Classification of signals

Classification of Signal:
✔ Continuous time, Discrete time and Digital signal
✔ Deterministic and Random signal
✔ Casual and Non-casual signal
✔ Periodic and Non-periodic Signal
✔ Even and odd Signal
✔ Energy and Power Signal

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 Classification of signals
Continuous time (CT) signal :
✔ The signals that are defined for every instant of time is known as continuous time signals.
✔ Amplitude and time are continuous.
✔ They are denoted by x(t).
Discrete time (DT) signal :
✔ The signals that are defined at discrete instants of time is known as discrete time signals.
✔ Amplitude is continuous and time is discrete.
✔ They are denoted by x(n).
Digital signal :
✔ The signals that are discrete is time and quantized in amplitude are digital signals.
✔ Amplitude and time are discrete.

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 Classification of signals
Deterministic and Random Signal:
Deterministic signal : It can be represented by a mathematical equation.
Ex: x(n)= sin n
The nature and amplitude of such a signal at any time or discrete intervals can
be predicted.
Random signal: It cannot be displayed by a mathematical equation or
function.
Ex: ECG signal, Noise
Naturally obtained signals are known as random signal. Random signals can
be analyzed using probability of occurrence.
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 Classification of signals
Casual and Non-casual signal:
Casual signal:
A signal is said to be causal if its amplitude is zero for negative time or
discrete intervals.
x(n) = 0 for n<0
Non-casual signal:
A signal is said to be non- causal if its amplitude is zero for all positive
value of time or discrete intervals.
x(n) = 0 for n>0
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 Classification of signals
Periodic and Non-periodic Signal:

Periodic Signal :

A signal is said to be periodic if it satisfy the following condition.

x(n+N) = x(n) , for all n

Where N = Fundamental period of signal (Time Period)

Non-Periodic Signal :

A signal is said to be non-periodic if it satisfy the following condition.

x(n+N) ≠ x(n) , for all n

Where N = Fundamental period of signal (Time Period)

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 Classification of signals
Even (Symmetric) and Odd (Anti-symmetric) Signal:
Even Signal: If a signal has symmetry property about its origin and its is said to be even
signal and also it satisfy the following condition.
x[n] = x[−n]
The even components of signal will be calculated using,
Ex: x(n) = cos(n)
Odd Signal: If a signal has anti-symmetry property about its origin and its is said to be odd
signal and also it satisfy the following condition.
x[n] = −x[−n]
The odd components of signal will be calculated using,
Ex: x(n) = sin(n)

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 Classification of signals
Energy and Power Signal:
Energy of a Signal: The total energy of a signal x[n] is,

✔ Energy signal has finite and non-zero 0 < E < ∞ and its average power is zero
P = 0.
Power of a Signal: Power of the signal x[n] is,

✔ Power signal has finite and non zero 0 < P < ∞ and Infinite Energy E = ∞.

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PROBLEMS

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PROBLEMS

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PROBLEMS

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PROBLEMS

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PROBLEMS

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 OPERATION ON DT SIGNALS
1. Shifting

2. Time reversal or Time folding

3. Time Scaling
4. Scalar Multiplication
5. Signal Multiplier

6. Signal Addition
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 OPERATION ON DT SIGNALS
Shifting:
✔ It shift the value of the sequence by an integer.
✔ Shifting may be delay or advance the sequences in time.
✔ If x(n) is given input sequence,
then the output sequence may be
y(n) = x(n-k) ----------Right shift
y(n) = x(n+k) ----------Left shift
y(n) = x(-n-k) ----------Left shift
y(n) = x(-n+k) ----------Right shift

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OPERATION ON DT SIGNALS

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 OPERATION ON DT SIGNALS
Time reversal or Time folding:
✔ The time reversal of sequence x(n) can be obtained by folding the sequence about
n=0.

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 OPERATION ON DT SIGNALS
Time Scaling:
✔ The time scaling of sequence x(n) can be obtained by replaced n by ‘λn’ in the
sequence x(n).

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 OPERATION ON DT SIGNALS
Time Scaling:
✔ The time scaling of sequence x(n) can be obtained by replaced n by ‘λn’
in the sequence x(n).

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 OPERATION ON DT SIGNALS
Scalar Multiplication:
✔ The sequence x(n) is multiplied with scale factor of ‘a’.

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 OPERATION ON DT SIGNALS
Signal Multiplier:
✔ Two sequences can be multiplied by using multiplier.

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 OPERATION ON DT SIGNALS
Signal Adder:
✔ Two sequences can be added by using an adder.

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