Exercise 1: Ammonia NH 3

NH3 ammonia is a gas injected into cultivated land to improve the development of green plants and
help increase crop production. It is used in refrigeration systems, but any leak in the
pipes of these appliances releases ammonia into the air, which irritates the eyes and
causes poisoning.

1. Document 1 represents the Lewis structure of the ammonia molecule:

1.1. What is the valence of the hydrogen atom?

1.2. Specify the number of valence electrons of the nitrogen element.
1.3. Identify the type of bonds in this molecule.

2. Document 2 represents the charge of the electron cloud of each of the N and H
atoms.
- Copy and complete the following table:

Atoms Charge of nucleus Electronic configuration Position in the periodic

table
N
H
3. The synthesis of ammonia is an oxidation-reduction reaction. This reaction is represented
by the following equation: N2 + 3H2 →2NH 3
3.1 - Choose from the oxidation numbers given below that which corresponds to the oxidation
number of the nitrogen element in the NH 3 ammonia molecule.
a) o.n of (N) = 0 b) o.n of (N) = + I c) o.n of (N) = -III d) o.n of (N) = +III

3.2. Identify the species undergoing the reduction.

3.3. Extract from the text the harmful effects of NH3 ammonia on the human body.

Exercise 2: Calcium

Calcium plays an important role in bone formation. Too little calcium in the diet, especially during
periods of bone growth, can lead to soft bones that break easily.

1. Calcium has four isotopes. The relative abundance of these varieties of atoms is shown in the table
below:
Calcium is located on the Mass number (A) 40 42 43 44
fourth row (period 4) and
in the second column Relative abundance (%) 96,941 0,647 0,135 2,086
(group II) of the periodic
table.
 1.1. Determine the atomic number of the calcium element
1.2. Compare the composition of the nuclei of the four stable calcium isotopes.
1.3. Give the electronic configuration of the element located just above the calcium.
1.4. Draw from the text, the influence of a diet poor in calcium.
2. Fluorine is a yellowish gas of formula F2 . Fluorine gas reacts with alkaline earth, it forms
magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride CaF2 ... etc).The fluorine atom has seven valence electrons.
2.2. Explain the formation of the bond in the calcium fluoride compound (CaF 2).
2.3. Choose from the properties below those that represent this compound (CaF 2).
Molecular compound - low melting points - non-electrolyte in aqueous solution - ionic compound -
high melting points and electrolyte in aqueous solution.

Exercise 3: A Toxic Spot Remover

The 1,2-dichloroethene of molecular formula C 2H2Cl2, is an efficient spot remover but it is toxic
even in small quantity. So, it should not be inhaled.

1. A molecule of 1,2-dichloroethene consists of the three elements: carbon, hydrogen and

chlorine, which are represented respectively by the atomic symbols: 126C , 11 H and 17
35
Cl .
1.1. Write the electron configuration of each of these three atoms.
1.2. Copy and fill in the following table. (The relative charge of one proton= + 1)
Element Charge of the
Column row Valence
Nucleus

Chlorine

2. Identify the type of the bond between the two carbon atoms in the adjacent molecule.
3. The molecules (C2H2Cl2) that enter the organism are not eliminated as they are, but
they are transformed in the liver into toxic product of formula C2H2O2 Cl2.
3.1. Give the Lewis dot symbol of an oxygen atom, knowing that it has six valence electrons.
3.2. Specify the valence of an oxygen atom.
3.3. Write a Lewis structure of the molecule C2H2O2Cl2, where the bond between the two carbon
atoms is single covalent bond.
3.4. Pick up why the molecules (C2H2Cl2) are toxic.

Exercise 4: Chemical Composition of Banana.

Banana contains compounds of potassium (k) and sodium (Na), it is a natural treatment for many
diseases! Comparing to the apple, banana contains four times more proteins (which contain mainly
the element nitrogen, three times more phosphorous and five times more vitamin A!
Banana can be a good helper for persons who hope to stop smoking. Vitamins B6 and B12, as the
potassium and the magnesium (Mg), help the body to recover from the effects of the absence of
nicotine.
Given: The electron configurations of: Mg: K2, L8 , M2; P: K2 , L8, M5; K: K2 , L8 , M8,N1 et N:
K2 , L5 .
 1. Identify among the given elements (Mg, P and N),
those that belong to the same period (line) and those
that belong to the same group (column).
2. Determine the relative charge of the electronic
cloud of a magnesium atom.
(Relative charge of one electron = -1)
3. Potassium of atomic number Z = 19, is found in
the nature as mixture of three isotopes. The
relative abundance of the atoms is shown in the following histogram.
Compare the composition of the nucleus of potassium isotopes.

4. Nitrogen (N) is the element that constitutes proteins and help plants to develop.
4.1.Give the Lewis dot symbol of nitrogen atom N.
4.2.Explain the formation of the bonds in nitrogen gas N 2 .
5. Tell, referring to the text why banana can be a good helper for persons who desire to stop smoking.

Exercise 5: Silicon

Silicon of symbol Si a metalloid used in fabrication of solar cells and transistors. It is prepared from
pure sand.
28
1. The symbol of the nucleus of silicon atom is 14 Si
In the following table, only one proposed answer for each question is correct. Write the number of
each question then choose by justification the correct answer.
Answers
N Questions
a b c

The nucleus of this atom 14 protons and 28 14 protons and14 14 protons and 42
contains neutrons neutrons neutrons
1

The electron configuration of

2 K2 L8 M4 K2 L6 M6 K2 L8 M8
this atom is :

The position of this element (groupe III, période

(groupe IV, période 4
3 in the periodic table : (groupe IV, période 3 ) 4)
)
(colonne 14, ligne 3 ) | (colonne 13, ligne
(colonne 14, ligne 4 )
4)
4 The valence of this atom is : 4 6 8

2. The silicon is found in nature as mixture of three isotopes. The relative abundance of these
varieties of atoms is shown in the table below.
Mass number A 28 29 30
Relative abundance (%) 90 6 4
Document 1
2.1.Compare the composition of nuclei of the three atoms of silicon.
2.2.What is the heaviest silicon isotope???
 2.3.Determine the charge of electronic cloud of the first two silicon isotopes. Deduce the one of
the third isotope. (Relative charge of 1 electron = -1)
3. Pick out from the text the uses of silicon.

Exercise 6: Ethanol
Atom Period (line ) Column
Ethanol (C2 H6O) is used as solvent for varnishes, perfumes,
Carbon 2 14 (G:IV)
paintings ... It is also used as an antiseptic, an agent that Hydrogen 1 1(G:I)
reduces and prevents infection by eliminating the
microorganisms that cause disease.

1. Referring to document 1:
1.1.Write the electron configuration of the 2 atoms: carbon and
hydrogen.
1.2.Deduce the atomic number of carbon element. Document 1
2. Referring to document 2:
2.1. Show that this document represents an atom.
2.2. Give the symbol of oxygen nucleus atom.
2.3.Determine the position of oxygen in the periodic table.
3. Referring to document 1 and document 2:
3.1. Write the Lewis representation of each atom: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
3.2. Deduce the valence of each of the above atom.
4. Give the Lewis representation of the molecule C2H6O, such the bond between the two carbon atoms
is single covalent bond.

Exercise 7: Magnesium oxide

Magnesium oxide is the oldest magnesium salts, described in a former medical dictionary has a high
content of magnesium elementary 60.3%. But assimilation is bad enough as solubility. White
powder, also called "chalk", magnesium oxide, or periclase is used as an active ingredient in many
medicines, to regulate the levels of magnesium (Magnosol, Sympathyl ...) or fight against the
stomach pain.
1. The histograms below show the constituents of the nucleus of each atom: magnesium and

oxygen.
1.1.Reproduce and complete the table below:

Atomic number Mass number Electronic configuration

Oxygen

Magnesium

1.2.Write the Lewis representation of the atoms: oxygen and magnesium.

1.3.Justify if the following statement are true.

▪ The oxygen atom located on the line 2 (period 2) of the periodic table.
▪ Magnesium atom belongs to the column 2 (group 2) of the periodic table.
2. The magnesium metal (Mg) reacts with the oxygen (O 2), to give the compound magnesium oxide
MgO.
- Explain the formation of bond in the compound of magnesium oxide.
3. List by referring to the text the importance of magnesium oxide.

Exercise 8: Minerals of milk

Minerals are chemical elements needed for the functioning of the human body. The following table
shows the mass in mg of some chemical elements contained in 100 g of milk.

Symbol of element K Ca Cl P Na
Mass in mg 139 133 105 88 75

Given: 19 K : K2 L8 M8 N1 ; ZCa : K2 L8 M8 N2 ; 17Cl :K2 L8 M7; 15P : K2 L8 M5; et 11Na : K2 L8

M1

1. Answer by true or false then correct the false statement

1.1.Potassium and calcium have similar chemical properties.
1.2. Phosphorus is found in column 15 and row 3 in the periodic table.
1.3. The most stable ion of sodium is Na +.
1.4.The valence of P atom is 5.

2. Chlorine (Cl) form with phosphorus (P), the compound PCl 3 and with potassium the compound
KCl.
2.1. Give the Lewis dot symbol of each of the atoms: K, Cl and P.
2.2. What is the Lewis dot representation of this compound PCl 3. Deduce the nature of bonding
between the phosphorus atom and each atom of chlorine.
2.3.Explain the bond formation in the compound potassium chloride.
3. Calcium ion Ca2+ is essential for the formation of teeth and bones and other tissues of the human
body. The deficiency of calcium ions provokes a disease called osteoporosis.
(Relative charge of one proton = + 1 ; Relative charge of one electron = - 1)
3.1. Determine the nuclear charge of calcium atom
3.2.Calcium atom looses 2 electrons and becomes Ca 2+. Traduce this statement into an equation.
 3.3.Justify by calculation the total charge of calcium ion.

Exercise 9: Sulfur

Sulfur, constituting 0.5% of our blood, is an indispensable non-metal thatensures metabolism

reactions. Remember that certain alkali-metals: Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium produce bases
(anti acids) in presence of water and sulfur. One of the most important roles of sulfur is to ensure the
acid-base balance in our body especially in the cerebral fluid, amniotic fluid and the bone
metabolism.

1.The atom of sulfur has 6 valence electrons that occupy 3 energy levels.

1.1. Write the electronic configuration of sulfur.

1.2. Deduce the Lewis dot symbol.
1.3. Determine the relative charge of the electronic cloud of sulfur atom.
(Relative charge of an electron = -1)

2.Potassium of atomic number Z = 19 is found in nature as a mixture of three atoms.The relative

abundance of this variety of atoms is indicated in the following table :

Mass number (A) 39 40 41

Relative abundance 83 % 10 2%

2.1. What can we call these three atoms? Justify.

2.2. Compare the composition of the nuclei of these three atoms of potassium.
2.3. Write the electron configuration of potassium atom.

3.Sulfur combines with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide H 2 S by a single covalent bond, while it
forms K2 S with potassium by an ionic bond.

3.1.Give the Lewis representation of H 2 S molecule. ( H an 1 valence electron).

3.2.Distinguish between the formation of ionic and covalent bond.

4.State, referring to the text, the fundamental roles of sulfur.

Exercise10 Reactivity of metals

The metals are used daily for a long time. Metals are: conductors of electricity and heat, smoothed
and polished, they have a metallic shine, opaque, shock resistant, malleable, oxidized, and can be
attacked by acids.
To compare the reactivity of certain metals (Cu, Zn and Ag) the three experiments is carried out.
Experiment n° 1 Experiment n° 2 Experiment n° 3
After a longer period, it still The copper metal is appeared
does not appear blue and the solution is colorless Galvanic Cell (G).
precipitate. Then no reaction. (appearance Zn2+ ion).

1.The equation of the reaction in experiment No. 2 is: Cu 2+ + Zn → Zn2+ + Cu shows that zinc have
a greater tendency to lose electrons than copper.
1.1.Show, using oxidation numbers, that the above reaction is a redox reaction.
1.2.Specify the species which undergoes oxidation.
2.When the electrochemical cell (G) is operated, and during the reaction, the amount of positive
charges in copper (II) ions Cu 2+ increases and the amount of positive charges silver ions Ag +
decreases. The cathode of this battery is the plate of silver.
2.1.Justify that the cathode of this battery is the silver plate.
2.2.Write electronic half equation for the cathode and the electron half equation to the anode of
this electrochemical cell.
2.3.Deduce the chemical equation of the reaction that occurred.
2.4.Give the written representation of this cell
3.Verify that the lamp lights up when the student of grade 9, connects the two solutions by electric
copper wire in place of the salt bridge and closes the switch.
4.Sort the metals: Ag, Zn and Cu on an axis according to their increasing tendency to lose electrons.
Exercise11 : Function of electrochemical cell
The oxidation-reduction in an electrochemical cell is a spontaneous reaction that produces
electricity. Electrical energy is produced when the oxidation and reduction occur in separate
containers connected by a device that allows electrons to flow.

The schemas (I) and (II), given below, represents Zinc-copper electrochemical cell:

1.Compare the two given schemas.

2. The electrochemical cell is working:
2.1. Show that the anode of this cell is the zinc strip.
2.2. Write half-equation at the cathode and the half equation at the anode of the electrochemical
cell.
2.3. Deduce the overall equation of this cell.
2.4. Give the schematic representation of this cell.

3. The salt bridge of a galvanic cell (G3) contains jellified potassium chloride (K +, Cl-)
Given: K: K2 L8 M8 N1` and Cl : K2 L8 M7
3.1. Identify the type of bond in potassium chloride.
3.2. Explain why K+ and Cl- ions of the salt bridge move simultaneously and respectively towards
the solution of the cathodic half cell and move toward the solution of the anodic half-cell of the
electrochemical cell.
4. Specify if the lamp lights when a student of Grade 9, connects the two solutions in the scheme (I)
by an electric copper wire in place of the salt bridge and closes the switch.

Exercise12 Metals classification in galvanic cells.

A student wants to classify the following metals: Zn, Ag and Fe in increasing order of their tendency
of losing electrons. For this reason , he performs the following experiments. Given the half galvanic
cells (I), (II) et (III) :

1. An electrochemical cell (G1) is constructed by associating the half cell (I) and the half cell
(II). The equation of the reaction is: Zn + Fe2+ → Zn2+ + Fe
1.1.Using oxidation numbers , show that this reaction is a redox reaction.
1.2.Identify the anode and the cathode of (G 1)

2. A galvanic cell (G1) is constructed when half-cell (I) is associated to half-cell (III) it is
represented as Fe|Fe2+ || Ag+| Ag.
2.1.Write the half equations that take place on each electrode.
2.2.Deduce the overall equation.

3. A galvanic cell (G3) is constructed by associating half-cell (II) to half-cell (II). We remark
that the mass of zinc strip decreases.
3.1.Draw a labeled schema of this cell.
3.2.Give the schematic representation of this cell
4. Basing on the results, classify these Zn, Ag and Fe elements on the axis.
.

Exercise13 Voltage of an electrochemical cell and metals selected

A group of students used the materials indicated below to build two electrochemical cells P 1 and P2 .
Data: In an electrochemical cell, the greater the difference in the tendency to lose electrons of metals
used as electrodes, the greater the voltage (voltage) of the electrochemical cell is large.
Material:
Strips: Silver, zinc and aluminum.
Solutions: aluminum nitrate (Al3+ + 3NO3-), silver nitrate (Ag++ NO3-), zinc nitrate (Zn2++
2NO3-). Salt bridges, connection wires, voltmeters and beakers.

The pattern of each of the two electrochemical cells (P1) and (P2) is shown below:

1. Name the equipment numbered in the diagram of the electrochemical cell (P1) and in the schema
of the electrochemical cell (P2).
2. Referring to the stack (P1):
2.1. Explain why aluminum strip becomes thinner when the battery runs for a while.
2.2. Choose from the following symbolic representations that corresponding to the stack:
a) Zn | Zn2+ ― pont salin ― Al3+| Al b) Al | Al3+ ― pont salin ― Zn | Zn2+
c) Al| Al3+ ― pont salin ― Zn2+| Zn

3. Referring to the stack (P2):

3.1. Identify the cathode of the cell and write the half - reaction equation held.
3.2. Write the oxidation half equation.
3.3. Deduce the overall equation for the reaction.
4. Based on the foregoing. Rank the three metals Al, Zn and Ag on a horizontal axis in
ascending order of their tendency to lose electrons.
5. We construct an electrochemical cell (P3) following symbolic representation:
Zn | Zn2+ ― pont salin ― Ag+| Ag

Specify which of the following voltages: (3.36 V, 0.5 V; 1.56 V), which may be associated with the
electrochemical cell (P3 ).