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01 - Pulmonology Intermediate NE
01 - Pulmonology Intermediate NE
Pulmonology
Lung Analysis Airway
Lung Analysis Resection
Lung Analysis Scope
Pulmonology
Pulmonology is a branch of internal medicine that focuses on the respiratory tract. Pulmonologists are
trained in diseases and condi on of the chest including pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis, emphysema
and other complicated chest infec ons.
h ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Nodules
A lung nodule is technically defined as a rounded opacity that is smaller than 3 cm in diameter. Sub‐solid
Sub‐solid nodules are those containing at least some component of ground‐glass a enua on. Sub‐solid
nodules are further classified as either “pure ground glass” (pGGN) or “part solid” (PSN) in appearance.
Nodules greater than 3 cm are referred to as lung masses.
Nodules can be benign or malignant. Benign nodules can be from an infec on, inflamma on or scar s‐
sue from an injury. Malignant nodules are most o en an adenocarcinoma or squamous cell cancer. It
could also be a malignant nodule.
Nodules can be diagnosed and biopsied via bronchoscopic approach. Resec on is frequently done
through the chest wall due to size and loca on.
Mul ‐slice CT can help to diagnose and characterize nodules and plan for treatment. Nodules of a higher
size are more likely to be malignant. CT can show the morphology of a nodule. Nodules can be assessed
by shape and density. Some characteris cs include: spicula on, lobula on , pseudo cavita on, and
ground glass opacity. Spiculated ‐ highly associated with malignancy. Lobulated or scalloped margins ‐
intermediate probability. Smooth margins ‐ more likely benign unless metasta c in origin Nodule Charac‐
teris cs.
Nodules with speculated borders have an irregular “sunburst”
Spiculated
looking border outside of a solid mass.
A mass with lobula on appears to have
lobes of the border. Most nodules that
are not cancer have smooth or rounded
margins or look like several round‐ Lobulated
ed nodules together (also called
“lobulated”).
Pseudo‐
cavitated
Pseudo‐cavita on nodules appear to have a low den‐
sity region surrounded by higher densi es. Squa‐
mous cell carcinoma is the most likely cell type to
show cavita on.
Ground Glass density or opacifica on refers to an area of in‐
creased a enua on of the lung. It is a region of hazy radiopacity
which is diffuse and can have a solid component.
Ground glass
h ps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar cles/PMC3403798/#:~:text=Nodules%20with%20spiculated%
20borders%20(due,%2Finflammatory%20lesion%20%5B11%5D.
Synapse 3D Intermediate Student PULMONOLOGY 9
Lung Analysis Airway
Examples
of Nodules
Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer, accoun ng for more than 40% of lung cancers.
Grouped under the non‐small cell carcinomas of the lung, it is a malignant tumor with glandular differen‐
a on or mucin produc on expressing in different pa erns and degrees of differen a on.
Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
h ps://radiologyassistant.nl/chest/solitary‐pulmonary‐nodule/benign‐versus‐malignant#ct‐benign‐versus
Classiϐication
of Lung Cancer
Lymph
Nodes or Vessels
Lymph vessels are a lot
like the veins that collect
and carry blood through
the body. But instead of
carrying blood, these ves‐
sels carry the clear watery
fluid called lymph. Lymph
fluid flows out from capil‐
lary walls to bathe the
body’s ssue cells. It car‐
ries oxygen and other nu‐
trients to the cells, and
carries away waste prod‐
ucts like carbon dioxide
(CO2) that flow out of the
cells. Lymph fluid also
contains white blood cells,
which help fight infec‐
ons.
Lymph fluid would build
up and cause swelling if it
were not drained in some
way. That’s the role of the
lymph vessels. Lymph ves‐
sels draw up the lymph
fluid from around the cells
to send it towards the chest. There, lymph fluid collects into a large vessel that drains into a blood vessel
near the heart.
h ps://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer‐basics/lymph‐nodes‐and‐cancer.html
h ps://radiopaedia.org/images/42645778
Lymph Nodes
Synapse 3D Users Voice 15
Interlobular
Septal Thickening
Thickening of the interlobular septa can be smooth, nodular or irregular, with many en
es able to
cause more than one pa ern.
Smooth
pulmonary edema
lymphangi c carcinomatosis
acute lung rejec on
Lymphoma
Nodular
lymphangi c carcinomatosis
leukemia: pulmonary manifesta ons of leukemia
Irregular
sarcoidosis
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
asbestosis
h ps://radiopaedia.org/ar cles/interlobular‐septal‐thickening?lang=us
The air sacs or alveoli become damaged and lose their elas
city so that the exchange of oxygen and car‐
bon dioxide is limited. The body requires the oxygen to survive.
h ps://masteryourlifepower.com/does‐smoking‐cause‐emphysema/
Branches of Bronchus
Lung Analysis Airway
Bronchial
Wall Thickening
Peribronchial thickening (peribronchial cuffing) is a radiologic sign which occurs when excess fluid or
mucus buildup in the small airway passages of the lung causes localized patches of atelectasis (lung col‐
lapse). E ologies include inflammatory, infec ve, or other.
Inflammatory includes bronchial asthma, cys c fibrosis or smoking related lung diseases.
Infec ve includes acute bronchi s, pulmonary infec on, aspergillus infec on or pulmonary mycobacteri‐
al infec ons.
Other causes include amyloidosis, neoplas c condi ons or pulmonary hyperplasia.
By Na onal Heart Lung and Blood Ins ‐
tute ‐ Na onal Heart Lung and Blood Ins ‐
tute, Public Domain
By Na onal Heart Lung and Blood Ins tute ‐
Na onal Heart Lung and Blood Ins tute, Pub‐
lic Domain, h ps://commons.wikimedia.org/
w/index.php?curid=29583164
Inner wall in
green, outer
Lung
Analysis Resection
In Synapse 3D lung resec on analysis, the lung field region, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, bronchus,
and other regions are extracted using contrasted CT images, and the result is displayed in 3D. Lung resec‐
on can also be simulated by extrac ng and segmen ng the territories of pulmonary vessels and bronchi.
This is beneficial for pre‐surgical planning to reduce opera ng room me for be er pa ent outcomes.
h ps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1556984519826321
Surgery
for Lung Cancer
Laparoscopy is now used to remove nodules and tumors of the lung cancer. In cases of confirmed cancer,
the surgeon performs one of the following procedures using Video Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) or
robot‐assisted techniques:
Wedge resec on: This involves removal of the tumor along with the surrounding ssue.
Segmentectomy: This involves removal of the tumor along with the surrounding anatomic structures.
Lobectomy: This involves removal of the en re lobe of the lung that contains the cancerous ssue.
Pnuemonectomy: Removes the en re lung.
h ps://www.tcheartandlung.com/?pgp=Surgery.Lung.Robo c‐Assisted‐Lung‐Surgery
Synapse 3D Intermediate Student PULMONOLOGY 24
Lung Analysis Resec on
Open
Thoracotomy
A thoracotomy is a surgical procedure in which a cut is made between the ribs to see and reach the lungs
or other organs in the chest or thorax. Typically, a thoracotomy is performed on the right or le side of
the chest. An incision on the front of the chest through the breast bone can also be used, but is rare. A
thoracotomy is performed for diagnosis or treatment of a disease and allows doctors to visualize, biopsy
or remove ssue as needed.
h ps://www.lung.org/lung‐health‐diseases/lung‐procedures‐and‐tests/thoracotomy
Endoscope simulator lets you extract various organs and simulate endoscopic surgery. Pre‐opera
ve
planning can reduce surgery me for thoracotomies which involves rib‐spreading. A virtual thoracoto‐
my uses robot devices. Non‐rib spreading video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has been used to
describe minimally invasive thoracic procedures. The endoscope simulator give the surgeon a good
view of the pa ent’s anatomy before the procedure.
Virtual Bronchoscopy
Virtual bronchoscopy (VB) is a non‐contrast CT imaging based technique where CT images of specific
resolu on and thickness are processed by a so ware which creates a virtual 3D bronchial tree map. Lung
lesions are termed peripheral if they are located within 3 cm of a costal pleural surface. These lesions are
not visible by the conven onal flexible bronchoscopy.
Bronchoscopy is done to locate the tumor, biopsy, and plan for removal by thoracotomy. Virtual assisted
lung mapping (VAL‐MAP) can show anatomic variants and the best path to the tumor and distance to tu‐
mor. The images are made available in the OR suite to assist in loca ng and resec ng the tumor.
As much as 3 days before surgery, the tumor is mapped by using a bronchoscopic dye injec on. This re‐
sults in shortened surgery me and a more precise sublobar resec on of the tumor.
Yasuo Sekine, MD, PhD,* Takamasa Itoh, MD,† Takahide Toyoda, MD,† Taisuke Kaiho, MD,† Eitetsu
Koh, MD, PhD,* Toshiko Kamata, MD, PhD,* Hidehisa Hoshino, MD, PhD,* and Atsushi Hata, MD, PhD,
Precise Anatomical Sublobar Resec on Using a 3D Medical Image Analyzer and Fluorescence‐ Guided
Surgery With Transbronchial Ins lla on of Indocyanine Green,
h ps://www.academia.edu/36901859/