RMIT University

School of Science and Technology (SST)

EEET2603 – Introduction to Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Lab 1 Assignment Report

Students:
Course coordinator: Dr. Bui Xuan Minh
Instructor: Mr. Nguyen Vinh Khuong
Date: 8th December, 2021

1
Table of Contents
1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................5
2 Lab results and discussion...............................................................................................................................5
2.1. Exercise B.1..........................................................................................................................................5
2.2. Exercise B.2..........................................................................................................................................7
2.3. Exercise B.3........................................................................................................................................11
2.4. Exercise B.4........................................................................................................................................13
2.5. Exercise B.5........................................................................................................................................15
2.6. Exercise B.6........................................................................................................................................17
3. Conclusions....................................................................................................................................................20
4. Lab work contribution and reflection............................................................................................................20
5. Appendix........................................................................................................................................................21

2
List of Figures
Problem B1
Figure 2.1,1: Original circuit………………………..……………..……………..………………………...……..5
Figure 2.1,2: Branch-circuit assumption………….……………..……………..……………..…………………..5
Figure 2.1.2,1: Original circuit……………………………..……………..……………..……………………..…6
Figure 2.1.3,1: Original circuit……………………………..……………..……………..……………………..…7
Problem B2
Figure 2.2.1,1: Original circuit……………………………..……………..……………..………………………..7
Figure 2.2.1.1,1: Remove all sources and resistor R5……………………………………..………………………7
Figure 2.2.1.1,2: Remove resistor R5…………………………………..…………………………………………8
Figure 2.2.1.1,3: Simplified circuit………….……………………..………………………………………..……8
Figure 2.2.1.2,1: Remove current source I1………………………………..………………………………...……9
Figure 2.2.1.2,2: Remove voltage source VS1 …………………………..……………………………..…………9
Figure 2.2.2,1: Original circuit…………………………………..……………………..……………………..…10
Figure 2.2.2,2a: Thevenin approach: Remove R5 …………………………..………………………..…………10
Figure 2.2.2,2b: Thevenin approach: Simplified circuit……………………………………………...…………10
Figure 2.2.2,3a: Superposition approach: Remove current source I1………………………………...…………10
Figure 2.2.2,3b: Superposition approach: Remove voltage source Vs1 ………………………………..………10
Figure 2.2.3,1: Original circuit…………………………………..……………………..……………………..…10
Figure 2.2.3,2a: Thevenin approach: Remove R5 …………………………………..………………………..…10
Figure 2.2.3,2b: Thevenin approach: Simplified circuit…………………………………………………...……10
Figure 2.2.3,3a: Superposition approach: Remove current source I1……………………………………...……10
Figure 2.2.3,3b: Superposition approach: Remove voltage source Vs1 …………………………………..……10
Problem B3
Figure 2.3.1,1: Original circuit………………………………..……………………..……………………..……11
Figure 2.3.1,2: Branch-circuit assumption……………………………..………………………………..………11
Figure 2.3.2,1: Original circuit…………………………………..……………………..……………………..…12
Figure 2.3.3,1: Original circuit……………………………..……………………..……………………..………12
Problem B4
Figure 2.4.1,1: Original circuit………………………………..……………………..……………………..……13
Figure 2.4.1,2: Branch-circuit assumption…………………………..………………………………..…………13
Figure 2.4.2,1: Original circuit…………………………..……………………..……………………..…………14
Figure 2.4.3,1: Original circuit………………………..……………………..……………………..……………15
3
Problem B5
Figure 2.5.1,1: Original circuit…………………………..……………………..……………………..…………15
Figure 2.5.1,2: Remove all power supplies……………………………………..………………………………15
Figure 2.5.1,3: Remove resistor R1………………………………………………..……………………………16
Figure 2.5.1,4: Simplified circuit……………………………………………………………..…………………16
Figure 2.5.2,1: Original circuit………………………………………………………………………..…………17
Figure 2.5.2,2: Remove resistor R1…………………………….……………………………..…………………17
Figure 2.5.2,3: Simplified circuit…………………………………..……………………………………………17
Figure 2.5.3,1: Original circuit……………………………………………………………..……………………17
Figure 2.5.3,2: Remove resistor R1………………………………………………………...……………………17
Figure 2.5.3,3: Original circuit………………………………………………………………..…………………17
Problem B6
Figure 2.6.1,1: Original circuit……………………………………..……………………………………………17
Figure 2.6.1,2: Remove voltage source V1…………………………………..……………………………….…18
Figure 2.6.1,3: Remove current source I1…………………………………………………………….…………19
Figure 2.6.2,1: Original circuit…………………………………………………………………………………..20
Figure 2.6.2,2: Remove voltage source V1………………………………………………………...……………20
Figure 2.6.2,3: Remove current source I1………………………………………………………………….……20
Figure 2.6.3,1: Original circuit…………………………………………………………………………..………20
Figure 2.6.3,2: Remove voltage source V1…………………………………………………………...…………20
Figure 2.6.3,3: Remove current source I1…………………………………………………………………….…20

List of Tables
Table 2.1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
Table 2.2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...10
Table 2.3…………………………………………………………………………………………………………12
Table 2.4 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...…15
Table 2.5 …………………………………………………………………………………………………...……17
Table 2.6 …………………………………………………………………………………………………...……20

4
1 Introduction
The key objectives of this lab are to build a circuit schematic using Cadence Orcad Capture, simulate and
analyse said circuit using Orcad Pspice, and theoretically calculate unknown parameters in a DC network. In
this lab exercise, the Cadence Orcad software program will be used to build a DC circuit. Upon completion of
the circuit, a simulation profile will be defined using Orcad Pspice. Subsequently, a measurement will be set,
after which the simulation will run and the resulting waveform results will be analysed. Finally, in the second
part of the lab, using given values and theoretical knowledge, unknown parameters of six DC circuits will be
calculated. Upon completion, the Cadence Orcad software will be used again to construct a circuit schematic,
simulate, and analyse said results.

2 Lab results and discussion

2.1. Exercise B.1
2.1.1. Phase 1: DC resistive network analysis

Figure 2.1,1: Original Circuit

The directions of the current flow are assumed as shown in the circuit. With Ohm’s Law, we can then define the
polarity of voltage across the circuit elements

Figure 2.1,2: Branch-circuit assumption

Apply KCL:
+At node B: IR4 – (IR1 + IR3) = 0(1)
+At node C: IS1 – (IR5 + IR3) = 0(2)
+At node A: IR2 – (IR1 + IS1) = 0
5
ó IR2 = IR1 + IR3 + IR5(3)

Apply KVL:  20 = (IR2 – IR3 – IR5) x 5 + IR2 x 10

+At loop 2: + (IR1 + IR3) x 20
VS1 + VR1 = VR3  20 = (IR2 – IR3 – IR5) x 5 + IR2 x 10 +
 10 + IR1 x R1 = IR3 x R3 (Ohm’s Law) (IR2 – IR3 – IR5 + IR3) x 20
 10 + (IR2 – IR3 – IR5) x 5 = IR3 x 12  IR2 x 35 + IR3 x (-5) + IR5 x (-25) = 20 (2)
 IR2 x (-5) + IR3 x 17 + IR5 x 5 = 10 (1) +At loop 3:
VR5 = VR4 + VR3
+At loop 1:  IR5 x R5 = IR4 x R4 + IR3 x R3 (Ohm’s Law)
VS2 = VR1 + VR2 + VR4  IR5 x 2 = IR3 x 12 + (IR1 + IR3) x 20
 20 = IR1 x R1 + IR2 x R2 + IR4 x R4 (Ohm’s  IR5 x 2 = IR3 x 12 + (IR2 – IR3 – IR5 + IR3) x
Law) 20
 IR2 x 20 + IR3 x 12 + IR5 x (- 22) = 0 (3)

From argument (1), (2), (3) we will have a system of equations:

{
(−5 ) x I R 2+ 17 x I R 3 + I R 5 x 5=10
35 x I R 2 + I R 3 x (−5 ) + I R 5 x (−25)=20
I R 2 x 20+ I R 3 x 12+ I R 5 x (−22)=0

{
639
I R 2= ( A)
257
145
 I R 3= ( A)
257
660
I R 5= ( A)
257

Using Ohm’s law, voltage across R1:

 VR1 = IR1 x R1 = (IR2 – IR3 – IR5) x R1 = ( 639 145 660

− −
257 257 257
x 5= )
−830
257
=−3.2296 ( V )

Since the voltage value VR1 is negative, the terminal of R1 that we labelled as positive is really at a lower
voltage and vice versa. In other words, the current direction IR1 is assumed to be opposite to the actual current
direction.

6
 2.1.2. Phase 2: Circuit construction and simulation configuration using Orcad Pspice

Figure 2.1.2,1: Original Circuit

2.1.3. Phase 3: Simulation result and comparison table

Figure 2.1.3,1: Original Circuit

IR3 (A) VR1 (V)

Simulation’s
measurement 0.5642 -3.2296
result
Theoretically
calculated 0.5642 -3.2296
result
Table 2.1

2.2. Exercise B.2

2.2.1. Phase 1: DC resistive network analysis

Figure 2.2.1,1: Original Circuit

2.2.1.1. Thevenin Approach

*Find Thevenin resistance by removing all current/ current sources and resistor R5:

7
 Figure 2.2.1.1,1: remove all sources and resistor R5

Since R1 ⊕R 2 ⊕ R3 : 1 1
= +
1

R th R4 R23
 R123 =R1 + R2 + R3=30+ 15+50=95 ( Ω )

Since R4 // ( R 1 ⊕ R2 ⊕ R 3 ):

R4 × R 23 20 ×95 380
Rth = = = =16.5217 ( Ω ) *Find Thevenin Voltage value by removing resistor R5 from
R 4 + R23 20+ 95 23
original circuit
The directions of the current flow are assumed as shown in the circuit. With Ohm’s Law, we can then define the
polarity of voltage across the circuit elements

Figure 2.2.1.1,2: remove resistor R5

Apply KCL to node A:  2 = (IR3 – 2) x (30 + 15) + IR3 x (50 + 20)

IR3 – (I1 + IR2) = 0 4
ó IR3 = (A)
5
ó IR3 = 2 + IR2 (1)
Voltage value across the two nodes B and C:
Apply KVL to loop 1:
VBC = VR4 = IR3 x R4 (Ohm’s Law)
VS1 – (VR2 + VR1 + VR3 + VR4) = 0
4
ó VS1 = VR1 + VR2 + VR3 + VR4 = ×20=16 ( V )
5
ó 2 = IR2 x R1 + IR2 x R2 + IR3 x R3 + IR3 x R4
(Ohm’s Law)

*Simplify the original circuit with a Voltage resource Vth and resistors Rth, R5

8
The directions of the current flow are assumed as shown in the circuit. With Ohm’s Law, we can then define the
polarity of voltage across the circuit elements

Figure 2.2.1.1,3: Simplified circuit

Using Ohm’s law, Apply KVL to loop 1: 380

ó 16 = Ith x ( +100)
23
Vth – (VRth + VR5) = 0
16 46
ó 16 = Ith x Rth + Ith x R5 = =0.1373( A)
ó IR5 = Ith = 380 335
+100
23
2.2.1.2. Superposition Approach
*Remove current source I1

Figure 2.2.1.2,1: remove current source I1

Since R2 ⊕ R3 ⊕ R1 ⊕ ( R4 // R5 ) : Using Ohm’s Law, Current value through resistor

R 4 x R5 20 x 100 50 R1 and R5:
+ R’45 = = = (Ω)
R 4+ R 5 20+100 3 V s1 2 6
= = (A)
335 I’R1 = R ' total 335 335
+ Total resistance: R’total = R1 + R2 + R3 + R45 =
3 3
(Ω) I’R5 =
6 50
' x
V ' R 5 V R 45 I 'R 1 x R' 45 335 3
'
1
= = = = =0.0030 ( A )
R5 R5 R5 100 335

9
*Remove voltage source V1

Figure 2.2.1.2,2: remove voltage source VS1

Apply KCL: Apply KVL:

+For node A: +For loop 2:
I’’R2 + I’’R3 - 2A = 0 V’’R5 = V’’R4
ó I’’R1 + I’’R3 = 2A ( I’’R2 = I’’R1) ó I’’R5 x R5 = I’’R4 x R4 (Ohm’s Law) (2)
+For node B: +For loop 1:
I’’R3 – (I’’R4 + I’’R5 ) = 0 (1) V’’R1 + V’’R2 – V’’R3 – V’’R5 = 0
ó I’’R1 x R1 + I’’R2 x R2 – I’’R3 x R3
– I’’R5 x R5 = 0 (Ohm’s Law)
ó (2 – I’’R3) x R1 + (2 – I’’R3) x R2 – I’’R3 x R3 –
I’’R5 x R5 = 0 (3)

From argument (1), (2) and (3), we have a system of equations: ¿

 I’’R5 = 0.1343(A)
Original current running through resistor R5 : IR5= I’R5 + I’’R5 = 0.0030A + 0.1343A = 0.1373A

2.2.2. Phase 2: Circuit construction and simulation configuration using Orcad Pspice
Figure 2.2.2,1: Original circuit
Figure 2.2.2,2a: Thevenin approach: Remove R5
Figure 2.2.2,2b: Thevenin approach: Simplified circuit
Figure 2.2.2,3a: Superposition approach: Remove current source I1
Figure 2.2.2,3b: Superposition approach: Remove voltage source VS1
2.2.3. Phase 3: Simulation result and comparisons
Figure 2.2.3,1: Original circuit
Figure 2.2.3,2a: Thevenin approach: Remove R5
Figure 2.2.3,2b: Thevenin approach: Simplified circuit
Figure 2.2.3,3a: Superposition approach: Remove current source I1
10
 Figure 2.2.3,3b: Superposition approach: Remove voltage source VS1
Thevenin approach Superposition approach
IR3 (A) I’R3 (A) I’’R3 (A)
IR3 (A)
(Original) Vth (V) (Remove (Remove IR3 = I’R3 +
(Simplified
(Remove R5) current source voltage source I’’R3 (A)
circuit)
I1) V1)
Simulation’s
measurement 0.1373 16.0000 0.1373 0.0029 0.1343 0.1372
result
Theoretically
calculated 0.1373 16.0000 0.1373 0.0030 0.1343 0.1373
result
Table 2.2

2.3. Exercise B.3

2.3.1. Phase 1: DC resistive network analysis

Figure 2.3.1,1: Original circuit

The directions of the current flow are assumed as shown in the circuit. With Ohm’s Law, we can then define the
polarity of voltage across the circuit elements

Figure 2.3.1,2: Branch – circuit assumption

11
Apply KCL: +For loop 2:
+ At node B: VS1 – VR5 – VR3 – VR1 = 0
IR5 – (IR3 + IR4) = 0 ó VS1 – IR5 x R5 – IR3 x R3 – IR1 x R1 = 0(Ohm’s
ó IR3 + IR4 = IR5 Law)
+ At node C: ó 50V – (IR3 + IR4) x 20 Ω - IR3 x 80Ω - IR1 x 25Ω
IR3 - (IR2 + IR1) = 0 =0
ó IR2 + IR1 = IR3 ó -IR1 x 25 Ω - IR3 x 100 Ω - IR4 x 20 Ω = -50V (2)
Apply KVL: +For loop 3:
+ For loop 1: VR2 + VR3 – VR4 = 0
VS2 – VS1 + VR1 – VR2 = 0 ó IR2 x R2 + IR3 x R3 – IR4 x R4 = 0 (Ohm’s Law)
ó VS2 – VS1 + IR1 x R1 – IR2 x R2 = 0 (Ohm’s Law) ó (IR3 – IR1) x 15 Ω + IR3 x 80 Ω - IR4 x 60 Ω = 0
 100V – 50V + IR1 x 25Ω - (IR3 – IR1) x 15 Ω = 0 ó -IR1 x 15 Ω + IR3 x 95 Ω - IR4 x 60 Ω = 0 (3)
ó IR1 x 40Ω - IR3 x 15 Ω = -50V (1)

{
I R 1 x 40 Ω−I R 3 x 15Ω=−50 V
From argument (1), (2) and (3), we have a system of equations: −I R 1 x 25 Ω−I R 3 x 100 Ω−I R 4 x 20 Ω=−50 V
−I R 1 x 15Ω+ I R 3 x 95 Ω−I R 4 x 60 Ω=0

=> IR1 = -1.0479A

=> IR3 = 0.5389A
=> IR4 = 1.1153A
Using Ohm’s law:
+Voltage VR3 across the resistor R3: VR3 = IR3 x R3 = 0.5389A x 80Ω = 43.1120V
+Energy consumed by resistor R4 in 1 minute:
ER4 = PR4 x t = IR42 x R4 x t = (1.1153A)2 x 60Ω x 60s = 4478.0187J
2.3.2. Phase 2: Circuit construction and simulation configuration using Orcad Pspice

Figure 2.3.2,1: Original Circuit

2.3.3. Phase 3: Simulation result and comparisons

Figure 2.3.3,1: Original Circuit

VR3 (V) ER4 = PR4 x t (W.s)

12
 Simulation’s
measurement 43.1140 74.6300 x 60 = 4477.8000
result

Theoretically
43.1140 4478.0187
calculated result

Table 2.3

2.4. Exercise B.4

2.4.1. Phase 1: DC resistive network analysis

Figure 2.4.1,1: Original circuit

Since R1 ⊕ (R2 // ( R34567 ⊕ ( R4 // ( R5 // (R6⊕ R7) ) ) ) ):

+ R6 ⊕ R7:
ó R67 = R6 + R7 = 5k Ω + 3k Ω = 8k Ω
+ (R4 // R5 // R67) ⊕ R3:
1 1
R4567 + R3= + R 3=
ó R34567 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 4kΩ ¿4615.3846 Ω
+ + + +
R 4 R5 R 67 2k Ω 1k Ω 8kΩ
+ R1 ⊕ (R2 // R34567):
1 1
=10608.6957 Ω
ó Rtotal = R1 + R234567 = R1 + 1 1 = 8kΩ + 1 1
+ +
R34567 R2 4615.3846Ω 6 k Ω

The directions of the current flow are assumed as shown in the circuit. With Ohm’s Law, we can then define the
polarity of voltage across the circuit elements

13
 Figure 2.4.1,2: Branch – circuit assumption

Apply KCL:
For node A: IR1 – (IR2 + IR3) = 0
For node B: IR3 – (IR4 + IX) = 0
For node C: IX – (IR5 + IR6) = 0

Apply KVL: +For loop 3:

+For loop 1: VR4 - VR5 = 0
Vs = VR1 + VR2 ó IR4 x R4 - IR5 x R5 = 0 (Ohm’s law)
ó IR1 x R1 + IR2 x R2 = 25 (Ohm’s law)  2k x (IR3 – IX) - 1k x ( IX – IR6) = 0
ó 8k x IR1 + 6k x ( IR1 – IR3 ) = 25 ó 2k x IR3 - 3k x IX + 1k x IR6 = 0(3)
ó 14k x IR1 - 6k x IR3 = 25 (1) +For loop 4:
+For loop 2: VR5 - VR6 - VR7 = 0
VR2 - VR3 - VR4 = 0 ó IR5 x R5 - IR6 x R6 - IR6 x R7 = 0 (Ohm’s law)
ó IR2 x R2 - IR3 x R3 - IR4 x R4 = 0 (Ohm’s law) ó 1k x (IX – IR6) - 5k x IR6 - IR6 x 3k = 0
ó 6k x (IR1 – IR3) - 4k x IR3 - 2k x (IR3 – IX) = 0  1k x IX - 9k x IR6 = 0 (4)
ó 6k x IR1 - 12k x IR3 + 2k x IX = 0 (2)

From (1), (2), (3), (4) we have a system of equations:

{
14 k x I R 1−6 k x I R 3=25
6 k x I R 1 −12k x I R 3 +2 k x I X =0
2 k x I R 3−3 k x I X + 1k x I R 6=0
1 k x I X −9 k x I R 6 =0

 IR1 = 2.3565 mA;

 IR3 =1.3319 mA ;
 IX = 0.9221mA;
 IR6 = 0.1025 mA
Using Ohm’s law, power consumption of R7:
PR7 = VR7 x IR7 = R7 x IR62 = 3k Ω x (0.1025 mA)2 = 3.1518 x 10-5 W

14
 2.4.2.Phase 2: Circuit construction and simulation configuration using Orcad Pspice

Figure 2.4.2,1: Original Circuit

2.4.3.Phase 3: Simulation result and comparisons

Figure 2.4.3,1: Original circuit

I (mA) PR7 (µW)

Simulation’s
measurement 2.3565 31.4940
result
Theoretical
2.3566 31.5180
calculated result
Table 2.4

2.5. Exercise B.5

2.5.1. Phase 1: DC resistive network analysis

Figure 2.5.1,1: Original circuit

*Find Thevenin resistance by removing all power sources and resistor R1

15
 Figure:2.5.1,2: Remove all power supplies
+ R2 // R3:
1 1 1
 = +
R 23 R2 R3
R2 × R3 25× 75 75
 R23= = = (Ω)
R 2+ R 3 25+75 4
+ R4 ⊕ (R2 // R3):
75 135
 Rth = R4 + R23 = +15= =33.75 ( Ω )
4 4

*Find Thevenin Voltage by removing just resistor R1 from original circuit

The directions of the current flow are assumed as shown in the circuit.
With Ohm’s Law, we can then define the polarity of voltage across the circuit elements

Figure 2.5.1,3: Remove resistor R1

Apply KCL: ó IS1 + 1 = IR3 + IR4
+At node A: +At node B:
I1 + IS1 – (IR3 + IR4) = 0 IR3 + I2 - IS1 = 0

16
ó IR3 + 2 = IS1 ó 20 = IR3 x (75 + 25)
 IR3 + 2 = IR3 + IR4 – 1 1
 IR3 = ( A)
5
ó IR4 = 3.0000 (A)
Voltage across the two nodes C and D:
VCD = VCA + VAD
ó VCD = -VR3 + VR4
Apply KVL to loop 1:
ó VCD = -IR3 x R3 + IR4 x R4 (Ohm’s Law)
VS1 – (VR3 + VR2) = 0
−1
ó 20 = IR3 x R3 + IR3 x R2 ó VCD = ×75+3 × 15=30.0000 ( V )
5
*Simplify the original circuit with a Voltage source Vth and 2 resistors Rth and R1
The directions of the current flow are assumed as shown in the circuit. With Ohm’s Law, we can then define the
polarity of voltage across the circuit elements

Figure 2.5.1,4: Simplified circuit

Apply KVL to loop 1:
Vth – VRth – VR1 – 0
ó 30 = IRth x Rth + IR1 x R1 (Ohm’s Law)
ó 30 = IRth x (33.75 + 50)
30 24
ó IRth = = (A )
33.75+50 67
24
Current through R1: IR1 = IRth = =0.3582( A)
67
2.5.2. Phase 2: Circuit construction and simulation configuration using Orcad Pspice
Figure 2.5.2,1: Original circuit
Figure 2.5.2,2: Remove resistor R1
Figure 2.5.2,3: Simplified circuit
2.5.3. Phase 3: Simulation result and comparisons
Figure 2.5.3,1: Original circuit
Figure 2.5.3,2: Remove resistor R1
Figure 2.5.3,3: Simplified circuit
I R1 (A) (Original I R1 (A) (Simplified Vth (V)
circuit) circuit) (Remove R1)

17
 Simulation’s
measurement 0.3582 0.3582 31.4940
result
Theoretical
calculated 0.3582 0.3582 31.5180
result
Table 2.5

2.6. Exercise B.6

2.6.1. Phase 1: DC resistive network analysis

Figure 2.6.1,1: Original circuit

*Remove voltage source V1, keep current source I1
The directions of the current flow are assumed as shown in the circuit.With Ohm’s Law, we can then define the
polarity of voltage across the circuit elements

Figure 2.6.1,2: Remove voltage source V1

Apply KCL: Apply KVL:

+At node A : I’R4 - ( I’R2 + I’R3 ) = 0 +For loop 1 :
+At node B : I’R4 + I’R6 – I1 = 0 V’R2 – V’R3 + V’R5 = 0
+At node C : I’R5 + I’R3 – I’R1 = 0 ó I’R2 x R2 – I’R3 x R3 + I’R5 x R5 = 0 (Ohm’s Law)

18
ó (I’R4 – I’R3) x 30 – I’R3 x 100 + (I’R1 – I’R3) x 200 +For loop 3 :
=0 (1) V’R2 + V’R4 – V’R6 = 0
+For loop 2 :  I’R2 x R2 + I’R4 x R4 – I’R6 x R6 = 0 (Ohm’s law)
V’R6 – V’R4 – V’R3 – V’R1 = 0  (I’R4 – I’R3) x R2 + I’R4 x R4 – (10 – I’R4) x R6 =0
 I’R6 x R6 – I’R4 x R4 – I’R3 x R3 – I’R1 x R1 = 0 ó (I’R4 – I’R3) x 30 + I’R4 x 50 – (10 – I’R4) x 150 =
(Ohm’s Law) 0 (3)
 (10 – I’R4) x 150 – I’R4 x 50 – I’R3 x 100 –
I’R1 x 500= 0 (2)

From argument (1), (2), and (3), we have a system of equations:

¿
 I’R1 = 0.2078 (A)
 I’R3 = 0.7274 (A)
 I’R4 = 6.6166 (A)

*Remove current source I1, keep voltage source V1

The directions of the current flow are assumed as shown in the circuit. With Ohm’s Law, we can then define the
polarity of voltage across the circuit elements

Figure 2.6.1,3: Remove current source I1

Apply KCL: 200 – I’’R2 x R2 – I’’R4 x R4 – I’’R6 x R6 = 0

+At node A: I’’R2 = I’’R3 + I’’R4 = I’’R3 + I’’R6 (Ohm’s Law)
+At node B: I’’R3 + I’’R5 = I’’R1 200 – I’’R2 x 30 – (I’’R2 – I’’R3) x 50 –
Apply KVL: (I’’R2 – I’’R3) x 150 = 0 (1)
+For loop 1:
200 – V’’R2 – V’’R4 – V’’R6 = 0 +For loop 2:
V’’R6 + V’’R4 – V’’R3 – V’’R1 = 0
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I’’R6 x R6 + I’’R4 x R4 – I’’R3 x R3 – I’’R1 x R1 = 0 +For loop 3:
(Ohm’s Law) V’’R3 + V’’R2 – V’’R5 = 0
(I’’R2 – I’’R3) x 150 + (I’’R2 – I’’R3) x 50 – I’’R3 x I’’R3R3 + I’’R2R2 – I’’R5R5 = 0 (Ohm’s Law)
100 – I’’R1 x 500 = 0 (2) I’’R3 x 100 + I’’R2 x 30 – (I’’R1 - I’’R3) x 200 = 0 (3)

From argument (1), (2), and (3) we have a system of equations:

{ ) x 150=0 ¿ ( I ) x 150+ ( I ' ' R 2−I ' ' R 3 ) x 50−I ' ' R 3 x 100−I ' ' R 1
'' '' '' '' ''
200−I ' ' R 2 x 30−(I ' '¿¿ R 2−I R3 ) x 50−( I R2 −I R3 R2 −I R3

I ' ' R 3 x 100+ I ' ' R 2 x 30−( I ''

R1 −I ''
R3) x 200=0
 I’’R1 = 0.3187 (A)
 I’’R2 = 0.9700 (A)
 I’’R3 = 0.1155 (A)
Current through resistor R4: I’’R4 = I’’R2 – I’’R3 = 0.8545 (A)
Original current through resistor R4: IR4 = I’R4 – I’’R4 = 6.6166A – 0.8545A = 5.7621 (A)
Using Ohm’s law, energy consumed by R4 in 1 hour:
ER4 = P R4 x t = VR4 x IR4 x t = IR42 x R4 x t = (5.7621A)2 x 50 Ω x 3600 s = 5976323.3540 J
2.6.2. Phase 2: Circuit construction and simulation configuration using Orcad Pspice
Figure 2.6.2,1: Original circuit
Figure 2.6.2,2: Remove voltage source V1
Figure 2.6.2,3: Remove current source I1
2.6.3. Phase 3: Simulation result and comparisons
Figure 2.6.3,1: Original circuit
Figure 2.6.3,2: Remove voltage source V1
Figure 2.6.3,3: Remove current source I1

ER4 = PR4 x t (J) I’ R4 (A) (Remove

I R4 = I’R4 – I’’R4 (A) I’’ R4 (A) (Remove I1)
(Original circuit) V1)
Simulation’s
1.6601K x 3600 = 6.6166 – 0.8545 =
measurement 6.6166 0.8545
5976360.0000 5.7621
result
Theoretical
5976323.3540 5.7621 6.6166 0.8545
calculated result
Table 2.6

3. Conclusions
In the following lab, a DC resistive circuit analysis was conducted with 6 different circuits, including
mathematical estimation, establishing simulations and eventually comparing the outcomes. In detail, for
theoretical calculation, a number of circuit analytical methods such as Ohm’s law, Thevenin Theorem and
Superposition Theorem were applied to determine the required missing value, while a software supporting
circuit construction and simulation measurement, namely OrCAD Capture and OrCAD Pspice
respectively, was utilized for examining calculated result. Nevertheless, because of some fractions being
rounded up during the theoretical evaluation, there were margin of difference between the outcomes from
analytical stage and simulation.
20
4. Lab work contribution and reflection
Member name Work contribution (%) Work contribution in words

25%

25%

25%

25%

5. Appendix

21
 Figure 2.1.3,1: Circuit setup using Orcad Psipice

Figure 2.2.2,1: Original circuit

Figure 2.2.2,2a: Thevenin approach: Remove R5

Figure 2.2.2,2b: Thevenin approach: Simplified circuit

22
 Figure 2.2.2,3a: Superposition approach: Remove current source I1

23
 Figure 2.2.2,3b: Superposition approach: Remove voltage source VS1

Figure 2.2.3,1: Original circuit

24
 Figure 2.2.3,2a: Thevenin approach: Remove R5

Figure 2.2.3,2b: Thevenin approach: Simplified circuit

Figure 2.2.3,3a: Superposition approach: Remove current source I1

25
 Figure 2.2.3,3b: Superposition approach: Remove voltage source VS1

26
 Figure 2.3.3,1: Original Circuit

Figure 2.4.3,1: Original circuit

27
 Figure 2.5.2,1: Original circuit

Figure 2.5.2,2: Remove resistor R1

28
 Figure 2.5.2,3: Simplified circuit

29
 Figure 2.5.3,1: Original circuit

30
 Figure 2.5.3,2: Remove resistor R1

Figure 2.5.3,3: Simplified circuit

Figure 2.6.2,1: Original circuit

31
 Figure 2.6.2,2: Remove voltage source V1

Figure 2.6.2,3: Remove current source I1

32
 Figure 2.6.3,1: Original circuit
33
 Figure 2.6.3,2: Remove voltage source V1

Figure 2.6.3,3: Remove current source I1

34