See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/350705702

Incidences of Voltage Collapse in the Nigerian Power System: Data and Analysis

Article  in  Technology Reports of Kansai University · March 2021

CITATIONS READS
3 435

4 authors:

Ugwu Justin Kehinde Salami

University of Nigeria Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg
5 PUBLICATIONS   11 CITATIONS    2 PUBLICATIONS   10 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Leonard Oluka Oti Stephen Ejiofor

University of Nigeria University of Nigeria
2 PUBLICATIONS   10 CITATIONS    66 PUBLICATIONS   103 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Power systems View project

Power Systems View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Ugwu Justin on 08 April 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 03, March, 2021

Incidences of Voltage Collapse in the Nigerian Power

System: Data and Analysis
Ugwu Justin1, Salami, Kehinde Oseni2, Oluka, Leonard Onyedikachi3, Oti Stephen Ejiofor4*

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria 1,3,4
Department of Electri./Electronic Engineering, Fed. Univ. of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria2

Corresponding author: 4*

ABSTRACT— The work presents a study of voltage collapse in Nigeria Power Network. This involves the
series of events accompanying voltage instability which lead to a blackout or abnormally low voltages in a
significant part of the power system. The cause of this can be categorized into two; technical and non-
technical. The technical causes may be due to tripping of lines on account of faulty equipment or increase in
load than the available supply. The data comprising the series of system collapse experienced by the Nigeria
power system since 2000 to 2020 were presented and analyzed so as to view the frequency of the occurrence
of the collapse. Also, suggestions were given on the ways to reduce the incidence of system collapse on the
power system. The need for an approach to voltage collapse margin which is to return back the system to
steady state by injection/compensation of reactive power on the transmission lines becomes urgent with other
use of tap- changing transformers and load shedding strategies. These compensators which are presented in
this work are SVC, STATCOM, TCSC, SSSC and UPFC are the approaches used. PSAT software which
makes use of Newton-Raphson’s iterative method was used to simulate the existing 52-bus system of Nigeria
which displayed high accuracy and converged in few numbers of iterations. SVC and STATCOM were first
used separately to compensate bus1 (0.9673pu) while TCSC, SSSC and UPFC were later used separately to
compensate the system. Results obtained showed that the use of dynamic shunt compensators (SVC and
STATCOM) maintained the bus 1 voltage at 0.9673pu while the use of series compensators (TCSC, SSSC
and UPFC) slightly maintained a power flow of 80MW and bus 1 voltage at 0.9673pu after several increases
in loadings. It is with this that the research work presents the use of series compensators on the transmission
lines as the optimal approach to voltage collapse in Nigerian Power system. An Optimal site for the placement
of the series compensator is at Bus 8 (Jos) and Bus 9 (Gombe) which have the lowest loss of sensitivity index.
The installation of any of the series compensators in Nigeria power network keeps the system in steady state
at all times.

KEYWORDS: Voltage Collapse, Power System, Stability, Compensators, MATLAB, PSAT software.

1. INTRODUCTION
Nigeria operates on a grid system and it is referred to as Nigeria National Grid. There are many advantages
of the grid system; ensuring continuity of supply even in a case of a fault on one generator, it also allows
optimal usage of the cheapest means of generation (Hydro power stations). The Nigeria power system operates
on a nominal frequency of 50Hz ± 0.4% [1], [2]. The generators in the system generate in either 11kV or
16kV. These voltages are stepped up to either 330kV or 132kV for the purpose of transmission. These voltages
are then stepped down as the transmission lines get close to a highly populated environment. 330kV is stepped
down to 132kV and this is further stepped down to 33kV which is known as the primary distribution voltage.
The nominal voltage is further stepped down to 11kV. This voltage is used as the secondary distribution
voltage which is used in supplying domestic consumers and it is further stepped down to 0.415kV for a line
to line and 230V for the line to neutral. Nigeria as a country with nine generating stations scattered over the
country is continuously being faced with the great challenge of unsteady electrical power supply which has
continuously affected the electrical energy consumers [3], [4]. This challenge has unavoidably resulted in a
reduction in the energy bill usually stated by the Distribution Companies (DISCOS) with the help of prepaid
meters being used in the country. This consequentially leads to a financial loss to the power industry for energy

7421
Justin, et.al, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University

that was not supplied and also led to a very huge financial investment by the energy consumers on
complementary standby power sources [5]. In the country where almost all power transferred by the
transmission station, distributed by the distribution station and consumed by the electrical energy users, the
power consumed or supplied is of two forms which are the real and reactive powers. The real power achieves
useful work while the reactive power supports the voltage that is expected to be controlled for system stability,
reliability and it is vital for transferring the active power through the system to the energy consumers [6], [7].
It is pertinent to state that voltage and current of all power systems pulsate at the same system frequency but
in [8], the magnitude of the power at different time intervals is the algebraic product of current and voltage.
The controlling and monitoring of this reactive power and voltage remains a vital issue in the power system
operation of the Nigerian power sector which results in voltage collapse that occurs mainly when there is an
increase in load or insufficient supply of reactive power. This challenge of voltage collapse is due to the fact
that there is a structural difference between the transmission and distribution systems. The above depicts that
the Transmission Distribution (T-D) systems are operated for one kind of power (active power). Hence for a
large number of interconnected electrical loads on the Nigerian Power System (NPS) and the feeding from
popular Nigerian Grid System (NGS) such as Kainji, Gerugu and Ughelli power generating stations, there is
need to keep the voltage within the above stated limit values. In Nigeria where there is a variation of electrical
loadings on the power systems at various period of times; as the load varies, an extracted value of reactive
power required on both the T-D systems also tend to vary [9]. The inconsistencies in supply of electrical
power from the Nigerian National Grid (NNG) remains a great challenge to electrical energy users that are in
dare need of electrical power to excite their machines and equipment for use to make ends meet. This sudden
instability of power systems as a result of rise in the number of interconnected electrical loadings and multi-
faceted system conditions that usually results in risks of under and over-voltages, voltage collapse and
undesirable power flow distribution has made NPS electrical energy delivery in to be unsatisfactory from a
technical perspective. It is as a result of these stern operational challenges encountered in the NPS that has
motivated this research work. This research work is carefully carried out in order to present the data
comprising the series of system collapse experienced by the Nigeria power system from 2000 to 2020. These
data were presented and analyzed to view the frequency of the occurrence of the incidences of collapse and
simulate novel approaches that will be used in controlling the voltage and reactive power magnitudes which
constitute the core factors that cause voltage collapse in the NPS using PSAT (power system simulator),
establish an optimal approach with optimal site that will best improve the stability margin of the NPS and
hence eliminate the voltage collapse margin that occur in successive years. The findings of this research work
will be of benefit to the NPS since it promises to provide an optimized approach that has an optimal value of
controllability and fast response to transient disturbance in the NPS. Thus, any generating, transmitting and
distributing station of the NPS that apply this optimal approach will continuously have a system devoid of
collapse.

2. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES

A wealth of literature exists on system collapse. However, the cumulative number of historical and recent
power system outages substantiates the fact that further studies are necessary for an improved solution to the
issue of voltage instability on the grid and the subsequent system collapse. Voltage collapse is a serious
reliability issue which inhibits the objective of running a reliable and secure power system network. [10] in
his report, presented a new stability index for predicting voltage collapse. The new index considers a switching
logic which is derived from the difference of voltage angle between the two load busses. The index is deployed
for performance analysis using 28-bus, 330-kV NNG. The simulation implemented in Matlab shows that the
index gives the results as Line stability index and Fast Voltage Stability Index. However, in this work, series
compensators were used which were analyzed using 52-bus, 330-kV NNG. The simulation carried out herein
is implemented in PSAT software which is a Matlab embedded software. This novel approach has shown a

7422
 ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 03, March, 2021

high degree of dependability and is for now perceived to be better than others in achieving system stability
and reliability. In the same vein, [11] in his paper discussed the various causes and the prevention methods
for power system collapse. In the paper, the author focused on the techniques for the prevention of voltage
system collapse by providing a preventive plan to minimize the chances of failure in the power system as far
as possible. His paper is a case study of power system study and implementation on the preventive measures
to enhance the stability, reliability and security of the power system. Though, the author dealt with the topic
sentence in a general however, this research paper focused on NPS stability and reliability through series
compensators which the author didn’t put into consideration. Furthermore, in [12], the authors described the
loss of stability when a stable equilibrium point disappears in a saddle node bifurcation and present a simple
model of the system dynamics after the bifurcation. They applied the result to a generic one parameter
dynamical system. Then they used these results to propose a model for voltage collapse in power systems.
Similarly, [13] asserts that the most common type of voltage collapse studied in the field is that connected
with the saddle node bifurcation (P-V curve), an area that was well studied by [14]. They developed a
comprehensive theory of power system dynamic, which was used to identify and classify many different
origins of voltage instabilities, they gave a c1assification and the theory is briefly summarized. The model is
applied to generic power system and the simulations were limited to small power system model, so simulations
on large power system models like NPS are necessary for understanding the direct practical implications in
real system operation. Hence the need for our own research work which is a case study of Nigerian Power
System.

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Analysis of System Collapse on Nigerian Power System

The deteriorating quality of electrical power supplied by the Power Industry of Nigeria (PION) to electrical
energy consumers has been captured with rapt attention; the consumers with need to improve on the quality
of power being supplied. However, the inconsistencies in supply of electrical power in Nigeria has been
observed to be a habitual characteristic that institute challenges of loss of power and at times low-voltage that
damages voltage-sensitive instruments to industrial and domestic consumers and the power companies. This
has continuously led to an increase in standby electric power supply in the premises of energy consumers.
Statistics obtained from the Daily operation of the Transmission company of Nigeria shows that voltage (or
system) collapse on the NPS is very high. Table 1 and Figure 1 show the statistical data on both partial and
total voltage collapse on the NPS from January 2000 to July 2020. The pie-chart of the voltage collapses
(partial and total collapses) is depicted in Figure. 1.

Table 1: Partial and total voltage collapse in Nigeria Power system from Jan. 2000 to Jan. 2020
Year 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Total 5 14 9 14 22 21 20 18 26 19 22 13 16 22 9 6 16 15 12 9 1
Collapse
Partial 6 5 32 39 30 15 10 8 16 20 20 6 8 2 4 4 6 9 1 1 0
Collapse
Total 11 19 41 53 52 36 30 26 42 39 42 19 24 24 13 10 22 24 13 10 1

Source: [15]

7423
Justin, et.al, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University

Fig. 1: A Pie Chart corresponding to percentage voltage collapse

From the table 1, a graph of a total number of system collapses against the year is presented to compare the
frequency of the collapse in the years.

Fig 2: A graph of total number of system collapses against the year

The resultant power outages cost the nation an estimated amount of $1billion per year (2.5% of GDP) [7].
This frequent collapse of the power system has caused many industries to close down because of the high cost
of running diesel generators. Small businesses and heavy machinery manufacturers are severely affected by
the abysmal performance of the Power industry. In addition, the entire population is also affected socially,
psychologically and physically due to inadequate and unstable power supply. This result shows that Nigeria
power system cannot be said to be highly reliable due to frequent collapse experienced. Moreover, the stern
operational challenges (or problems) encountered in the NPS are further revealed by the unacceptable daily
changes in system voltage and frequency at the distribution level. These variations in voltage and frequency
depicted in the January 2006 distribution level of a Frequency Distribution Recorder (FDR) installed at
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi as shown in Figures 3 and 4 respectively. These operational
challenges faced in the NPS are mainly caused by faults with little interferences of low pressure of gas,
overload, frequency and sometimes no tangible reason. Due to these operational problems, there is the need
to apply the said emerging power control devices to improve supply quality and system stability. It is this that
actually inspired this research work.

7424
 ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 03, March, 2021

Fig. 3: Nigerian System frequency measurement using FDR Source: [2]

Fig. 4: Voltage Variation at distribution level of Nigerian System Source: [2]

3.2 Derivation and Sourcing of Data for The Improvement of Voltage Collapse
For this research work; based on the use of shunt and series compensations as novel approaches presented, a
static power flow method was adopted to study their effects in restoring steady state of the power system. The
load (power) flow problem which involves the solution of a set of non-linear algebraic equations was basically
analyzed by PSAT which is a Matlab embedded software that uses the Newton-Raphson’s iterative method
to estimate the bus voltages on some selected bus system with some synchronous alternators on the Nigeria
power grid. The PSAT software uses the N-R method because it produces a fast convergence and accurate
result with little number of iterations. However, other approaches such as load shedding and the use of tap
changing transformers were critically analyzed and subsequent graphs plotted using Microsoft Excel sequel
to the use of some typical scenarios in some areas of the country as techniques to resolve voltage collapse
margin in the country. The analysis begins by considering a two bus system as shown in Figure 5.

Figure. 5: Two-bus system representation

7425
Justin, et.al, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University

At Bus1, complex power is injected into bus1, so that:

𝑆1 = 𝑉1 . 𝐼1∗
𝑆 𝑆
𝐼1∗ = (𝑉1)=> 𝐼1 = 𝑉1
1 1
𝑆2
Similarly, 𝐼2 = 𝑉
2

With a transmission line linking bus 1 and bus 2 at a transmission voltage level determined by the transformer,
𝑇1, a model of the transmission line (using 𝜋-medium transmission line) is given in Figure 5.

𝐼1 = 𝐼1𝑠ℎ + 𝐼1𝑠𝑒𝑟
𝑌𝑠ℎ 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝐼1 = 𝑉1 ( ) +
2 𝑅12 + 𝑗𝑋12
1
But as in [17], 𝑅12 + 𝑗𝑋12 = 𝑍12 and 𝑌12 = 𝑍
12
𝑌𝑠ℎ
=> 𝐼1 = 𝑉1 ( 2
) + (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )𝑌12 (1)
𝑌𝑠ℎ
=> 𝐼1 = 𝑉1 ( + 𝑉1 . 𝑌12 ) − 𝑉2 . 𝑌12
2

Also at bus2, power is injected into bus2, so that the transmission line 2-1 is modeled thus:
𝑌𝑠ℎ
𝐼2 = 𝑉2 ( ) − (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )𝑌12
2
𝑌𝑠ℎ
𝐼2 = 𝑉2 ( + 𝑌12 ) − 𝑉1 . 𝑌12 (2)
2

So that putting equations (1) and (2) in matrix form, we have:

𝑉1 𝑌𝑠ℎ 𝐼1
+ 𝑌12 −𝑌12
[ ] 2 =[ ]
𝑌𝑠ℎ
𝑉2 [ −𝑌12 2
+ 𝑌12 ] 𝐼2
𝑌𝑠ℎ
If 2
+ 𝑌12 = 𝑌11
−𝑌12 = 𝑌12 = 𝑌21
𝑌𝑠ℎ
𝑌22 = + 𝑌12
2

Which by [18] implies [𝐼𝐵𝑈𝑆 ] = [𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 ]. [𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆 ]

Where [𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 ] is a (2 × 2) matrix

[𝐼𝐵𝑈𝑆 ] is a (2 × 1) matrix

And [𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆 ] is a (2 × 1) matrix

So for n-bus system, [𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 ] is a (𝑛 × 𝑛) matrix
[𝐼𝐵𝑈𝑆 ] is a (𝑛 × 1) matrix

7426
 ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 03, March, 2021

and [𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆 ] is a (𝑛 × 1) matrix and hence we have:

𝐼1 𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13 ⋯ 𝑌1𝑛 𝑉1
𝐼2 𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑌23 ⋯ 𝑌2𝑛 𝑉2
𝐼3 = 𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33 ⋯ 𝑌3𝑛 . 𝑉3
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
[𝐼𝑛 ] [𝑌𝑛1 𝑌𝑛2 𝑌𝑛3 ⋯ 𝑌𝑛𝑛 ] [𝑉𝑛 ]

The above gives the current, voltage and susceptance matrices respectively.
Also using a nodal analysis on the 2-bus system shown in Figure 5.
𝐼1 = 𝑌11 . 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 . 𝑉2 (3)
𝑆1∗ 𝑃1 −𝑗𝑄1
But 𝐼1 = = (4)
𝑉1∗ 𝑉1∗

Since eqn (3) and (4) are equal, then we have:

𝑃1 − 𝑗𝑄1
𝑌11 . 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 . 𝑉2 =
𝑉1∗
1 𝑃1 −𝑗𝑄1
 𝑉1 = [ − 𝑌21 . 𝑉1 ]
𝑌11 𝑉1∗

Following the same method of nodal analysis, then for an n-bus system, the bus i voltage is:
𝑛
1 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖
𝑉𝑖 = [ − ∑ 𝑌𝑖𝑘 . 𝑉𝑘 ]
𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖∗ 𝑘=2
𝑖≠𝑘

Using Newton Raphson’s iteration process for 2 iterations, we have:

𝑉1 = 1.04𝑝𝑢
𝑉2 = 0.96𝑝𝑢

4. DATA PRESENTATION

7427
Justin, et.al, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University

Fig. 6: Nigerian 52-Bus system

a) Power Flow with SVC

The SVC is installed at Bus 1 and connected in shunt (in Figure 5) to the system below to maintain the nodal
voltage at 0.9673pu. Parameters of the SVC are fully obtained from the transmission company of Nigeria.

Fig. 7: SVC installed on Bus 1

For the Figure 7, the result for the voltage magnitude and phase angle obtained for the above system for both
varying susceptance and firing angle model is shown in table 2. Due to the inclusion of SVC in Bus 1 its
voltage is maintained at 0.9673pu.

Table 2: Voltage and Power angle of the Buses after inclusion of SVC
Bus No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12
Voltage 0.9672 1.0400 0.6006 0.5586 0.6905 0.8426 0.8426 0.5204 0.4841 0.8225 0.6659
(in pu)
Power Angle -0.0733 0.0000 -0.3794 -0.4527 -0.2674 -0.1250 -0.1250 -0.5070 -0.5802 -0.1505 -0.3053
(in rad)

b) Power Flow with STATCOM

The STATCOM is installed at Bus 1 in (in Figure 5) of the system below to maintain the nodal voltage at
0.9673pu. Parameters of the STATCOM are fully obtained from the transmission company of Nigeria.

Fig. 8 STATCOM installed on Bus 1

In Figure 8, the result of the voltage magnitude and phase angle obtained for the above system for both varying
susceptance and firing angle model is shown in table 3. Due to the inclusion of STATCOM in Bus 1, its
7428
 ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 03, March, 2021

voltage is maintained at 0.9673pu.

Table 3: Voltage and Power angle of the Buses after inclusion of STATCOM
Bus No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12
Voltage 0.9673 1.0400 0.6006 0.5586 0.6905 0.8426 0.8426 0.5204 0.4841 0.8225 0.6659
(in pu)
Power Angle -0.0733 0.0000 -0.3794 -0.4527 -0.2674 -0.1250 -0.1250 -0.5070 -0.5802 -0.1505 -0.3053
(in rad)

c) Power Flow with SSSC

The SSSC is installed along transmission line 2-7 (in fig. 5) of the system below to maintain a real power flow
of 80MW. Parameters of the SSSC are fully obtained from the transmission company of Nigeria.

Fig 9: SSSC installed on transmission line 2-7

In Figure 9, the result for the voltage magnitude and phase angle obtained for the above system for both
varying susceptance and firing angle model is shown in table 3.7. Due to the inclusion of SSSC in transmission
line 2-7 is maintained at 80MW. Table 3.7 shows the results obtained.

Table 4: Voltage and Power angle of the Buses after inclusion of SSSC
Bus No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12
Voltage
0.9673 1.0400 0.6214 0.5779 0.7144 0.8718 0.8717 0.5385 0.5008 0.8510 0.6890
(in pu)
Power Angle
-0.0733 0.0000 -0.3741 -0.4474 -0.2621 -0.1197 -0.1197 -0.5016 -0.5749 -0.1453 -0.3000
(in rad)

d) Power Flow with TCSC

The TCSC is installed along transmission line 2-7 (in fig. 5) of the system below to maintain a real power
flow of 80MW. Parameters of the TCSC are fully obtained from the transmission company of Nigeria

Fig. 10: TCSC installed on transmission line 2-7

7429
 Justin, et.al, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University

For the fig. 10, the result for the voltage magnitude and phase angle obtained for the above system for both
varying susceptance and firing angle model is shown in table 5. Due to the inclusion of TCSC in transmission
line 2-7 is maintained at 80MW.

Table 5: Voltage and Power angle of the Buses after inclusion of TCSC
Bus No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12
Voltage 0.9673 1.0400 0.6102 0.5676 0.7016 0.8562 0.8561 0.5288 0.4918 0.8357 0.6766
(in pu)
Power Angle -0.0733 0.0000 -0.3836 -0.4569 -0.2716 -0.1292 -0.1292 -0.5112 -0.5845 -0.1548 -0.3100
(in rad)

e) Power Flow with UPFC

The UPFC is installed along transmission line 2-7 (in fig. 5) of the system below to maintain a real power
flow of 80MW. Parameters of the UPFC are fully obtained from the transmission company of Nigeria.

Fig. 11: UPFC installed on transmission line 2-7

For the Figure 11, the result for the voltage magnitude and phase angle obtained for the above system for both
varying susceptance and firing angle model is shown in table 6. Due to the inclusion of UPFC in in
transmission line 2-7 is maintained at 80MW.

Table 6: Voltage and Power angle of the Buses after inclusion of UPFC
Bus No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12
Voltage 0.9673 1.0400 0.6039 0.5617 0.6943 0.8472 0.8472 0.5233 0.4867 0.8270 0.6700
(in pu)
Power Angle -0.0733 0.0000 -0.3890 -0.4622 -0.2770 -0.1346 -0.1346 -0.5165 -0.5900 -0.1602 -0.3150
(in rad)

f) Load Shedding Strategy

The application of another strategized approach to voltage collapse margin previously named remains the load
shedding. In Nsukka urban centre with some areas like U.N.N., Enugu Road, Aku Road and Ugwuoye (all in
Enugu State of Nigeria), a 1-day assessment of ON and OFF were recorded and are presented below in table
7 while a graphical representation of the areas against total number of hours in the day is shown in the
simulations made.

Table 7: One-day load shedding Strategy used in some areas in Nsukka

Area U.N.N Enugu Aku Ugwuoye
Road Road
7am-2pm 5hours 3hours 2hrs 30mins 3hours

7430
 ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 03, March, 2021

12pm-6am 5hours 2hours 3hours 3hours

6pm-6am 9hours 7hours 6hours 8hours
Total Time 19hours 12hours 11hrs 30mins 14hours

Table 8: comparism of Bus voltages before and after applying compensators

Bus Bus Name Bus 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡 Voltage Before Voltage After Angle
No Type (𝑝. 𝑢) Compensation Compensation (Radian)
(P.U) (P.U)

1 Damaturu PQ 1<00 0.9285 0.9496 -0.3271

2 Gombe PQ 1<00 0.9372 0.9510 -0.4342
3 Okpai PV 1<00 1.0298 1.0354 -0.2146
4 New Haven PQ 1<00 1.0498 1.0502 -0.4091
5 New Haven S PQ 1<00 0.9710 0.9721 -0.2124
6 Egbema PV 1<00 1.0355 1.0395 -0.3210
7 Egbin GS PV 1<00 1.0500 1.0500 -0.2298
8 Omoku PV 1<00 1.0443 1.0472 -0.5813
9 Omotosho PV 1<00 1.0499 1.0499 -0.2387
10 Onitsha PQ 1<00 1.0263 1.0281 -0.1702
11 AES PV 1<00 1.0227 1.0242 -0.2079
12 Papalanto PV 1<00 1.0432 1.0450 -0.3290
13 Shiroro PQ 1<00 1.0334 1.0348 -0.4437
14 Afam GS PV 1<00 1.0387 1.0393 -0.6102
15 Alaide PQ 1<00 1.0364 1.0381 -0.5103
16 Benin PQ 1<00 1.0317 1.0332 -0.1460
17 Benin North PQ 1<00 1.0423 1.0429 -0.1940
18 Jebba PQ 1<00 1.0477 1.0484 -0.1400
19 Jebba GS PV 1<00 1.0254 1.0271 -0.2705
20 Jos PQ 1<00 0.9356 0.9513 -0.1896
21 Yola PQ 1<00 0.9240 0.9258 -0.1153
22 Gwagwalada PQ 1<00 0.9995 1.0007 -0.4197
23 Ikeja-West PQ 1<00 1.0024 1.0043 -0.4834
24 Jalingo PQ 1<00 0.9310 0.9318 -0.0721
25 Ikot-Ekpene PQ 1<00 1.0417 1.0425 -0.3692
26 Benin-Kebbi PQ 1<00 0.9856 0.9876 -0.1269
27 Alaoji PV 1<00 1.0324 1.0341 -0.1120
28 Katampe PQ 1<00 1.0007 1.0022 -0.1397
29 Owerri PQ 1<00 1.0227 1.0236 -0.1630
30 Erunkan PQ 1<00 0.9300 0.9517 -0.6093
31 Egbin PS Slack 1<00 1.0442 1.0447 -0.2147
32 Osogbo PQ 1<00 0.9770 0.9781 -0.0151
33 Sakete PQ 1<00 1.0360 1.0373 -0.0008
34 Calabar PV 1<00 0.9905 0.9917 -0.1462
35 Kaduna PQ 1<00 0.9944 0.9936 -0.1535
36 Kano PQ 1<00 0.9271 0.9515 -0.2601
37 Makurdi PQ 1<00 1.0160 1.0175 -0.1672
38 Kainji PV 1<00 1.0242 1.0251 -0.2310
39 Ikot-Abasi PQ 1<00 1.0216 1.0232 -0.1654
40 Lokoja PQ 1<00 1.0448 1.0452 -0.1850
41 Delta GS PV 1<00 1.0437 1.0453 -0.1674

7431
Justin, et.al, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University

42 Geregu PV 1<00 0.9931 0.9942 -0.2155

43 Alagbon PQ 1<00 1.0229 1.0239 -0.5743
44 Aiyede PQ 1<00 1.0391 1.0399 -0.2531
45 Port-harcourt PV 1<00 1.0223 1.0238 -0.2178
46 Ganmo PQ 1<00 0.9749 0.9764 -0.2496
47 Eyaen PQ 1<00 1.0225 1.0233 -0.1135
48 Sapele PV 1<00 1.0292 1.0301 -0.1995
49 Aladja PQ 1<00 1.0003 1.0012 -0.2005
50 Akangba PQ 1<00 1.0200 1.0211 0.2147
51 Ajaokuta PQ 1<00 0.9910 0.9924 -0.1554
52 Maiduguri PQ 1<00 0.9417 0.9506 -0.1396

5. SIMULATION AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATIONS

The simulations carried out in this research work were made possible via the use of a MATLAB embedded
program called PSAT. Values obtained were further plotted by the same program. Also the plotted graphs
(bar- chart) consisted of voltage and power angle profiles of the various resultant bus voltages and power
angles after the inclusion of SVC and STATCOM (on bus 1), SSSC, TCSC, UPFC (on transmission line
running from bus 2 to bus 7). Other simulations carried out with their graphs (plotted using Microsoft Excel)
with respect to Load shedding are fully presented below.

Fig. 11a: Voltage level profile for buses after inclusion inclusion of SVC

Fig. 11b: Voltage level profile for buses after inclusion of SVC

7432
 ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 03, March, 2021

Fig. 12a: Voltage level profile for buses after inclusion of STATCOM

Fig. 12b: Angle level profile for buses after inclusion of STATCOM

Fig. 13a: Voltage level profile for buses after inclusion of SSSC

7433
Justin, et.al, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University

Fig. 13b: Angle level profile for buses after inclusion of SSSC

Fig. 14a: Voltage level profile for buses after inclusion of TCSC

Fig. 14b: Angle level profile for buses after inclusion of TCSC

7434
 ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 03, March, 2021

Fig. 15a: Voltage level profile for buses after inclusion of UPFC

Fig. 15b: Angle level profile for buses after inclusion of UPFC

20
Total Time (Hrs)

15

10

0
U.N.N Enugu Road Aku Road Ugwuoye
Areas
Fig. 16: Load Shedding Strategy for some places in Nsukka

6. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

From the simulations carried out to check for the effectiveness of the stated approaches to restore to steady
state, the power system after a transient disturbance in the system, some values were obtained. When any of
the Dynamic shunt compensator such as SVC and STATCOM is installed at bus 1, the bus voltage at bus 1
remained at 0.9673pu as shown in the voltage profile in fig. 11a and fig. 12a even after an increase in the
7435
Justin, et.al, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University

overall load connected to the bus 1. These shunt compensators (SVC and STATCOM) improve the system
stability and hence eliminate the effect of voltage collapse margin. Apart from the shunt compensators, the
series compensators such as SSSC, TCSC and UPFC when they are installed in series to the transmission line
that links bus 2 and bus 7, helped to maintain a real power flow of 80MW (100MVA) even after rises in load
and also helped to provide (inject) reactive power to the subsequent load centers.

6.1 Comparison of Approaches

With the exception of the load shedding strategy, the other approaches are compared in this section. From the
various analysis and simulations made using the various approaches, the series compensators as SSSC, TCSC
and UPFC have load flow control more than the shunt compensators since from the installation of the series
compensator on transmission line 2-7 maintained a load flow (power flow) of 80MW (100MVA) while the
shunt compensator was only able to maintain a power flow of 78MW. In terms of voltage control, the shunt
compensators had smaller values of bus voltages i.e. the voltage magnitude is maintained at 0.9673pu.
Furthermore, the series compensators-SSSC, TCSC, UPFC had settling times of 0.238s, 0.376s and 0.391s
respectively while the shunt compensators-SVC and STATCOM had settling times in the form of the
convergence of the Newton Raphson's iterative method (in 7 iterations) as 0.466s and 0.438s respectively.
This means that the series compensator has faster transient stability (steady-state) ability more than the shunt
compensator.

6.2 Optimal Approach to Voltage Collapse Margin

From the comparison made, it is therefore deduced that the optimal approach that can be used to attain a power
system devoid of voltage collapse margin especially in Nigeria is the use of a series compensator (either SSSC,
TCSC or UPFC). This series compensators are hence to be installed on the transmission line of any part in
Nigeria but the optimal site for installation of the series compensator is best obtained using a loss sensitivity
index method as described fully in this research work.

6.3 Selection of Optimal Site for Installation of Series Compensators

The criteria for optimal siting of the series compensators on the transmission line solely rely on the site (or
position) with the lowest value of loss sensitivity index 𝑆𝑖𝑗. Hence to discover the optimal placement of the
series compensators in the NPG, a computation of the loss sensitivity of each 𝜋-transmission line should be
performed. Using 2-bus system, the formula for the loss of sensitivity index is obtained below. The sensitivity
index is calculated using:

𝜕𝑃
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 𝜕𝑉 𝐿 = 2𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 [cos(𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑗 ) + sin(𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑗 )] (5)
𝑖𝑗

From the sensitivity indices carried out for the various lines, it is purely deduced that line 13 that runs from
bus 50 to bus 23 has the highest sensitivity index. Hence the optimal site for placement of any of the series
compensator remains on transmission line that links Ikeja west Transmission Station (bus 23) and Akangba
Transmission Station (bus 50). Also, Total Real Power Loss before compensation= 117.2MW, Total Real
Power Loss after compensation = 110.2MW, Total Reactive Power Loss before compensation= 86.5MVar,
Total Reactive Power Loss after compensation= 81.9MVar, % reduction in real power after compensation=
5.9727%, % reduction in reactive power after compensation= 5.3179%

7. CONCLUSION
The Nigeria power system needs a total overhaul. The total number of system collapse occurring per annum
is very alarming and this has led to the closure of many companies and, therefore diminishing economic
sustainability. The transmission system is stressed, then a need to expand the transmission system so as to
7436
 ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 03, March, 2021

carry a huge amount of power from the generating station to the consumer. More generating station should be
built so as to be able to meet up with the power demand by the consumer. This will also enhance the economic
growth of the country. The distribution network must also be monitored, such that the amount of power loss
in this section of the power system will be drastically reduced. Expansion and restructuring of these three
sections of the power system will improve the security of the system in the time of any disturbances. In
addition, voltage collapse margin from the point of this paper is assessed and it is seen that the only way to
voltage collapse margin lie in the installation of power control device to maintain a steady voltage and supply
sufficient reactive power which is to be needed when the power system is over-loaded and this is done only
by the use of approaches stated in the previous sections of the research work. 11 buses out of the existing 28-
bus system of Nigerian transmission system were used to study the power flow on the lines using series
compensators, shunt compensators, and load shedding. Hence the series compensator remains the optimized
approach to voltage collapse margin reduction which is expected to be installed along transmission line from
bus 8 to bus 9 since it has the lowest loss sensitivity index.

8. REFERENCES
[1] Titus Koledoye Olugbenga, Abdul-Ganiyu A. Jumah and Phillips D. A. “The current and future
challenges of electricity market in Nigeria in the face of deregulation process” African Journal of Engineering
Research Vol. 1(2), pp. 33-39, March 2013.\

[2] L. D Arya,” Voltage Stability Evaluation using Line Voltage Stability Index” IE(I) Journal-El Vol 87,
December 2006.

[3] Gerasimenko A.A and Fedin V.T, “Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Energy.
FeniksRostovnadonu, Krasnoyarsk (Russia) pp. 420, 2006.

[4] Overview of the Power Sector, Official Website of Nigeria Bureau of Public Enterprise,
www.bpeng.org. Accessed 28th December, 2017.

[5] M. N. Nwohu, “Voltage stability enhancement of the Nigeria Grid system using FACTS”, Germany:
LAP LAMBERT Academic publishers, 2016, pp. 24-47.

[6] Deregulation in Nigeria: Historical Overview, Motivation, Status and Recommendations

www.nigeriavillagesquare.com. Accessed, 30th December, 2017.

[7] B. L. Theraja and A. K. Theraja, “A textbook of electrical technology”, New Delhi: S. Chand and
Company Ltd, 2003, p. 1490.

[8] I. O. Akwukwaegbu and G. I. Okwe, “Concepts of reactive power control and voltage stability
methods in power system Network”. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 15-25, May 2013.

[9] I. G. Adebayo, D. O. Aborisande and K. A. Oyesina, “Steady-State voltage stability enhancement

using static synchronous compensator (SSSC): A case study of Nigerian 330KV grid system”. Research
journal in Engineering and Applied sciences, vol. 2, pp. 54-61, Oct. 2013.

[10] I. A. Samuel, J. Katende, C.O. A. Awosope, A.A. Awelewa, A.I. Adekitan, F.A. Agbetuyi “Power
System Voltage Collapse Prediction using a new line stability index (NLSI-1): A case Study of the 330-kV
Nigerian National Grid”. International Journal of Electrical and computer Engineering, vol. 9, N0 6, pp. 5125-

7437
 Justin, et.al, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University

5133, Dec. 2019.

[11] Niranjan, Natasha, Manisha & Sujata, “Voltage Collapse: Causes and Prevention”. International
Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, CMRAES – 2016 Conference proceedings

[12] Ian Donson & Hsiao-Dong Chang “Towards a theory of voltage collapse in electric power systems”.
Systems & Control letters. pp. 253-262, 13(1989).

[13] V. Venkatasubramanian, H. Schattler, J. Zaborsky “The Varied Origins of Voltage Collapse in the
Large Power Systems”. IFAC 12th Triennial world congress: Sydney Australia, 1993.

[14] J. N. Onah, Z. O. O. Jagun, T. C. Madueme and S. E. Oti , Estimating the Margin to Voltage Collapse
in a Dwindling Electric Power Network , Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH), Vol. 38, No. 2, April
2019, pp. 470 – 475.

[15] Transmission Company of Nigeria, “National Control Center Report of the Transmission Company
Presented at Transmission Company of Nigeria”. TCN, New Haven, Enugu State, 2020.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0

International License.

7438

View publication stats