be rectified.
1. Open Bengal.tif with Fit to Frame option. This file is a scanned map and is not rectified.
This image will be rectified with reference to four control points. These control points will be
collected with reference to the lat/long marks on the map.

2. Click Panchromatic tab > Transform & Orthocorrect group > Control Points to start
the Multipoint Geometric Correction workspace.
The Set Geometric Model dialog opens.
3. In Set Geometric Model dialog, select Polynomial and click OK.
Multipoint Geometric Correction and the GCP Tool Reference Setup dialog both open. The input
image Bengal.tif is loaded in the group of three Input Views of the Multipoint Geometric
Correction workspace.
4. In GCP Tool Reference Setup dialog, select Keyboard Only and then click OK. The GCP Tool
Reference Setup dialog closes.
5. The Reference Map Information dialog opens, reporting the map information for Bengal.tif. Click
on Set. The Projection chooser dialog opens.
6. Choose projection type as Geographic (Lat/Lon) and spheroid/datum name as Everest, and click
OK.
7. The Polynomial Model Properties dialog opens. Select Polynomial order as 1 and Close it.
8. Right-click in the Main View for Bengal.tif and select Link Box Colour. Select Red colour and
then Click OK.
9. Drag the zoom bounding box to one of the corner areas of the image and find a lat/long
intersecting point.
10. Click Create GCP , then click in zoom bounding box in Main View to collect the first GCP.
Then its source coordinate will be displayed in the In the GCP CellArray.
11. Now we have to put required reference coordinate in the GCP CellArray. Reference coordinates
are given in the scanned map.
12. In this way select three more source points and input their respective reference coordinates
(preferably at the four corners of the map, where the latitudes and longitudes are intersecting).
13. Click Resample icon in the toolbar. The Resample dialog opens.
14. In Resample dialog under Output File, enter the name Bengal_georef.img for the new resampled
and corrected data file.
15. Under Resample Method, select Bilinear Interpolation.
16. Click OK in Resample dialog to start the resampling process.
The Process List dialog opens to let you know when the processes complete.
17. Click Close in the Process List dialog when the job is 100% complete.
18. Minimize the Multipoint Geometric Correction workspace.
19. Maximize the IMAGINE ribbon Workspace. The image Bengal.tif is displayed in the 2D View.

20. Click Home tab > Add Views > Create New 2D View.
21. Open Bengal_georef.img in View #2 and check the coordinates at the grid intersections for the
correctness or accuracy of georeferencing.

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22. If you are satisfied with the result, close the Multipoint Geometric Correction workspace without
saving anything.
23. Close all View windows in the IMAGINE ribbon Workspace.

REPROJECTION
This option is available only when the image has projection information. An input image already
projected to a map space can be reprojected to another map system. The projection model is actually a
polynomial approximation using a grid of regularly spaced points.

In this exercise, we will reproject the map of West Bengal which is already a rectified image,
practiced in the previous exercise using the image to map georectification process.

Prepare: ERDAS Imagine should be running and a blank View window must be launched.
1. Within the view, open Bengal_georef.img from your folder. (Now you will find that the image is
geographically rectified and the coordinate values are appearing as you move the pointer over the
map).

2. Click Panchromatic tab > Transform & Orthocorrect group > Reproject. Reproject
Images dialog will be launched.
3. Check the output projection in this dialog. The map is presently projected to geographic (lat/long).
4. Now click on the Edit/Create Projections button to open the Projection Chooser dialog.
5. Select the Custom tab under the projection chooser dialog.
6. Choose projection type as Polyconic, spheroid Everest 1969 and so the datum.
7. Enter some other parameter values:
Longitude of central meridian: 88:00:00 E
Latitude of origin of projection: 24:30:00 N
False Easting at central meridian: 300000 meters
False northing at origin: 400000 meters
8. Then click the Save... button to save the new projection as a named item in a projection category.
The Save Projection dialog opens.
9. Enter a desired name (to avoid a conflict in our Lab it is better to enter your name as the
projection name). Select the category as World and click OK.
10. Once the projection is saved, click OK on the Projection Chooser dialog to use the newly created
projection.
11. Enter the output file name as Bengal_Polyconic.img.
12. Click OK in the in the Reproject Images dialog.
13. Click Close in the Process List dialog when the job is 100% complete.
14. Now remove the displayed image from the view by clicking on [Clear View] button
in the Home tab (View group).
15. Open Bengal_Polyconic.img in the View window.
16. Check the projection and geographic reference.