Akhtamov A.A.

The only GRAMMAR BOOK

you’ll ever need

GRAMMARLAND
 Ingliz tili grammatikasi
Kitobni yozishda:
- Raymond Murphy “Essential Grammar in Use” (part I),
- Raymond Murphy “English Grammar in Use” (part II),
- Kachalova, Izrailovich “English”,
- M. Hewings “Advanced Grammar in Use”,
- V.L. Kaushanskaya “A Grammar of The English Language”,
- Betty Schrampfer Azar ‘’English Grammar’’ third edition,
- G. Alexander “Longman English Grammar Prictice”,
- Stuart Redman “English Grammar in Use”,
- Malcolm Mann “Destination B2”,
- Andrusiak I.V. “The Use of Articles in English”,
- Jennifer Seidl & W.McMordie “English idioms”,
- Michael McCarthy, “English vocabulary in Use”,
- Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary 8th edition,
- Muhammad G’apporov “Ingliz tili grammatikasi”,
- O’tkir Yusupov ” A Universal Grammar of The English
Language”,
www.fluent-english.ru ,
www.englishleaner.com
www.eslcafe.com
www.testland.ru
www.english4you.com internet sahifalari va boshqa manbalardan
foydalanildi.

-2-
 The Noun
Ot
Shaxs, buyum, hodisa yoki joyning nomini ifodalab Who? What? Savollaridan
biriga javob bo’luvchi so’zlarga The Noun (Ot) deyiladi.
Otlar shakliga ko’ra sodda, yasama va qo’shma otlarga bo’linadi:
Sodda otlar: Hech qanday qo’shimcha olmay faqat bitta so’zdan iborat otlar sodda
otlardir:
A book kitob a pen ruchka a school maktab a table stol
Yasama otlar: So’z yasovchi qo’chimchalar yordamida yasalgan otlar yasama otlar
deyiladi. Eng ko’p ishlatiladigan ot yasovchi qo’shimchalarga quyidagilar kiradi:
Old qo’shimchalar (prefixes)
auto - self: autobiography, automobile, autosave, automat
bi - two: bicycle, bilinguality, biangularity
cent, centi - hundred: centenary, centimetre
co - with, together: co-pilot, cooperation, co-author
con - with, together: context, contemporary
contra - against, opposite: contraflow, contra-injection, contraception
counter - against, opposite: counterrevolution, counterattack
deci - one tenth: decilitre, decimal, decillion
dis - reverse or opposite: discomfort, displeasure
ex - former: ex-wife, ex-president
fore - front: foreground, forehead
kilo - thousand: kilogram, kilowatt
maxi - most; very large: maximum
mega - million; very large: megabyte, megabucks
micro - very small: microchip
mid - in the middle of: mid-afternoon, midnight
milli - thousandth: millisecond, millimeter
mini - small: miniskirt, minibus
mono - one;single: monorail
non - not: nonsense, non-smoker, non-stop
nona - nine: nonagon
octa - eight: octagon
penta - five: pentagon
pre - before: preview
quad - four: quadruple, quadruplet
semi - half: semicircle
septa - seven: septagon
sub - below: subway, subtitles
super - extremely; more than:superman
tele - far; over a long distance: telecommunications
tri - three: triangle, tricycle
-3-
uni - one:single: uniform, unicell
Suffixes
-age a process or state: storage, shortage
-ance, an action, process or state:appearance, performance
-ence an action, process or state:intelligence, existence
-ancy an action, process or state:pregnancy
-ency an action, process or state:efficiency
-ant a person who does sth:assistant, immigrant
-ent a person who does sth:student
-ation a state or action:examination, organization
- dom a state or process: wisdom, freedom,boredom
-ee a person to whom sth is done:employee, trainee
-er a person who does sth: rider, painter, banker, driver
-ess a woman who does sth as a job:waitress, actress
-hood a stare, often during a particular period of time:childhood, motherhood
-ian a person who does sth as a job or hobby:historian, comedian, politician
-ist 1) a person who has studied sth or does sth as a job:artist, scientist, economist
2) a person who believes in sth or belongs to a particular
group:capitalist,pacifist, feminist
-ion a state or process:action, connection, exhibition
-ment a state, action or quality:development, arrangement
-ness a state or quality:kindness, happiness, weakness
-ology the study of a subject:biology, psychology, zoology
-or a person who does sth, often as a job: actor, conductor
-ship showing status:friendship, membership, citizenship

Qo’shma otlar: tarkibida bittadan ortiq so’z yoki predlog bo’lgan otlar qo’shma
otlardir:
postman – pochtachi mother-in-law - qaynona
aircraft – samolyot sunlight – quyoshnuri
go-between - dallol marry-go-round - karusel
forget-me-not - gul turi walking-stick - hassa
 Otlar atoqli (proper) va turdosh (common) otlarga bo’linadi.
Proper Nouns: Shaxs, buyum, voqea yoki joylarga atab qo’yilgan otlardir. Masalan:
Bukhara, Uzbekistan, The Pacific Ocean, Tom, World War II va hokazo.
Common Nouns: Bir xil turdagi otlarning umumiy nomidir.
Masalan: a book, a lesson, a friend, a town, sugar, water, fire, a building,…
 Otlar sanaladigan (Countable) va sanalmaydigan (Uncountable) bo’lishi
mumkin.
Countable Nouns: Odatda donalab sanaladigan otlardir. Masalan: a pen, a hen, a
boy, a book, a house, an apple…
Ularning birlik(singular) va ko’plik (plural) shakllari mavjud. Bu otlar odatda biror-
bir ko’rsatgich bilan ishlatiladi. Ko’rsatgichlarsiz kelmaydi.
I have got a pen. Menda ruchka bor.
Can you give me your book? Menga kitobingni bera olasanmi?
-4-
Ko’rsatgich odatda otdan oldin keladi. Ammo ot oldida sifat kelsa, ko’rsatgich sifatdan oldinga
chiqadi:
I have got a black pen. Menda qora ruchka bor.
Can you give me your English book? Menga ingliz tili kitobingni bera olasanmi?
(noaniq artikl sifat oldiga chiqqanda o’sha sifatning birinchi harfiga muvofiq ishlatiladi:
A book an interesting book (a interesting book EMAS)

Uncountable Nouns: Odatda donalab sanalmaydigan otlardir. Bularni biz

quyidagi guruhlarga bo’lishimiz mumkin:
a) Material nouns (Moddalarning nomlari):
paper qog’oz water suv flour un
wood yog’och air havo soup sho’rva
metal metal coffee kofe bread non
silver kumush wine vino meat go’sht
gold oltin butter saryog’
sand qum
b) Sport and some activities (sport turlari va ba’zi mashg’ulotlar):
football futbol shopping xarid gardening
tennis tennis swimming suzish bog’dorchilik
snooker snuker
c) Subjects (fan nomlari):
history tarix physics fizika biology biologiya
law huquq chemistry kimyo statistics statistika
mathematics matematika art san’at economics iqtisodiyot
geography geografiya
d) Languages (til nomlari):
Russian rus tili Uzbek o’zbek tili French fransuz tili
Greek grek tili German nemis tili Korean koreys tili
English ingliz tili Chinese xitoy tili
e) Abstract nouns (mavhum otlar):
advice maslahat beauty go’zallik damage zarar
love sevgi poverty kambag’allik information ma’lumot
hope umid luck omad weather ob-havo
f) Some of the collective nouns (jamlovchi otlarning ba’zilari) :
accommodation turar joy
baggage yuk furniture mebel traffic qatnov
luggage yuk equipment jihoz
 Quyidagilarni eslab qoling:
A piece/bit of cake/bread A flight of steps
Some pieces/bits of paper/wood A fall of snow
A piece/bit of news/information/advice A grain of sand/salt/rice/corn
A bar of chocolate/soap/gold A glass of water/milk
A barrel of oil/beer An item of information/news/
A blade of grass clothing/ furniture
A block of ice A jar of jam
A bowl of rice A length of material
A drop of water/oil/vinegar A loaf of bread
-5-
A lump of sugar/coal A tube of toothpaste
A sack of flour A bunch of flowers
A slice of bread/cake/meat/cheese A flock of sheep/birds
A speck of dust A pack of cards
A sheet of paper/metal/plastic/stamps A crowd of people
A stick of dynamite/chalk/celery A herd of cattle/goats
A strip of cloth/tape/land/water A set of cutlery/napkins/dishes/
A suit of clothes/armour tyres/sparking plugs/spanners
A tank of petrol
 Sanalmaydigan otlar faqat birlikda ishlatiladi.
Knowledge is power Bilim kuchdir.
No news is good news Yangilikning yo’qligi yaxshi yangilik
 Ular umumiy holatda ko’rsatgichlarsiz keladi:
I drink milk every morning. Men har tongda sut ichaman.
Love is blind. Sevgining ko’zi ko’r
 Ba’zi moddiy otlar quyidagicha ishlatilganda sanalishi mumkin:
Taqqoslang:
Sanalmaydigan:
This house is made of stone (brick). Bu uy tosh (g’isht) dan yasalgan.
Sanaladigan:
He carried a brick in each hand. U har bir qo’lida bittadan g’isht ko’tarib
keldi.
The boy threw a stone into the water. Bola suvga bitta tosh otdi.
 Ba’zi sanalmaydigan otlar shu otning har xil navi yoki turini ifodalab
sanaladigan otga aylanishi mumkin:
It is a good wine. Bu yaxshi vino.
He prefers Caucasian wines U Qrim vinosidan ko’ra Kavkaz vinosini
to Crimean wines. afzal ko’radi.
 Ba’zi sanalmaydigan otlar aniqlashib, ma’nosida biroz o’zgarish bo’lish
hisobiga sanaladigan otga aylanishi mumkin:
Tea
(choy ma’nosida sanalmaydigan, lekin bir chashka choy nazarda tutilsa, sanaladigan)
I like tea. Men choyni yaxshi ko’raman.
Three teas (cups of tea), please. Uchta choy keltiring, iltimos.
Bu kabi otlarga quyidagilar kiradi: beer, coffee, water; fruit, shampoo, toothpaste,
washing, powder, cake, chicken, land, noise, rain, snow, sound, space, stone,
abuse, (dis)agreement, business, conversation, difficulty, dislike, fear,
improvement, language, life, pain, pleasure, protest, success, thought, war.
 Ba’zi sanalmaydigan otlar ma’nosi butunlay o’zgarishi hisobiga sanaladigan
otga aylanishi mumkin:
Tin – tunika ma’nosida sanalmaydigan, konservaquti ma’nosida sanaladigan.
Iron – temir ma’nosida sanalmaydigan, dazmol ma’nosida sanaladigan.
Time – vaqt ma’nosida sanalmaydigan, marta ma’nosida sanaladigan.

-6-
Shu kabi otlarga quyidagilar kiradi: competition(1. musobaqa 2.bahs,munozara),
glass (1. stakan 2. shisha), grammar(1.grammatika kitob 2. grammatika), jam( 1.
to’da, uyum 2. murabbo), paper( 1. gazeta; ilmiy ish, yozma ish 2. qog’oz),
property(1. xususiyat, fazilat, xislat 2.mol-mulk ), room(1. xona 2. joy), sight(1.
manzara 2. ko’rish qobiliyati), speech(1. ma’ruza, nutq 2.so’zlay bilish qobiliyati),
work(1. ilmiy yoki ijodiy ish: rasm, kitob, diplom ishi… 2.ish).

Otlarning ko’plik shaklining yasalishi

Otlarning birlik (singular) va ko’plik (plural) shakllari mavjud. U quyidagicha
yasaladi:
 Odatda ingliz tilida otlarning ko’plik shakli ularga –s qo’shish orqali yasaladi:
book - books chair - chairs
shoe - shoes girl - girls
year - years table - tables
Ammo, hamma otlarning ham ko’plik shakli bunday yasalavermaydi.
-ss, -s, -x, -ch, -sh harflari bilan tugagan otlarda –es qo’shish orqali yasaladi:
glass - glasses bus - buses
fish - fishes church- churches
fox - foxes
 -y bilan tugagan otlarda 2 xil shakl bilan yasaladi:
a) agar –y harfidan oldin undosh harf kelsa, y – i ga aylanadi va -es qo’shiladi:
fly - flies baby - babies
city - cities party - parties
b) agar –y harfidan oldin unli harf kelsa, y o’zgarmaydi va unga –s qo’shiladi:
day - days boy - boys
key - keys
 -f harfi bilan tugagan otlarda f – v ga aylanib, -es qo’shiladi:
life - lives knife - knives
leaf - leaves wife - wives
wolf - wolves loaf - loaves
istisnolar:
chief - chiefs safe - safes
handkerchief - handkerchiefs belief - beliefs
roof - roofs cliff - cliffs
 -o harfi bilan tugagan otlarga –es qo’shiladi:
echo - echoes istisnolar:
hero - heroes photo - photos
tomato - tomatoes piano - pianos
cargo - cargoes kilo - kilos
video - videos solo - solos
studio - studios zoo - zoos
auto - autos
radio - radios
kangaroo - kangaroos
 ba’zi otlar ko’plik shaklida –s ni ham, -es ni ham olishi mumkin: mosquito,
tornado, volcano, wharf, dwarf, hoof, scarf)

-7-
  Ba’zi otlarning ko’plik shakli o’zakdan o’zgarish hisobiga yasaladi:
man - men louse - lice
woman - women ox - oxen
foot - feet child - children
tooth - teeth person - people
goose - geese penny - pence
mouse - mice
 Ba’zi grek va lotin tilidan olingan otlar o’z tilidagi ko’plik shaklini saqlab qolgan:
bacterium - bacteria (latin) criterion - criteria (Greek)
datum - data basis - bases (Greek)
addendum - addenda crisis - crises (Greek)
erratum - errata oasis - oases (Greek)
memorandum - memoranda
phenomenon - phenomena
 Ba’zi sanaladigan otlarning ko’plik va birlik shakllari bir xil:
fruit,sheep, fish, swine, deer (va boshqa go’shti uchun ovlanadigan hayvonlar
nomlari), craft (aircraft, etc).
- I have many sheep at home. Uyda ko’p qo’ylarim bor.
- Three military aircraft were destroyed. Uchta harbiy samalyot vayron
qilindi.
- I caught each and every one of these Bu baliqlarning har birini o’zim fish
myself. tutdim.
Lekin: bu otlarning turlari nazarda tutilganda ko’plik qo’shimchasi oladi: fishes, fruits
- I’ve never seen so many different fishes. Umrimda baliqlarning buncha ko’p turini
ko’rganim yoq.
- The fishes of the Fraser River include salmon Frazer daryosi baliqlariga lasos va
and sturgeon. osyotr kiradi.

 Family, team, government kabi insonlar guruhini ko’rsatadigan otlar ko’plik

ma’nosida ham birlik ma’nosida ham ishlatilishi mumkin. Ko’plikda
ishlatilganda, bu otlar bilan fe’l ham, olmosh ham ko’plikda bo’ladi, nisbiy
olmosh esa who ishlatiladi):
- My family have decided to move to Tashkent. Oilamiz Toshkentga ko’chib
ketishga qaror qildi.
- My family do all they can for me. Oilam men uchun qo’lidan
kelganini qiladi.
- My family, who are all teachers, cannot Hammasi o’qituvchilar
sit round the table not discussing something. hisoblangan oilam stol atrofiga
biror narsani muhokama
qilmasdan o’tirisholmaydi.

 Agar ushbu otlar guruh a’zolarini emas mavhum ot bo’lib kelganida ular
birlikda ishlatiladi (nisbiy olmosh which bilan keladi):
- My family, which is the biggest in town, Shaxardagi eng katta hisoblangan
consists of eight girls and seventeen boys. oilam, sakkiz qiz va 17 ta o’g’ildan
iborat.
- The average family, whichhas four To’rtta kishidan iborat o’rtacha oilaga
members, needs to have 200$ a month. oyiga 200$ kerak bo’ladi.
-8-
  (-sh, -ch, - ss , - ese bilan tugagan millat nomalari aniq artikl bilan kelib butun
millatni ifodalab ko’plik ma’nosida keladi, lekin ko’plik qo’shimchasini
olmaydi:
The English, The French, The Dutch, The Swiss, The Chinese, The Japanese …
 Faqat ko’plik shakli mavjud, ammo birlikda ham ko’plikda ham ishlatiladigan
otlar:
works, zavod Swiss, Shvedsariyalik species tur nav
means, vosita series, seriya; ketma- ( hayvonlarga
barracks, kazarma ketlik, qator. nisbattan)
crossroads, chorraha
- My father works at a new works Mening otam yangi zavodda ishlaydi.
- There are many works in our district. Bizning tumanda zavodlar ko’p.

Qo’shma otlarning ko’plik shakli

yasalishi
 Asosiy ma’no anglatuvchi ot ko’plik shaklini oladi:
custom-house - custom-houses bojxona
hotel-keeper - hotel-keepers mehmonxona xo’jayini
son-in-law - sons-in-law kuyov
man-of-war - men-of-war harbiy kema
 Qo’shib yoziladigan qo’shma otlarning oxirgi so’zi ko’plik shaklini oladi:
schoolboy - schoolboys maktab bolasi
housewife - housewives uy bekasi
postman - postmen pochtachi
 Agar qo’shma otning birinchi so’zi man yoki woman li aniqlovchi bo’lsa,
unda ikkala so’z ham ko’plik shaklini oladi:
man-servant men-servants erkak xizmatkor
woman-doctor women-doctors ayol shifokor
 Agar qo’shma otning tarkibida ot so’z turkumidagi so’z ishtirok etmagan
bo’lsa, ko’plik qo’shimchasi –s qo’shma otning oxiriga qo’shiladi:
Forget-me-not forget-me-nots bo’tako’z (gul turi)
Merry-go-round merry-go-rounds karusel

Faqat birlikda ishlatiladigan otlar

 Sanalmaydigan otlar faqat birlikda ishlatiladigan otlardir. (5-betga qarang):
sugar, shakar baggage, yuk money, pul
iron, temir traffic, qatnov hair, soch
love, sevgi information, ma’lumot machinery
freedom, ozodlik progress yutuq (lekin machine
advice, maslahat knowledge, bilim sanaladigan ot)
luggage, yuk news, yangilik

-9-
Put some sugar in my tea. Choyimga biroz shakar soling.
He usually gives me good advice. U odatda menga yaxshi maslahat
beradi.
What is the news? Nima yangilik?(yangiliklar emas)

 Ba’zi ko’plik shakli qo’shimchasi olganiga qaramasdan faqat birlikda

ishlatiladi:
Billiards, draughts kabi o’yin nomlari:
Draughts is an easier game than chess. Shashka shaxmatdan osonroq o’yin.
Measles, rabies kabi kasallik nomlari:
Rabies is widespread in Europe. Suvdan qo’rqish kasali Yevropada keng
tarqalgan.
Athletics, politics, statistics, mathematics kabi fan nomlari:
Mathematics is a difficult subject. Matematika qiyin fan.

Faqat ko’plikda ishlatiladigan otlar

 Juft holda ishlatiladigan otlarning ko’pchiligi: trousers, spectacles, scales,
tongs, scissors, glasses, pants, jeans, pyjamas, binoculars. (bularning birlik
shakli mavjud emas).
 Va boshqa otlar: goods, contents, clothes, proceeds, wages, riches,
manners, the Middle Ages, oats, outskirts, regards, congratulations,
remains, savings.
 People so’zi ‘odamlar’ ma’nosida ko’plik, ammo ‘xalq’ ma’nosida birlik
hisoblanadi va –s qo’shimchasini olishi mumkin:
He doesn’t care what people say. Odamlarning nima deyishi
uniqiziqtirmaydi.
The Uzbek people is very hospitable. O’zbek xalqi juda
mehmondo’st.
The peoples of the world (Abby lingvo dic.) Dunyo xalqlari.
 The police va cattle so’zlari ham doim ko’plikda ishlatiladi.
The police have arrested him recently. Yaqinda uni politsiya xibsga oldi.
Young cattle are calves. Yosh qoramollar buzoqlardir.
Otlarda qaratqich kelishigi
 Ingliz tilida ‘s qaratqich kelishigi qo’shimchasi hisoblanadi:
Boy’s – bolaning children’s – bolalarning my father’s – otamning
Dickens’s – Dikensning Mr Lewis’s – janob Levisning
 Ko’plik qo’shimchasi s olib yasalgan ko’plikdagi otlardan keyin ‘s o’rniga ‘
ishlatiladi:
Boys’ – bolalarning parents’ – ota-onalarning
 Biz to’liq bir jumlaga ‘s yoki ‘ ni qo’shishimiz mumkin:
The man next door’s wife Qo’shni xonada yashaydigan kishining xotini
Paul and Mary’s dog Paul va Marining iti
- 10 -
  Chiqizcha bilan bog’langan qo’shma otlarda oxirgi so’zga qo’shiladi:
The commander-in-chief’s order
My brother-in-law’s library (K.N. Kachalova page 20)
 Qaratqich qo’shimchali iboralarda (A) tirik narsaning oti bo’lganda (A’s B)
shaklida yasaladi:
My father’s house (the house of my father EMAS).
 Agar (A) jonsiz narsa bo’lsa unda (the B of A) shakli ishlatilishi mumkin:
The plan’s importance YOKI the importance of the plan.
 Biz odatda aniq bir payt, kun, hafta kabilar bilan qaratqich kelishigini
ishlatamiz:
Last Sunday’s paper? O’tgan yakshanbaning gazetasi
This year’s profits. Shu yilning foydasi.
Lekin ko’rsatilayotgan vaqt ko’rsatgichi umumiylikni ko’rsatsa unda qaratqich
kelishigi ishlatilmaydi:
The nine o’clock news (the nine o’clock’s news EMAS). To’qqizlik
yangiliklar.
A Sunday paper (a Sunday’s paper EMAS) Yakshanbalik gazeta.
 Sonlar bilan boshlangan vaqt o’lchovini ko’rsatadigan iboralar bilan ham
ishlatiladi:
Ten minuts’ walk. O’n minutlik yo’l.
Two weeks’ holiday. Ikki haftalik ta’til.
A month’s holiday bir oylik ta’til
A kilometre’s distance bir kilometrlik masofa
 Ba’zan esa qaratqich kelishisiz ikkita ot ketma-ket keladi, bunda birinchi ot
sifat vazifasida keladi:
Tennis shoes A race-horse (a garden flower)
The car door (a horse-race) Milk chocolate
Orange juice A flower garden (chocolate milk)
Bu iboralarda ma’nosi ko’plik bo’lsa ham birinchi ot odatda birlikda ishlatiladi:
A shoe shop A bus stop
Bean soup apple pie
 Bunday (ot + ot) iboralari qo’shib (a sheepdog), chiziqcha bilan ajratilib (a
horse-race) yoki shunchaki ketma-ket kelishi mumkin (milk chocolate). Bu
yasalishlar bo’yicha aniq qoida mavjud emas.
 Lekin odatda ot‘s + ot strukturasini quyidagi holatlarda qo’llaymiz:
A) Birinchi ot ikkinchi otning foydalanuvchisi bo’lsa (inson yoki hayvon):
A baby’s bedroom a lion’s den a women’s clinic
B) Ikkinchi ot birinchi ot (odatda hayvon) ning mahsuloti bo’lsa:
goat’s cheese duck’s eggs cow’s milk
C) Inson yoki hayvon tanasining qismlari haqida gapirganimizda:
A woman’s face a boy’s arm a whale’s tail a giraffe’s neck
Lekin: buyumlarning qismlari haqida gapirganimizda ot + ot strukturasini
qo’llaymiz:
A pen top a computer keyboard the window frame

- 11 -
 Otlarda rod
Ingliz tilida rod rus tili kabi murakkab emas.
Ba’zi otlarning qaysi rodga tegishli ekanligini ko’rsatish

boy-friend girl-friend
he-cousin she-cousin
he-wolf she-wolf
actor actress
host hostess
poet poetess
waiter waitress
lion lioness
tiger tigress
nephew niece
Hero heroine

THE ADJECTIVE
Sifat
Shaxs yoki buyumning rangini, ta’mini, belgi-xususiyatini, hajm-o’lchovini
bildirgan so’zlar sifat deyiladi.

 Sifatlar shakl jihatdan sodda, yasama va qo’shma bo’lishi mumkin.

a) Sodda sifatlar – biror bir qo’shimcha olmasdan, bir so’zdan iborat bo’lgan
sifatdir: white - oq, young- yosh, tall- uzun, new- yangi, clever- aqlli, wide-
keng, short- qisqa, deep- chuqur, hard- qattiq, difficult- qiyin.
b) Yasama sifatlar – old yoki orqa qo’shimchalar qo’shish orqali yasalgan
sifatlardir.
Eng ko’p tarqalgan ort qo’shimchalar (Suffixes):
-ful: useful, wonderful foydali, ajoyib
-less: helpless, useless foydasiz, foydasiz
-ous: famous, generous mashhur, saxiy
-al: formal, general rasmiy, umumiy
-able/ible: eatable, valuable yeb bo’ladigan, qadrli
-y: sunny, funny quyoshli, kulgili(!)
-ic: fantastic, magic ajoyib, sehrli
-ive: active, attractive faol, jozibali
Eng ko’p tarqalgan old qo’shimchalar (Prefixes):
Un-: unhappy, ungrateful baxtsiz, noshukr
In-: incomplete, indefinite chala, noaniq
c) Qo’shma sifatlar - 2 yoki undan ortiq so’zdan yasalgan sifatlardir:
Dark-blue to’q ko’k Blue-eyed ko’k ko’z
Snow-white oppoq Left-handed chapaqay
Curly-haired jingalak soch
- 12 -
 Degrees of Comparison
Sifat darajalari
 Sifatlarning 3 xil darajasi mavjud:
1. Oddiy daraja (The Positive Degree):
Bu darajada sifat hech qanday qo’shimcha olmaydi: good, white, beautiful, …
Bunda taqqoslash ham, ajratib ko’rsatish ham bo’lmaydi:
This book is very interesting. Bu kitob juda qiziqarli.
I have a good friend. Mening bir yaxshi do’stim bor.
2. Qiyosiy daraja (The Comparative Degree):
Sifatlar darajalanish xususiyatiga ko’ra 3 xil bo’ladi:
a) Bir yoki ba’zi ikki bo’g’indan iborat sodda sifatlar. Bu sifatlarga –er qo’shish
orqali qiyosiy darajasi yasaladi:
old – older long – longer short – shorter
b) Yasama sifatlar, ba’zi ikki bo’g’indan iborat sifatlar va uch yoki undan ortiq
bo’g’indan iborat sifatlar. Bu sifatlar oldidanmore kelish orqali yasaladi:
beautiful-more beautiful difficult-more difficult
c) Noto’g’ri sifatlar. Bu turdagi sifatlarning darajalari o’zakdan o’zgarish orqali
yasaladi:
good – better little – less many – more
bad – worse much – more
Bu daraja odatda taqqoslashda ishlatiladi:
This book is more interesting than yours. Bu kitob siznikidan ko’ra qiziqarliroq.
Winter is a good season, but Spring is better. Qish yaxshi fasl, lekin bahor
yaxshiroq.
3. Orttirma daraja(The Superlative Degree):
Bunda ham 3 xil yasalish mavjud:
a) bir yoki ikki bo’g’indan iborat sifatlarga –est qo’shish orqali yasaladi:
old-the oldest long-the longest short-the shortest
b) Yasama sifatlar va uch yoki undan ortiq bo’g’indan iborat sodda sifatlarga
oldidan the most qo’shish orqali yasaladi:
beautiful-the most beautiful difficult-the most difficult
c) Noto’g’ri sifatlar o’zakdan o’zgarish yo’li bilan yasaladi:
good-the best little – the least many – the most
bad-the worst much – the most
Bu daraja odatda ajratib ko’rsatishda ishlatiladi:
This is the most interesting book in the library. Bu kutubxonadagi eng qiziqarli
kitob.
There are many people in the world, but my Dunyoda odamlar ko’p, lekin
friend is the best. mening do’stim eng yaxshisi.
 Qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarning o’zgarishida quyidagicha o’zgarishlar sodir
bo’ladi:
a) agar sifat –e harfi bilan tugagan bo’lsa, qiyosiyda –r va orttirmada –st
qo’shiladi:
large katta larger the largest
brave jasur braver the bravest
ripe pishgan riper the ripest
 b) agar sifat qisqa unlidan keyin bitta undosh bilan tugagan bo’lsa, qiyosiy va
orttirma darajalar qo’shimchalar qo’shilganda oxirgi undosh ikkilanadi:
big katta bigger the biggest
hot issiq hotter the hottest
thin yupqa thinner the thinnest
wet ho’l wetter the wettest
c) agar sifat undoshdan keyin kelgan y harfi bilan tugagan bo’lsa, y – i ga
aylanib, -er, yoki –est qo’shiladi:
busy band busier the busiest
easy oson easier the easiest
dirty kir dirtier the dirtiest
d) agar sifat unlidan keyin kelgan y bilan tugagan bo’lsa, y o’zgarmaydi:
gay sho’x gayer the gayest

Oddiy daraja Qiyosiy daraja Orttirma daraja

Sharp Sharper The sharpest
Cold Colder The coldest
Deep Deeper The deepest
Oxiri –y, -ow, -er, -le bilan tugagan ikki bo’g’inli sifatlar ham –er va –est olish yo’li
bilan darajalanadi:
Funny Funnier The funniest
Busy Busier The busiest
Clever Cleverer The cleverest
Narrow Narrower The narrowest
Able Abler The ablest
Noble Nobler The noblest
 Far sifatining qiyosiy va orttirma darajasi ikki xil yasaladai:
farther the farthest
Far uzoq
further the furthest
masofaga nisbattan ikkalasi ham bir xil ishlatilishi mumkin. Further shuningdek
“qo’shimcha, keyingi” ma’nosida ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
- I have obtained further information Men bu masaladagi eng so’nggi
on this matter. axborotni oldim.
- Please, send me the books back without Iltimos, kitoblarni boshqa
further delay kechiktimasdan qaytarib
yuboring.
Superior(Yaxshiroq, balandroq) va
Inferior(yomonroq, pastroq) sifatlari lotin tilidan kirib kelgan va qiyosiy, orttirma
darajalari mavjud emas. Bu sifatlardan keyin than ning o’rniga to keladi:
These samples are superior/inferior Bu namunalar ularga qaraganda
to those. yaxshiroq/yomonroq.
 Qiyosiy darajaning signallari sifatida quyidagilarni keltirish mumkin:
than -ga qaraganda

- 14 -
much, many, far, a bit, a little, even (yanayam ma’nosida) so’zlaridan keyin
sifatning qiyosiy darajasi kelib, bular ma’noni kuchaytirib keladi.
- Tom is taller than you. Tom senga qaraganda uzunroq.
- You’re much better today. Siz bugun ancha yaxshiroqsiz.
- It was the worst week in the history of Bu Yevropa tarixidagi eng yomon
Europe - and there were many more to follow. hafta edi – va hali sodir
bo’ladigan narsa ancha ko’p edi.
- Can you speak a bit (a little) louder, please! Biroz balandroq gapirolmaysizmi,
iltimos.
- The next day he did his work even better. Keyingi kun u o’z ishini yanayam
yaxshiroq bajardi.
 Orttirma darajaning signallari sifatida quyidagilarni keltirish mumkin:
of -ning among orasida one of -dan biri
in -dagi ever biror marta … I have mendagi
- He is one of the best friends of mine. U mening eng yaxshi
do’stlarimdan biri.
- She is the most beautiful among her friends. U dugonalari orasidan eng
chiroylisi.
- Bill Gates is the richest man in the world. Bill Gates dunyodagi eng boy
inson.
- It’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read. Bu men o’qigan kitoblar ichidan
eng qiziqarlisi.

Lekin:
- There is a beautiful girl among my friends. Do’stlarim orasida bir chiroyli qiz
bor.
- There is a rich man in the world whom I know. Dunyoda men taniydigan bir boy
odam bor.
 And teng bog’lovchisi bilan bog’langan sifatlar agar hech qanday signal
kelmaganda ikkalasi ham qiyosiy darajada bo’ladi va o’zgarib borayotgan
holatni ifodalaydi:
- The price of cars is getting cheaper and cheaper. Mashinalarning narxi
borgan sari arzonlashib
boryapti.
 Biror bir signal kelganda o’sha signal ifodalaydigan darajada bo’ladi:
- Susan is the youngest and the most beautiful Suzan shaxrimizdagi eng yosh va
girl in our town. eng go’zal qiz.
- Susan is a young and beautiful girl. Suzan yosh va chiroyli qiz.
 Qiyosiy va orttirma darajadagi sifatlar aniqlab kelgan otlar tushib qolganda
sifat otlashib keladi. Bunda otlashgan sifat artikl olishi mumkin va odatda of
predlogi ishlatiladi:
John is the cleverest of the boys. Jon bolalarning eng aqllisi.
He is the youngest of these two boys. U o’sha ikki bolaning eng yoshi.

 Gerund va Past Participle ham sifat vazifasida kelishi mumkin:

- 15 -
Bunda Past Participle shaklidagi sifatning ma’nosi majhul nisbatdagi fe’lga yaqin
bo’ladi, Gerund shaklidagi sifatniki esa aniq nisbatdagi fe’lga:
- Can you see that broken cup? Ana u singan chashkani
ko’ryapsanmi?
- A rolling stone gathers no moss. Dumalayotgan toshni zah o't
bosmas.
Aktiv Passiv
Interesting - qiziqarli Interested - qiziqqan
Tiring - charchatadigan Tired - charchagan
Worrying - xavotirlantiradigan Worried - xavotirlangan
Ishlatilishi:

 Qiyosiy daraja odatda 2 shaxs, predmet yoki guruh o’rtasida bo’lishi mumkin:
I am older than you. Mening yoshim senikidan kattaroq.
(ba’zan than bilan kelib undan ortig’ida ham ishlatilishi mumkin)
Mary was more beautiful than Mary uchchala opasiga qaraganda chiroyliroq
her three sisters edi.
*His car is better than any car in the town. Uning mashinasi shaxardagi har qanday
mashinadan yaxshiroq.
 Orttirma daraja esa odatda 3 yoki undan ortiq shaxs, predmet yoki guruh
o’rtasida ishlatiladi:
My brother has three sons and Akamning 3 ta o’g’li bor va Nick ularning
Nick is the tallest son among them. ichidan eng bo’yi uzuni.
 Sifatlarning ozaytirma darajasini hosil qilish uchun sifatlar oldiga less, the
least so’zlarini qo’yamiz:
Pleasant less pleasant the least pleasant
Yoqimli unchalik yoqimli emas eng yoqimsiz
- It is the least pleasant thing I’ve ever done. Bu hayotimda qilgan eng
yoqimsiz ish.
 Ikkita bir xil darajadagi sifatni teng qiyoslash uchun oddiy darajadagi sifatni
as … as o’rtasiga qo’yamiz:
- You are as clever as my brother. Sen xuddi meni ukam kabi
aqllisan.
Bo’lishsiz gapda esa not so … as (ba’zan not as… as) ishlatiladi:
- You are not so clever as my brother. Sen meni ukam kabi aqlli
emassan.
 Bir necha martalab qiyoslashda as…as dan oldin twiceikki marta,three times
uch marta ,... so’zlari qo’yiladi:
- My room is twice as wide as yours. Mening xonam senikidan 2 marta
keng.
 As … as o’rtasida ba’zan ot ham kelishi mumkin. Bunda, agar ot sanaladigan
bo’lsa o’sha ot oldida many, agar sanalmaydigan bo’lsa much qo’yiladi:
I have as much knowledge as you have. Mening ham seningcha bilimim
bor.
I want to have as many books asI saw Men Piternikida ko’rganim kabi
- 16 -
at Peter’s.
When we took a three day trip to Detroit
last month, we took twice as many clothes
as we needed.
(Ba’zan otni takrorlamaslik uchun many yoki much ning o’zi ham kelishi mumkin):
I have a lot of pens. I can give you
as many as you like.
Your father is very rich. Ask him as much as
you need to buy a car.
ko’p kitoblarim bo’lishini
xohlayman.
O’tgan oyda Detroytga uch kunlik
sayohatga chiqqanimizda, bizga
keragidan ikki barobar ko’p kiyim
olib chiqdik.
Mening ruchkalarim ko’p. Senga
xohlaganingcha berishim
mumkin.
Otang juda boy. Undan mashina
olishing uchun qancha kerak
bo’lsa, shuncha so’ra.

 As… as possible:
As quick as possible iloji boricha tezroq
As short as possible iloji boricha kaltaroq.
(lekin ravish bo’lganda as quickly as possible bo’ladi)
Try to do it as quickly as possible. Buni iloji boricha tezroq
bajarishga harakat qil.
 Ikkinchi buyum tushib qolganda ikkinchi as ham tushib qoladi:
- He is twice as old. Uning yoshi 2 marta katta.
2 marta kam iborasi quyidagicha yasaladi:
- I’ve half as many English books as French Mendagi Ingliz tili kitoblari
Fransuz tili kitoblaridan 2 marta
kam.
- He is half my age. Uning yoshi mening yoshimdan 2
marta kichik.
 Ba’zan ikkita qiyosiy darajadagi sifat and bilan bog’lanib o’sha holatning
o’zgarib borishini ko’rsatadi (odatda continous zamonlar bilan keladi):
- It’s winter. The days are becoming colder Hozir qish. Kunlar borgan sari
and colder. sovib boryapti.
All is getting worse and worse day by day. Hamma narsa kundan kun
yomonroq bo’lib borayapti.

 a most‘juda’ ma’nosida ham ishlatilishi mumkin:

- He owns a most expensive car. Uning judayam qimmat mashinasi bor.
- If the paintings portray her accurately, Agar bizgacha kelgan gaplar rost
she was indeed a most beautiful woman. bo’lsa, u takrorlanmas go’zallikka
ega ayol bo’lgan.

- 17 -
 Qo’sh qiyoslash
The + sifatning qiyosiy … , the + sifatning qiyosiy … Qancha …, Shuncha.
darajasi darajasi

The bigger they are, the harder they fall. Qanchalik katta bo’lsalar,
shunchalik qattiq yiqiladilar.

The harder you work, the more you will earn. Qancha qattiq ishlasang, shuncha
ko’p pul topasan.
 Enough so’zi sifat va ravishlarni aniqlab kelganda ulardan keyin keladi:
- You’re not old enough to marry. Sen turmushga chiqish uchun hali
yetarlicha katta emassan.
Enough otlardan odatda oldin keladi va ko’rsatgich hisoblanadi, (ba’zan keyin ham
kelishi mumkin):
- Do you have enough sugar for the cake? Pirog uchun yetarlicha
shakaringiz bormi?

Sifatlarning tartibi
Ko'rsatgich

O’lcham,

Material

Maqsad
uzunlik

chiqish
Sanoq

hajm,
Tartib
sonlar

sonlar

Kelib
Rang
Fikr

OT
The /first /two /beautiful /wide /black /russian /wooden /writing /table.
Birinchi ikkita chiroyli keng qora rus yog’och yozuv stoli.
Two beautiful uzbek girls. Ikkita chiroyli o’zbek qizi.
A long wooden stick. Uzun yog’och tayoq.

- 18 -
 The Adverb
Ravish

Ravish deb ish-harakatning qanday? qayerda? qachon? sodir bo’lganini bildiruvchi

so’zlarga aytiladi.

- He works hard. U qattiq ishlaydi.

- He lives here. U shu yerda yashaydi.
- I haven’t met him lately. Men uni oxirgi paytlarda uchratganim yo’q.
Ravish gapda hol bo’lib keladi.

Ravishlarning turlari
1. O’rin-joy ravishlari:here shu (bu) yerda, there u yerda where qayerda, qayerga,
inside ichida, ichiga, outside tashqarida, tashqariga, above yuqorida, yuqoriga,
below pastda, pastga, somewhere, anywhere biror joyda, biror joyga, nowhere
hech qayerda, elsewhere boshqa biror joyda va boshqalar.
 Somewhere ravishi bo’lishli gaplarda ishlatiladi:
I left my umbrella somewhere. Men soyabonimni qayerdadir qoldiribman.
 Anywhere asosanso’roq va bo’lishsiz gaplarda ishlatiladi:
Are you going anywhere tomorrow? Sen ertaga biror joyga boryapsanmi?
 Nowhere asosan qisqa javoblarda ishlatiladi:
- Where did you go after supper? Kechki ovqatdan keyin qayerga bording?
- Nowhere. Hech qayerga.

Boshqa hollarda nowhere ravishi kam ishlatiladi, uning o’rniga not … anywhere
ishlatiladi:
- They went nowhere after supper = They did not go anywhere after supper.
Nowhere dan keyin fe’l bo’lishli shaklda keladi, chunki ingliz tilida bitta gapda
faqat bitta inkor bo’lishi mumkin.

2. Payt ravishlari:now hozir, endi when –da, vaqtida, paytda then so’ngra, o’shanda
today bugun yesterday kecha tomorrow ertaga before oldin, ilgari lately yaqinda,
so’nggi paytlarda recently yaqinda, shu kunlarda, once bir kun ever biror vaqt, biror
marta never hech qachon always har doim sometimes ba’zan, goho already
allaqachon yet hali, allaqachon still hali ham, haligacha since dan buyon va
boshqalar.
 Never ravishi bilan bo’lishli shakldagi fe’l keladi, chunki ingliz tilida bitta
gapda faqat bitta inkor kelishi mumkin.
- I have never been there. Men u yerda hech qachon
bo’lmaganman.
 Yet ravishi bo’lishsiz gaplarda hali, hali ham deb tarjima qilinadi:
- Where is Tom? - He isn’t here yet. - Tom qayerda? - U hali bu yerda emas.
It hasn’t stopped raining yet. Hali yomg’ir yog’ishdan to’xtagani yo’q.
- 19 -
 Lekin: Bo’lishli so’roq gaplarda allaqachon ma’nosida ishlatiladi (bunda ‘ha’
javobi kutiladi):
- Are you ready to go yet? Ketishga allaqachon tayyordirsiz?
- Not yet. Wait a moment. Hali emas. Bir lahza kuting.
 Already ravishi ham allaqachon ma’nosida darak va so’roq gaplarda
ishlatiladi. So’roq gaplarda ishlatilganda, yet dan farqli ravishda biror ish-
harakatning bunchalik tez sodir bo’lganiga ajablanish, hayratlanish ni
ifodalaydi.
- Have you finished your work yet? Siz ishingizni allaqachon tugatgandirsiz?
- Have you already finished your work? Siz ishingizni allaqachon tugatib
bo’ldingizmi? (darrov-a?)
3. O’lchov va daraja ravishlari: much ko’p little kam very juda too o’ta so shunday
enough yetarli hardly, scarcely arang, zo’rg’a nearly, almost deyarli va boshqalar.
a) much ravishi ko’p ma’nosida so’roq va bo’lishsiz gaplarda ishlatiladi. Darak
gaplarda uning o’rniga a lot, a great deal kabilar ishlatiladi.
Much ravishi darak gaplarda very, rather, too, so, as, how kabilar bilan birgalikda
kelishi mumkin:
- He reads very much. U juda ko’p o’qiydi.
- He plays football too much. U juda ko’p futbol o’ynaydi.
b) little ravishi oz ma’nosida xuddi much kabi darak gaplarda very, rather, too, so,
as, how kabilar bilan keladi. Little yuqoridagi ravishlarsiz kelganda uning o’rniga
not… much ishlatiladi:
- I usually read books very little. Men odatda kitoblarni juda kam o’qiyman.
- He does not read much. U ko’p o’qimaydi.
c) hardly, scarcely ravishlari ko’pincha any, anybody, anything, anywhere, ever
so’zlari bilan birga keladi. Bunda ular o’zbek tiliga bo’lishsiz shaklda, yo’q desa
ham bo’ladi, deyarli deb tarjima qilinadi:
- There were hardly (scarcely) any Ko’chada deyarli hech kim yo’q edi.
people in the street.
 Agar hardly gapning boshida kelsa, gap inversiyaga uchrab, hardly dan keyin
fe’l keladi:
- Hardly had she gone to sleep than it was time to get up again.
d) nearly va almost ravishlari darak gaplarda ishlatiladi. Bu ravishlar fe’lga
aloqador bo’lib kelganida sal qoldi deb tarjima qilinadi:
- I have nearly (almost) finished my work. Men ishimni deyarli tamomlagan edim.
- I nearly (almost) made a mistake. Xato qilishimga sal qoldi.
- I nearly (almost) fell. Yiqilib tushishimga sal qoldi.
Nearly va almost ravishlari odatda bo’lishsiz fe’llar bilan ishlatilmaydi.
4. Holat ravishlari:well yaxshi, fast, quickly tez, tezlik bilan slowly asta, sekin,
sekinlik bilan quietly tinch, tinchgina easily osonlik bilan, osongina va boshqalar.
Bu turdagi ravishlarning ko’pchiligi sifatga –ly qo’shimchasini qo’shish orqali
yasaladi.
5. too, also, either, else, only, even so’zlari ham ravishlardir.

- 20 -
  Too ravish va sifatlardan oldin kelganda juda, o’ta deb; bo’lishli gaplarning
oxirida kelganda ham deb tarjima qilinadi. Either ham gapning oxirida ham
deb tarjima qilinadi. Too dan farqi bo’lishsiz gaplarda ishlatiladi:
- I shall be there too. Men ham u yerda bo’laman.
- I shan’t be there either. Men ham u yerda bo’lmayman.
 Also ham too kabi darak va so’roq gaplarda ishlatiladi, ham deb tarjima
qilinadi. Odatda ega yoki yordamchi fe’ldan keyin keladi:
- They also agreed with me. Ular ham mening fikrimga qo’shilishadi.
 Else yana ma’nosida so’roq olmoshlari va ravishlar bilan hamda some, any,
no ishtirokida yasalgan gumon olmoshlari va ravishlar bilan keladi:
- What else must I do? Yana nima qilishim kerak?
- Ask somebody else about it. Bu haqda yana biror kishidan so’rab ko’ring.
Ergash gaplarni bosh gap bilan bog’lash uchun quyidagi ravishlar ishlatiladi:
 When–da, paytida,whereqayerda, o’sha yerdawhynima sababdan,how
qanday qilib.
- He came when I was busy. U men bandligimda keldi.
- I don’t know where he lives. U qayerda yashashini men bilmayman.
- I can’t understand why he is late. U nimaga kech qolayotganini tushuna
olmayman.
- I want to know how you do it. Buni qanday bajarishingni bilishni istayman.
 Once if kabi agar … sa ma’nolarida kelib, gaplarni bog’laydi:
- Once you have promised you Agar va’da bergan bo’lsangiz, uni bajarishingiz
must do it. kerak.

Ravish shakllari
Ravishlarning 2 xil shakli mavjud:
1) sodda ravishlar;
2) yasama ravishlar.
 Sodda ravishlar – hech qanday qo’shimcha olmasdan yasalgan ravishlardir:
here, there, now, almost, soon…
 Yasama ravishlar – sifat yoki boshqa so’z turkumlariga – ly qo’shimchasini
qo’shish orqali yasalgan ravishlardir: easily, quietly, slowly; daily, weekly,
monthly…
 Fast, long, far, little, much, early kabi bir qancha ravishlar xuddi shu
shaklida sifatlardan farq qilmaydi. Ularni farqlashda gapda bajargan
vazifasiga e’tibor berish kerak. Sifat otni aniqlaydi, ravish fe’lni:

Sifat Ravish
He took a fast train to London. He speaks very fast.
U Londonga tez yurar poyezdda bordi. U juda tez gapiradi.
He has gone to a long journey. Have you been waiting long?
U uzoq sayohatga ketdi. Siz anchadan beri kutayapsizmi?

- 21 -
  Ayrim ravishlar ikki xil shaklga ega: birinchisi shu shakldagi sifatning shakli
bilan bir xil, ikkinchisi esa –ly qo’shimchasi bilan tugaydi. U holda –ly bilan
tugagan ravishning ma’nosi sifat bilan bir xil shakldagi ravishdan farq qiladi:
Sifat Sifat bilan bir xil shakldagi -ly qo’shimchasi
ravish bilan tugagan ravish
He is a hard worker He works hard I could hardly
U tirishqoq ishchi U qattiq ishlaydi. understand him.
Men uni zo’rg’a
tushundim.
He returned in the late I went to bed late last night. I have not seen him
autumn. Men kecha kech yotdim. lately.
U kech kuzda qaytib keldi. Men uni keyingi
paytlarda ko’rganim
yo’q.
He is studying the story of He lives quite near to me. It’s nearly five
the Near East. U menga juda yaqin joyda o’clock.
U Yaqin sharq tarixini yashaydi. Soat qariyb besh.
o’rganayapti.
Ravishlarning darajalanishi
 Ingliz tilida ravish darajalari bo’lsada, barcha ravishlar ham
darajalanavermaydi. Tarz, holat ravishlari, ba’zi payt ravishlari va boshqa bir
nechta ravishlargina gap mazmuni darajani talab qilsa, darajalanadi:
Bir bo’g’inli ravishlar va early ravishi qiyosiy darajada ravish oxiriga –er,
orttirma darajada –est qo’shimchasi qo’shib darajalanadi:
Fast-faster-fastest; hard–harder–the hardest, early-earlier-the earliest late, soon
 Sifatga –ly qo’shimchasi qo’shib yasalgan ravishlar darajalanganda, ravish
oldiga qiyosiyda more, orttirmada most qo’yib darajalanadi:
Bravely-more bravely – most bravely; cautiously – more cautiously – most
cautiously
 Quyidagi 3 ta ravish 2 yo’l bilan ham darajalanadi (lekin ikkinchi yasalish
odatiyroq):
Often – oftener more often oftenest most often
Quickly – quicker more quickly quickest most quickly
Slowly – slower more slowly slowest most slowly

 Quyidagi ravishlar darajalanganda o’zakdan o’zgaradi:

well yaxshi better best
badly yomon worse worst
much ko’p more most
little kam less least
far uzoq farther farthest
further furthest
- 22 -
  Orttirma darajadagi ravishdan keyin ofall(hammadan)bo’lsa, yoki uning
ma’nosi bo’lsa, ravish oldiga the qo’ysa ham, qo’ymasa ham bo’ladi:
- Olim plays football (the) best of all his teammates. But he always comes (the)
latest.
- Which of the players play (the) best (of all the players)?
 Gapda orttirma darajadagi ravishdan keyin of predlogi bo’lmasa yoki uning
ma’nosi ham bo’lmasa, ya’ni ish-harakat boshqa odamlarning harakatidan
ajratilmasa, ravish oldidan the qo’yilmaydi:
- Olim plays football best in the morning. Olim tongda futbol eng yaxshi o’ynaydi.
- He comes latest on Tuesdays, because U Seshanba kuni eng kech keladi,
he meets his psychiatrist on Tuesdays. chunki seshanba kunlari psixiatri bilan
uchrashadi.

Ravishlarning gapdagi o’rni

Noaniq zamon ravishlari – always, often, seldom, ever, never, just, already, yet,
usually, generally, sometimes, still, soon, once va boshqalar ega dan keyin, agar
biror bir yordamchi fe’l ishtirok etgan bo’lsa o’sha yordamchi fe’ldan keyin, agar bir
nechta yordamchi fe’l ishtirok etgan bo’lsa, birinchi yordamchi fe’ldan keyin keladi:
- He usually comes early. U odatda barvaqt keladi.
- I shall never forget you. Men hech qachon seni unutmayman.
- He is always here at five o’clock. U har doim soat 5 da shu yerda bo’ladi.
- I have just been asked about it. Men hozirgina shu haqda so’raldim.
 Gapda modal fe’l ishtirok etgan bo’lsa, noaniq zamon ravishlari o’sha modal
fe’ldan keyin keladi:
- You must always respect the people Sen doim o’zingdan yoshi kattalarni hurmat
who are older than you. qilishing kerak.
 Agar fe’l have to + V yoki used to + V shaklida ifodalanga bo’lsa, yuqoridagi
ravishlar shulardan oldin keladi:
- I often have to go there. Men u yerga ko’pincha borishimga to’g’ri keladi.
- You always used to agree with me. Siz har doim meni gapimga qo’shilar edingiz.
 Sometimes ravishi gapning boshida, oxirida yoki fe’ldan oldin kelishi
mumkin:
- Sometimes I don’t want to go to school. Ba’zan maktab borgim kelmaydi.
- The tone of the book is sometimes too flip Kitobning uslubi ba’zan o’ta sayoz.
 Tomorrow, today, yerterday ravishlari gapning boshida yoki oxirida kelishi
mumkin.
- Today is Monday. Bugun Dushanba
- Where are you going tomorrow? Ertaga qaerga boryapsiz?
- Yesterday was Sunday. Kecha Yakshanba edi.
 Before, lately, recently ravishlari odatda gapning oxirida keladi.
- I knew her from before Men uni ancha ilgaridan bilardim.
 Agar gapning oxirida o’rin ravishi bilan payt ravishi kelsa, o’rin ravishi payt
ravishida oldin keladi:
- I met him there yesterday. Men kecha uni u yerda ko’rdim.

- 23 -
  Enough ravishi o’zi aniqlab kelgan sifat, ravish yoki fe’ldan keyin keladi:
- My coat is warm enough. Meni paltom yetarlicha iliq.
- You know English well enough Siz bu kitobni o’qish uchun ingliz tilini
to read this book. yetarlicha bilasiz.
- He didn’t work enough. U yetarlicha ishlamadi.
Lekin: Enough sifat bo’lib ham kelishi mumkin, unda enough otdan oldin keladi, ba’zan otdan
keyin ham kelishi mumkin:
- Don’t hurry, we have enough time Shoshilmang, bizning yetarlicha vaqtimiz bor.
(= time enough)
 Gaplarda fe’llar bilan odatda ravish keladi, lekin quyidagi fe’llardan keyin
odatda sifat keladi:
Feel his etmoq –I feel good kayfiyatim yaxshi. (but: I feel well o’zimni yaxshi his
qilyapman (sog’man)).
Smell hidlamoq, hid taratmoq – Roses smell good Atirgullarning hidi yaxshi.
Taste ta’mi kelmoq – The hamburger tastes good Gamburger mazali ekan.
Sound eshitilmoq – It sounds very interesting Qiziqarliga o’xshaydi.
Seem tuyulmoq – It seems easy to you. Bu siz uchun osonga o’xshaydi.
Appear ko’rinmoq - Bright spark is a person who appears clever or witty
Look ko’rinmoq –Today you look beautiful Bugun ko’rinishingiz juda go’zal
Lekin: look qaramoqma’nosida ravish bilan keladi:
Don’t look at me so angrily, it’s not my fault. Menga bunchalik jahl bilan qarama,
bu mening aybim emas.
Bu fe’llar copular verbs deyiladi.

Quyida to’liq ro’yxat berilgan:

act "Tom acted suspicious."
appear "Tom appears satisfied, but really is
not."
be "Tom is a coward."
become (inchoative) "Tom became wealthy."
bleed "We all bleed red."
come "The prediction came true;" "the belt
came loose;" "the characters in the story
come alive"
come out "It came out burnt."
end up "I ended up broke;" "the room ended
up a mess."
die "He died poor."
get (inchoative) "Tom got angry."
go "The man went crazy;" "Tom went bald;"
"the food went bad;" "the mistake went
unnoticed"
grow (inchoative) "Tom grew insistent."
fall "Tom fell ill with the flu."
feel "Tom felt nauseated."
freeze "The lake froze solid."
keep "Tom kept quiet."
look "Tom looks upset."
prove "Tom's behavior proves difficult to
understand."
remain "Tom remained unsatisfied."
run "Protectionist impulses run far too strong
on Capitol Hill" (New York Times)
seem "Tom seems happy."
shine "Her smile shines bright."
smell "Tom smelled sweet"
sound "Tom sounded obnoxious."
stay "Tom stayed happy."
taste "The food tastes fresh."
turn (inchoative) "Tom turned angry."
turn up "The prime minister turned up
missing."
wax "Tom waxed lyrical."

The children went completely crazy at the party.

My computer’s gone wrong again.
The sky grew dark as the storm approached. ( 2013 variant)
The class got quiet when the professor entered. ( 2013 variant)

- 24 -
 The Numeral
Son
 Buyumning miqdorini yoki tartibini bildirgan so’zlar sonlardir.
Sonlar sanoq sonlar (cardinal numerals) va tartib sonlar (ordinal numerals)ga
bo’linadi:
Cardinal Numerals:
Sanoq sonlar predmetning miqdorini bildirib, how many? Nechta? So’rog’iga javob
bo’ladi.
One 1 Six 6 Eleven 11 Sixteen 16
Two 2 Seven 7 Twelve 12 Seventeen 17
Three 3 Eight 8 Thirteen 13 Eighteen 18
Four 4 Nine 9 Fourteen 14 Nineteen 19
Five 5 Ten 10 Fifteen 15 Twenty 20
 13 dan 19 gacha bo’lgan sonlar –teen qo’shish orqali yasaladi.
 20 dan 90 gacha sonlar –ty qo’shish orqali yasaladi.
O’nlik va ulardan keyin kelgan birliklar orasiga odatda chiziqcha qo’yiladi:
Twenty-one 21 Thirty-five 35
Twenty –two 22 Ninety-nine 99
A (one) hundred 100
A (one) hundred and one 101
A (one) thousand 1000
A (one) hundred thousand 100.000
A (one) million 1000.000
A (one) milliard (UK), a (one) billion (US) 1000.000.000
 Bu sonlar oldidan two, three, four va boshqa sonlar kelganida ularga ko’plik
qo’shimchasi –s qo’shilmaydi:
Two hundred 200
Three thousand 3000
Lekin ulardan keyin kelgan ot ko’plikda fe’l esa birlikda ham ko’plikda ham bo’lishi
mumkin:
Five hundred dollars is enough for me to live a month.
Two thousand workers are enough to build 12 football stadiums in a year.
 Hundred, thousand, million sonlari yuzlab, minglab, millionlab ma’nolarida
–s ni oladi:
Hundreds of students yuzlab talabalar.
Thousands of people minglab odamlar.
 Uch xonali sonlarning o’nliklaridan oldin (agar ular bo’lmasa birliklaridan
oldin) and bog’lovchisi qo’yiladi:
567 five hundred and sixty seven
203 two hundred and three
6078 six thousand and seventy eight
- 25 -
2008 two thousand and eight
1651234 one million six hundred and fifty one thousand, two hundred and thirty
four
1400 one thousand four hundred.
 Telefon nomerlarini aytishda har bir raqamni alohida o’qiladi:
5023456 five ou two three four five six
Telefon raqamining ketma ket kelgan ikkita raqamlari bir xil bo’lsa, ular oldidan
doubleikkita, qo’shaloq so’zi ishlatiladi:
3316111 double three one six one double one
 Dozen – 12, score – 20:
Bular oldidan sanoq sonlar kelganda ularga –s qo’shilmaydi:
Two dozen eggs 24 ta tuxum (2 dujina tuxum)
Lekin: 12 talab, 20 talab iboralarida –s ni oladi:
Dozens of eggs 12 talab tuxumlar.
Ordinal numerals:
 Tartib sonlar predmetning tartibini ko’rsatgan sonlardir.
The 1st the first birinchi
nd
The 2 the second ikkinchi
rd
The 3 the third uchinchi
th
The 4 the fourth to’rtinchi
th
The 5 the fifth beshinchi
th
The 6 the sixth oltinchi
th
The 7 the seventh yettinchi
th
The 8 the eighth sakkizinchi
th
The 9 the ninth to’qqizinchi
th
The 10 the tenth o’ninchi
th
The 11 the eleventh o’n birinchi
th
The 12 the twelfth o’n ikkinchi
…
The 20th the twentieth yigirmanchi
st
The 21 the twenty-first yigirma birinchi
nd
The 22 the twenty-second yigirma ikkinchi
…
The 100th the hundredth yuzinchi
th
The 1000 the thousandth minginchi
 Tartib sonlar bilan kelgan otlar aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi. Ba’zan ot tushib
qolganda ham aniq artikl saqlanib qoladi:
The second horse is better than the first. Ikkinchi ot birinchisidan
yaxshiroq.
 Ba’zan tartib son oldidan noaniq artikl ham ishlatilishi mumkin, bunda tartib
sonning ma’nosi yana bir, boshqa bir deb tarjima qilinadi:
We have sent them a second telegram. Biz ularga yana bitta telegramma
yubordik.
A third man entered the room. Xonaga yana bir kishi kirdi.
 Ot tartib sondan oldin kelganda tartib son sanoq songa aylanadi:
- 26 -
Part one birinchi qism
Chapter five beshinchi bob
Page twenty yigirmanchi bet
Number four to’rtinchi raqam
Classroom №5 beshinchi darsxona
Apartment 10 o’ninchi xonadon
Tram №5 beshinchi tramvay
Size forty shoes qirqinchi razmer poyabzal
Henry VIII Henry the Eighth
1/8 one eighth
3/7 three sevenths
2/5 two fifths
1/2
3 three and a half
Every third har uchtadan bittasi
317/509 three hundred and seventeen over five hundred and nine.
0.7 nought point seven nol butun yeti
4.8 four point eight to’rt butun sakkiz
 Odatda birdan kichkina sonlardan keyin birlikdagi ot ishlatiladi:
Three quarters of a ton chorak tonna
0.1625 cm nought point one six two five of a centimeter 0.16 santimetr
Lekin ba’zan ko’plikdagi ot bilan ham kelishi mumkin:
0.1625 cm nought point one six two five centimetres
 1 dan katta sonlardan keyin ko’plikdagi ot keladi:
1.3 millimetres (not 1.3 millimetre)
One and a half hours (not one and a half hour)
 Quyidagi iborani ham eslab qoling: a…and a half: I’ve been waiting for an
hour and a half – Men sizni bir yarim soatdan beri kutyapman.
 Kasr sonlardan keyin odatda birlikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi:
Three quarters of a ton is too much.
3.6 kilometres is about 2 miles

Nought, zero, nil etc.

0 raqami British Englishda nought deb (American Englishda zero) deb o’qiladi.
Agar raqamlar alohida-alohida o’qilsa, 0 odatda ou deb o’qiladi.
 Harorat o’lchovlarida British Englishda ham American Englishda ham 0 zero
deb o’qiladi va undan keyin ko’plikdagi ot, birlikdagi fe’l keladi:
Zero degrees Celsius is thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.
 Jamoa bo’lib o’ynaladigan o’yinlarda 0 nil deb o’qiladi:
And the score at half-time is: Scotland three, England nil.
 Rim raqamlari odatda o’zi tegishli bo’lgan otdan keyin keladi, ba’zan oldin
ham kelishi mumkin, hech qanday qo’shimcha olmaydi:
It was built in the time of Henry V.
For details, see Introduction page ix.
A fine XVIII Century English walnut chest of drawers.

- 27 -
2 + 2 = 4 two plus two equals/is four.(formal)
7 – 3 = 4 three from seven is/leaves four.(formal)
3 × 4 = 12 three times four is twelve.
9 ÷ 3 = 3 nine divided by three equals/is three.
32 three squared
3
5 five cubed
10
6 six to the power of ten
50 % per cent (not per cents)

Vaqni aytish:
Og’zaki nutqda rasmiy
06:00 six o’clock (o) six hundred (hours)
06:05 five past six (o) six o five
06:10 ten past six (o) six ten
06:15 (a) quarter past six (o) six fifteen
06:30 half past six (o) six thirty
06:40 twenty to seven (o) six forty
06:45 (a) quarter to seven (o) six forty-five
06:55 five to seven (o) six fifty-five
10:12 twelve minutes past ten ten twelve
19:56 four minutes to eight nineteen fifty-six

Yillar quyidagicha o’qiladi:

911 nine eleven
1000 one thousand
1004 one thousand (and) four
2000 two thousand
2009 two thousand (and) nine
1995 nineteen ninety five
Year so’zi yillardan keyin ishlatilmaydi, lekin ba’zan ulardan oldin the year
nineteen eighty (1980) kabi ishlatilishi mumkin.
Sanalar sonlar bilan ham so’zlar bilan ham yozilishi mumkin:
15/4/93 (4/15/93 US) 15 Aprel 1993 April 15th, 1993
April the fifteenth, nineteen ninety-three. yoki The fifteenth of April, nineteen
ninety-three.

- 28 -
 The Pronoun
Olmosh
Olmoshlar quyidagi turlarga bo’linadi:

Personal pronouns (Kishilik olmoshi):

Kishilik olmoshlarida 2 xil shakli mavjud:
a) bosh kelishik shakli (Subject pronouns)
b) tushum kelishik shakli (Object pronouns)

Shaxs Bosh kelishik Tushum kelishigi

Birlikda
I I men me meni
II You sen you seni
He him
III She u her uni
It it
Ko’plikda
I We biz Us bizni
II You siz You sizni
III They ular Them ularni

 Kishilik olmoshi bosh kelishik shakllari gapda ega vazifasida keladi.I har
doim bosh harf bilan yoziladi. Boshqa olmoshlar yoki ot bilan uyushib
kelganda oxirida ishlatiladi:
Nick, you and I must be there at 7 o’clock. Nick, sen va men soat 7 da u
yerda bo’lishimiz kerak.
Does she speak English well? U ingliz tilida yaxshi gapiradimi?
He – erkaklarga nisbattan;
She – ayollarga nisbattan;
It – hayvonlar va jonsiz narsalarga nisbattan.
Mujskoy rod Jenskiy rod Sredniy rod
He She It
Ishlatilishi: Ishlatilishi: Ishlatilishi:
 Erkaklarga  Ayollarga nisbatan;  Hayvonlar yoki
nisbatan;  Hayvonlarning jinsi jonsiz predmetlarga
 Hayvonlarning urg’ochiligini nisbattan;
jinsi erkakligini ifodalaganda;  Suhbatdoshni
ifodalaganda;  Davlat siyosiy birlik ko’rmasdan murojat
 God (xudo) sifatida qaralsa; qilganda;
so’ziga nisbatan;  Kemalar uchun;  Biror voqea, hodisa,
 Goddess ayol xudoga vaziyatga nisbatan;
nisbattan.
- 29 -
  Obyektiv kelishikdagi kishilik olmoshlari gapda odatda to’ldiruvchi vazifasida
keladi. Pedloglardan keyin kelib, o’sha predlog beradigan ma’noni o’ziga
qo’shadi:
For me men uchun With her u bilan
From you sendan About them ular haqida
To him unga
I want to go with them. (with theyemas) Men ular bilan ketishni xohlayman.
We are talking about him (about he emas). Biz u haqida gaplashayapmiz.
 Obyektiv kelishikdagi kishilik olmoshlari fe’llardan keladi:
I know himmen uni taniyman Take me with you meni o’zing bilan olib ket.

Possessive pronouns:
 Egalik olmoshi 2 xil bo’ladi:
a) Egalik olmoshi sifat shakli;
b) Egalik olmoshi ot shakli.

Shaxs Kishilik Egalik olmoshi sifat Egalik olmoshi ot

olmoshi shakli shakli
Birlik
I I My mening Mine meniki
II You Your sening Yours seniki
He His His
III She Her uning Hers uniki
it Its Its
Ko’plik
I We Our bizning Ours bizniki
II You Your sizning Yours sizniki
III They Their ularning Theirs ularniki

 Egalik olmoshi sifat shakli whose?Kimning? So’rog’iga javob bo’lib, gapda

aniqlovchi vazifasida keladi. U ko’rsatgich hisoblanib, ulardan oldin ham
keyin ham artikl ishlatilmaydi. Egalik olmoshi ot shakli esa whose?Kimniki?
So’rog’iga javob bo’lib, gapda ega yoki ot kesim vazifalarida kelishi mumkin:
My pen is on your table. Mening ruchkam sening stoling ustida.
This hat is yours. Mine is blue. Bu shlyapa seniki. Meniki ko’k.
 Agar otdan oldin boshqa aniqlovchi bo’lsa, egalik olmoshi (boshqa har
qanday ko’rsatgich kabi) o’sha aniqlovchidan oldinga o’tadi:
My black pen is on your wooden table. Mening qora ruchkam sening yog’och
stoling ustida.
 Egalik olmoshlari artiklga o’xshab all va both dan keyin kelishi mumkin:
All my pens are on your table. Hamma ruchkalarim stoling ustida.
All the pens are on your table. Hamma ruchkalar stoling ustida.
Both his pens are on the table. Uning ikkala ruchkasi ham stol ustida.
- 30 -
  Egalik olmoshi ot shaklidan keyin ot kelmaydi, sifat shakli esa otsiz kelmaydi:
This is my book. Bu mening kitobim.
This book is mine. Bu kitob meniki.
 Quyidagilarning tarjimasiga e’tibor bering:
I’ve broken my pen. Men ruchkamni sindirib qo’ydim.
She has lost her book. U kitobini yo’qotib qo’ydi.

Reflexi ve pronouns:
 O’zlik olmoshlari my, your him, her, it olmoshlariga self ni, our, your, them
olmoshlariga selves ni qo’shish orqali yasaladi:
Shaxs Birlik Ko’plik
I Myself o’zim Ourselves o’zimiz
II Yourself o’zing Yourselves o’zingiz
Himself
III Herself o’zi Themselves o’zlari
Itself

 O’zlik olmoshlari eganing ish-harakatni o’zi bajarganligini ta’kidlab, egadan

keyin yoki gapning oxirida ishlatiladi:
I saw him myself. Men uni o’zim ko’rdim.
I myself saw him. Men o’zim uni ko’rdim.
 O’zlik olmoshlari ish-harakat gap egasining o’ziga nisbatan bajarilishini
ifodalaydi:
I saw myself in the mirror. Men ko’zguda o’zimni ko’rdim.
Don’t play with matches. Gugurt bilan o’ynama. O’zingni kuydirib qo’yishing
You might burn yourself. mumkin.
 Quyidagi hollarda ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
I saw a figure like myself lying Men kravat ustida mening kiyimlarimni kiyib
dressed in my clothes on a bed. yotgan o’zimga o’xshagan bir sharpani ko’rdim.
The idea of helping the man was U odamga yordam berish fikrining o’ziyoq
unpleasant in itself. yoqimsiz edi.
I enjoyed the music, but I didn’t like Menga musiqasi yoqdi, lekin spektaklning o’zi
the play itself. yoqmadi.
 feel/relax/concentrate/wash/dress/shave kabi fe’llardan keyin odatda o’zlik
olmoshlari kelmaydi. Chunki bu harakatlar odatda har biri kishining o’zi
tomonidan bajariladi:
- I feel great after having a swim ( ‘I feel myself great’ EMAS)
- You must try and concentrate.
- It’s good to relax.
- I got up, shaved, washed and dressed. (‘shaved myself’ EMAS)
Lekin, I dried myself deyish mumkin.
 -selves va each other o’rtasidagi farqqa e’tibor bering:
- Tom and Ann stood in front of the mirror and looked at themselves.
- 31 -
 (=Tom and Ann looked at Tom and Ann)
Lekin: Tom looked at Ann and Ann looked at Tom. They looked at each other.
Each other ning o’rniga one another ni ham ishlatishimiz mumkin:
- Sue and Ann don’t like each other (or one another)
Quyidagi iboralarni ham eslab qoling:
On my own / by myself – yolg’iz o’zim
On his/her/its own / by himself/herself/itself – yolg’iz o’zi
On your own/ by yourself – yolg’iz o’zing
On our own / by ourselves – yolg’iz o’zimiz
On your own/ by yourselves – yolg’iz o’zingiz.
On their own / by themselves – yolg’iz o’zlari
 O’rin-joyni ifodalaydigan predloglardan va with dan keyino’zlik olmoshlari ishlatilmaydi.
Ular o’rniga kishilik olmoshlari tushum kelishik shakli ishlatiladi:
I took my book with me. Kitobimni o’zim bilan oldim.
Bob brought his books with him. Bob kitoblarini o’zi bilan olib ketdi.
I looked around me. Men atrofimga qaradim.
She kept her son close to her. U o’g’lini o’ziga yaqin saqladi.
(B.Sch.Azar)

Reciprocal pronouns:
 Birgalik olmoshlariga each other va one another(bir-birini) kiradi.
Each other odatda 2 shaxs yoki buyumga nisbatan ishlatiladi. One another esa
ko’pchilikka nisbatan. (Lekin bu ikki olmosh bir birovining o’rnida ham ishlatilishi
mumkin).
They have known each other for 2 years. Ular bir-birini 2 yildan beri tanishadi.
Our classmates often see one another. Sinfdoshlarimiz bir-birlarini tez-
tez ko’rib turishadi.
Auto-racing is a kind of race where cars Avto-poyga bu mashinalar bir birovi
bilan compete among each other. musobaqalashadigan poyga hisoblanadi.

Demonstrative pronouns:
 Ko’rsatish olmoshlari ko’rsatgich hisoblanib, boshqa ko’rsatgichlar kabi otdan
oldin kelganda artikl ishlatilmaydi, ot oldida aniqlovchi kelsa, undan oldinga
o’tadi:
He lives in that house. U ana u uyda yashaydi.
He lives in that white house. U ana u oq uyda yashaydi.
This (these) – gapiruvchining yaqinidagi; birinchi ko’rsatilgan yoki hozirgi
zamonni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.
That (those) – uzoqdagi; ikkinchi ko’rsatilgan yoki o’tgan zamonni ifodalash uchun
ishlatiladi.
This country iborasi gapiruvchi yashayotgan mamlakatni ifodalaydi.
- 32 -
That country esa gapiruvchining oldin borgan, lekin hozir u yerdan ketgan
mamlakatni ifodalaydi.
 This va that olmoshlaridan keyin ko’pincha oldin ishlatilgan otni
takrorlamaslik uchun one olmoshi ishlatiladi:
This book is mine and that one is yours. Bu kitob meniki ana unisi esa seniki.
 Ko’chirma gaplardan oldin this, keyin esa that ishlatiladi:
This is what she said: ”I don’t think so”. Mana u nima dedi: “Men bunday deb
“I don’t think so”, that is what she said. o’ylamayman.
 Oldin ishlatilgan ot qayta ishlatilganda aniq artikl bilan ishlatish mumkin
bo’lganda sanaladigan ot o’rnida that,ko’plikdagi ot o’rnida esa those
ishlatiladi:
The price of tin is higher than that Qalayning narxi qalaynikidan
(=the price) of copper. qimmatroq.
At our factory there are a few machines Bu jurnalda tasvirlangan bir nechta
similar to those (=the machines) uskunalarga o’xshaydigani bizning
described in this magazine. zavodda bor.
 It ham ko’rsatish olmoshi vazifasida kelishi mumkin:
- What is this? Bu nima?
- It is a book Bu kitob.
 Ba’zan suhbatdoshni ko’rmasdan, tanimasdan murojat qilinganda,
(qorong’uda, telefonda,…) odamlarga nisbatan ham it olmoshini ishlatish
mumkin:
- Who is there? U yerda kim bor?
- It’s me. Bu men.
- It was she whom I saw yesterday. Kecha ko’rgan odamim u edi.
 Such – shunday olmoshi ham ko’rsatish olmosh-ot va olmosh-sifat bo’lib
kelishi mumkin:
These are such interesting books. Bular shunday qiziqarli kitoblar.
Such was the agreement between ikki tomon o’rtasidagi kelishuv shunday
the two parties. edi.

Interrogative pronouns:
So’roq olmoshlari:
Who kim? How far qancha
Whose kimning? (masofa)?
Where qayerga, qayerda? How many ko’p
What nima? (sanaladigan otlar bilan)?
Which qaysi? How much ko’p
When qachon? (sanalmaydigan otlar bilan)?
Why nima uchun? How often har qanchada?
Whom kimni? What kind of qanaqa (tur)?
How qanday (qilib)? What colour qanaqa rang?
How long qancha (vaqt)?

- 33 -
  Whom gapda istagan predlog bilan kelishi mumkin. Unga tegishli predlog
odatda gapning oxirida fe’ldan keyin, agar to’ldiruvchi bo’lsa, o’sha
to’ldiruvchidan keyin keladi. Whom o’rniga ba’zan who ham ishlatilishi
mumkin:
Who (whom) did you show the letter to? Xatni kimga ko’rsatdingiz?
Who (whom) are you talking about? Kim haqida gapiryapsiz?
 Whose ko’rsatgich bo’lganligi uchun undan keyin kelgan ot artiklsiz
ishlatiladi:
Whose dictioanary is this? Bu kimning lug’at kitobi?
 What odamlarga nisbatan ishlatilganda ularning kasbini nazarda tutadi:
What is your father? Otangizning kasbi nim?
What istalgan predlog bilan kelishi mumkin. Predlog what dan oldin, fe’ldan keyin,
agar to’ldiruvchi bo’lsa, to’ldiruvchidan keyin qo’yiladi:
By what is this engine driven?
What is this engine driven by? Bu motor nima bilan yuradi?

What qanday? ma’nosida olmosh-sifat bo’lib keladi. Bu holatda u ko’rsatgich

hisoblanib undan keyin kelgan ot artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
What question did he ask? U qanday savol berdi?
What colour is your pen? Ruchkangning rangi qanaqa?
 Which qaysi? olmosh-sifat va olmosh-ot bo’lib kelishi mumkin. Olmosh-sifat
bo’lib kelganida ko’rsatgich hisoblanadi va undan keyin kelgan ot artiklsiz
ishlatiladi:
Which chapter did you like best? Qaysi bob sizga eng ko’p yoqdi?
Which of you speaks French? Qaysingiz fransuzcha gapirasiz?

Relative pronouns:
 Nisbiy olmoshlar ergash gaplarni bosh gaplar bilan bog’lash uchun xizmat
qiladi.
 Who, whom odamlarga nisbattan ishlatilib, qaysi otga tegishli bo’lsa, o’sha
otdan keyin keladi:
[Ot + who + fe’l]
The man who was here is my teacher. Shu yerda bo’lgan odam mening
o’qituvchim.
The men who were here are my teachers. Shu yerda bo’lgan odamlar mening
o’qituvchilarim.
[Ot + whom (who) + kishilik olmoshi]
There is the man whom (who) we saw in the Bu yerda biz kecha parkda
park yesterday. ko’rgan odam bor.
Whose odamlar, hayvonlar va jonsiz narsalarga nisbatan ishlatilishi mumkin:
[Ot + whose + ot]
This is the girl whose brother is a teacher. Bu akasi o’qituvchi bo’lgan qiz.
We saw a mountain whose top was covered Biz tepasi qor bilan qoplangan bir
with snow. tog’ni ko’rdik.
 Which jonsiz buyumlar yoki hayvonlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi:
 [Ot + which + kishilik olmoshi]
He showed me the letter which he had U akasidan olgan xatni menga
received from his brother. ko’rsatdi.
[Ot + which + fe’l]
Where are the eggs which were in the fridge? Sovutgichdagi tuxumlar qayerda?
 That olmoshi jonli va jonsizlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.
Did you hear that Tom have left for London? Tom Londonga ketganini
eshitdingmi?
I know that you’re wrong. Men sening nohaqligingni
bilaman.
He said that he had seen you. U seni ko’rganini aytdi.
 Ko’pincha who, which, whom va when o’rnida that kelishi mumkin:
The article that (which) I translated Kecha men tarjima qilgan maqola
yesterday was very easy. juda oson edi.
The doctor that (whom) I visited yesterday Kecha men borgan shifokor yurak
is a specialist in diseases of the heart. kasalliklari bo’yicha mutaxassis.
- Nisbiy olmosh bilan boshlangan bo’lak sifatlovchi aniqlovchi bo’lib kelganda,
o’sha nisbiy olmosh o’rniga that kelishi mumkin:
Do you know anyone who/that speaks Siz birorta fransuz va italian
French and Italian? tillarida gapiradigan kishini
taniysizmi?
Bunday gaplarda nisbiy olmosh to’ldiruvchi bo’lib kelgan bo’lsa, u tushib qolishi
mumkin:
We stayed at the hotel (that/which) Biz siz tavsiya qilgan
you recommended. mehmonxonadaturdik.
This morning I met somebody Bugun ertalab men uzoq vaqtdan
(who/that) I hadn’t seen for ages. beri ko’rmagan bir kishini
ko’rdim.
- Agar nisbiy olmosh bilan boshlangan bo’lak izohlovchi aniqlovchi bo’lib kelgan
bo’lsa, unda o’sha nisbiy olmosh o’rnida that kelolmaydi. (bunday bo’lak ikki
tomonidan vergul bilan ajratiladi):
John, who speaks French and Italian, works Fransuz va Italian tillarida
as a tourist guide. gapiradigan Jon, sayyohlarga yo’l
ko’rsatuvchi bo’lib ishlaydi.
(Murphy )
It was + time expression + that:
It was summer that I first met her. Uni birinchi marta uchratganimda yoz edi.
 What nima, narsa deb tarjima qilinadi. Uning o’rniga that ni ishlatib
bo’lmaydi:
Did you hear what I said? ( ‘that I said’ EMAS) Men nima deganimni
eshitdingmi?
Everything that he said was true. (‘what he said’ EMAS) U aytgan hamma gap
(narsa) rost.

- 35 -
  Orttirma darajadagi sifatlar, tartib sonlar va all, any, only so’zlari bilan
aniqlangan otlardan keyin that ishlatiladi:
This is the best/the first dictionary that Bu men ko’rgan eng zo’r/birinchi
I have ever seen. lug’at.
Come at any time that is convenient to you. O’zingizga qulay bo’lgan istagan
paytdakeling.
I’ve read all the books that you gave me. Men siz bergan barcha kitoblarni
o’qib bo’ldim.
 Where joylar uchun, when paytni aniqlashtirish uchun ishlatiladi:
I’m going to spend my vacation in the Men ta’tilni o’zim tug’ilgan
village where I was born. qishloqda o’tkazmoqchiman.
That happened on the day when he left Bu u Braytonga ketgan kunda
for Brighton. sodir bo’ldi.

Where bilan which ba’zan o’xshash o’rinlarda ishlatilishi mumkin. Ularni farqlash
uchun gapdagi vazifasiga qarash kerak. Agar gapda o’rin holi kerak bo’lsa, unda
where, agar ega yoki to’ldiruvchi kerak bo’lsa, unda which ishlatiladi:
- I didn’t know anyone in the city where I was trying to get. ( I was trying to get
there).
- We went into the room where the old man was lying. ( The old man was lying
there).
- Did you like the city which I showed you yesterday? ( I showed you it yesterday).
- We went to the house which had been built by my father. ( It had been built by my
father).

 Sameshunday, shunga o’xshash, such shunday so’zlaridan keyin nisbiy

olmosh o’rniga as ishlatiladi:
I had the same difficulty as you had.
It’s not such an interesting book
as I thought.
Men xuddi sizdek qiyinchilikka
uchradim.
Bu men o’ylaganimdek qiziqarli
kitob emas ekan.

Lekin: It’s such an interesting book Bu shunchalik qiziqarli kitobki

that I can’t stand reading it again and uni qayta qayta o’qimay
again. turolmayman.

Indefinite pronouns:
Gumon olmoshlariga quyidagilar kiradi:
Some Much All Each
Any Many Both Every
No Little Either Other
None Few Neither One
Some (biroz, bir nechta)

- 36 -
  Asosan darak gaplarda, ham sanaladigan ham sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan
ishlatiladi, ko’rsatgich hisoblanadi:
Give me some water. Menga biroz suv ber.
 Shuningdek taklifni, iltimosni ifodalagan so’roq gaplarda va ‘would you
like…’ bilan boshlangan so’roq gaplarda ham ishlatiladi:
Would you like some tea? Choy ichasizmi?
Shall I bring you some tea? Biroz choy keltiraymi?
Can you give me some advice? Biroz maslahat berolmaysizmi?
Something biror narsa, nimadir
Somebody/some one kimdir, allakim
Somewhere qayergadir, allaqayerga.
Any(birorta, biroz)
 Asosan so’roq va inkor gaplarda, sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan
keladi:
I have not any time. Vaqtim yo’q.
Have you got any books about A.Navai? A.Navoiy haqida birorta kitobing
bormi?
 If bilan boshlangan shart gaplarda ham ishlatiladi:
If anyone has any questions, I’ll be Agar biror kishida birorta savol bo’lsa,
pleased to answer them. men jon deb ularga javob beraman.
 Any xohlagan ma’nosida darak gaplarda ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
You may come at any time you wish. Xohlagan paytingda kelishing mumkin.
 Without/hardly/refuse so’zlaridan keyin ham odatda any(anything,
anybody, anyone,…) ishlatiladi:
He left the question without any explanation. U savolni biror-bir izohsiz
qoldirdi.
I can see hardly anything. Men deyarli hech narsani ko’rmayapman.
He refused to say anything. U biror narsa deyishni xohlamadi.
Anything nimadir, biror narsa, xohlagan narsa
Anybody/any one har kim ham, biror kishi, kimdir, xohlagan kishi
Anywhere biror joyga, xohlagan joyga, allaqayerga
No (yo’q)
 Odatda sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan, shuningdek, birlik va ko’plikda
sanaladigan otlardan oldin (not … a ning o’rniga) ishlatiladi. Ko’rsatgich
hisoblanadi:
I have no ticket = I have not a ticket. Menda chipta yo’q.
There is no water in the cup. Chashkada suv yo’q.
No otlardan oldin kelganda birorta ham, hech qanday deb tarjima qilinadi:
No steamer has left the port yet. Hali birorta ham paroxod portni tark
etgani yo’q.
No information has been received yet. Hali hech qanday xabar olingani yo’q.
Nobody = not anybody hech kim
No one = not anyone hech kim
Nothing = not anything hech narsa
We saw nobody there. Biz u yerda hech kimni ko’rmadik.
- 37 -
We didn’t see anybody there. Biz u yerda biror kishini ko’rmadik
Nobody, no one, nothing ot bo’lib kelganda ulardan keyin kelgan fe’l birlikda
bo’ladi:
Nobody has told me about it. Menga hech kim bu haqda aytgani yo’q.

 Somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone, nobody, no

one so’zlaridan keyin birlikdagi fe’l kelsa ham, ular bilan ko’plikdagi
olmoshlar ishlatiladi:
Someone has forgotten their umbrella. (= his or her umbrella).
If anybody wants to leave early, they can. (= he or she can).
Nobody phoned, did they? (= did he or she)
No one did what I asked them to do. (= him or her).
Everybody said they enjoyed themselves. (= he or she enjoyed himself or herself)
(Bu qoida something, anything, everything, nothing so’zlariga tegishli emas:
If anything happens, it won’t be my fault

None
 Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar o’rnida ishlatilib, birorta, bitta ham,
umuman ma’nolarida tarjima qilinadi. Gapda ravish bo’lib kelishi mumkin.
- How many of the books have you read? - “None”
 None of dan keyin ko’rsatgich yoki olmosh ishlatiladi:
None of the keys will open the door. Birorta kalit eshikni ocholmaydi.
None of us speaks French. Birortamiz Fransuz tilidan
gapirmaymiz.
 Ikki kishi yoki narsa haqida gap ketganda none of emas, neither of ishlatiladi:
Neither of my parents comes here. Na otam na onam bu yerga keladi.
None of + ko’plikdagi ot + birlikdagi (ba’zan ko’plikdagi) fe’l:
None of my friends comes here. Birorta do’stim bu yerga kelmaydi.
Much & Many
 Ko’p deb tarjima qilinadi. Odatda bo’lishsiz va so’roq gaplarda ishlatiladi.
Much – sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan;
Many – sanaladigan otlar oldidan.
 Much ravish bo’lib kelishi ham mumkin:
Thank you very much. Katta rahmat.
I have many friends. Do’stlarim ko’p.
I have very much time. Vaqtim juda ko’p.
 Boshqa hollarda bo’lishli gaplarda much o’rnida quyidagilar ishlatiladi:
A lot (of) Plenty of A great deal (of)
Lots (of) A good deal (of)
Many o’rnida:
A lot (of) Plenty of A great many
Lots (of) A good many A great number (of)

Little & Few

- 38 -
  Kam deb tarjima qilinadi.
Little – sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan. (ant: much)
Few – sanaladigan otlar oldidan. (ant: many)
I have very little time. Vaqtim juda kam.
I have few books. Kitoblarim kam.
 Little ravish ham bo’lib kelishi mumkin:
You did too little. Sen juda kam ish qilibsan.
 A few – bir nechta (yetarli) / a little – biroz (yetarli)
I have little time, I must go. Vaqtim kam, ketishim kerak.
I have a little time. Let’s talk a little. Biroz vaqtim bor. Kel biroz
gaplashamiz.
He has few friends. Uning do’stlari kam.
He has a few friends there. Uning u yerda bir nechta do’stlari bor.

Only a few = few / only a little = little

All
 Hamma, barcha, hammasi deb tarjima qilinadi.
All dan keyin odatda biror ko’rsatgich keladi:
All the students … barcha talabalar…
All my free time… hamma bo’sh vaqtimda…
Butun ma’nosida all o’rniga odatda the whole ishlatiladi:
The whole day/all day kuni bo’yi, butun kun.
We all hammamiz all of us
You all hammangiz all of you
They all hammalari all of them
All = the only thing (yagona narsa) ma’nosida kelishi mumkin:
All I’ve eaten today is a sandwich Bugun yegan yagona narsa bitta
sendwich.
Agar kesim tarkibida yordamchi fe’l, yoki bir nechta yordamchi fe’l bo’lsa, all
birinchi yordamchi fe’ldan keyin keladi:
We have all read this. Hammamis buni o’qidik.
You have all been invited. Hammangiz taklif qilingansiz.
(hamma kishi) everybody, every one
All (hamma narsa) everything

All + noun: All people; All (of) + determinative + noun: All of the people.
Everybody, every one All
Everybody/every one is ready. All are ready
Hamma tayyor. Hamma tayyor
Everything All
Everything is ready All is ready
Hamma narsa tayyor. Hamma narsa tayyor.

Both
- 39 -
  (Har) ikkalasi deb tarjima qilinadi.
 Both dan keyin ko’rsatgich kelishi ham kelmasligi ham mumkin.
Both his sisters are married. Uning ikkala opasi ham turmushga
chiqqan.
Both brothers live in New York. Ikkala aka-uka ham Nyu Yorkda
yashaydi.
He gave me two books yesterday. U kecha menga 2 ta kitob bergandi. Men
I have read both. ikkalasini ham o’qib bo’ldim.
 We both ikkalamiz, you both ikkalangiz, they both ikkalasi kabi iboralarda
qo’shma kesim kelsa, both yordamchi fe’l yoki modal fe’ldan keyin keladi:
They have both gone to London. Ikkalasi ham Londonga kelgan.
We must both go there. Ikkalamiz ham u yerga borishimiz
kerak.
 Agar bir nechta yordamchi fe’l qatnashsa, birinchisidan keyin keladi:
We have both been invited. Ikkalamiz ham taklif qilinganmiz.
 Both gapda ega bo’lib kelganda, undan keyin ko’plikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi:
You have given me two examples Siz menga 2 ta namuna bergan edingiz.
Both are correct. Ikkalasi ham to’g’ri.
Ant: neither
Neither of them is correct. Ikkalasi ham to’g’ri emas.
Both … and… - ham… ham…
Both Peter and Mary were there. Piter ham Mari ham o’sha yerda edilar.

Both +noun: both brothers; Both (of) + determinative + noun: Both of the
brothers.

Either & Neither

 Either - ikki shaxs yoki buyumga taalluqli bo’lib, ikkisidan biri, u yoki bu,
ikkalasi ham deb tarjima qilinadi, ko’rsatgich hisoblanadi:
You may go by either road. Siz (2 yo’ldan) xohlagan yo’lingizdan
ketishingiz mumkin.
There were chairs on either side of Stolning har ikkala tomonida stullar bor
the table. edi.
 Gapda ega bo’lib kelganda, undan keyin kelgan fe’l birlikda bo’ladi:
Either of examples is correct. Namunalardan biri to’g’ri.
Ant: neither.
 Eitherham ma’nosida bo’lishsiz gaplarning oxirida ishlatilishi mumkin:
I haven’t seen him either. Men ham uni ko’rganim yo’q.
Neither – birortasi ham deb tarjima qilinadi.
Either … or… - yoki…yoki…
Neither …nor… - na… na….
He is either in Tashkent or in Bukhara. U yo Toshkentda yo Buxoroda.
Neither my pupils nor I like rudeness. Na o’quvchilarim va na men qo’pollikni
yoqtirmaymiz.
Each & Every
- 40 -
 Ko’rsatgich hisoblanadi. Har ikkalasidan keyin birlikdagi ot keladi.
Each - har bir - chegarali va kam sonlarda ishlatiladi, of predlogi bilan kela
oladi.
Every - har bir - chegarasiz va ko’p sonlarda ishlatiladi, odatda of predlogini
olmaydi.
- Each pupil has a dictionary in Sinfimizdagi har bir o’quvchida lug’at bor.
our class.
- Every pupil has a dictionary. Har bir o’quvchida lug’at bor. (umuman)
Every, Everybody, Everyone umumiy ma’noda ishlatilsa, ular o’rniga
he/she/his/her kabi birlikdagi olmoshlar keladi:
- Every person must have his/her own point of view. Har bir inson o’z fikriga
ega bo’lishi kerak.
Agar ma’lum bir guruhning har bir a’zosi nazarda tutilsa, ular o’rniga
they/their/them kabi ko’plikdagi olmoshlar ishlatiladi:
- When every passenger’s ticket had been checked Har bir yo’lovchining
they all got out. chiptasi tekshirib
bo’lingach, ular avtobusdan
chiqishdi.
Each gapning oxirida ham kela oladi:
They received ten cents each. Ularning har biri 10 sentdan
(ABBYY Lingvo) olishdi.

Other
Other – boshqa (umuman)
- Are you going with us? No, I have other plans.
The other – boshqasi, ikkinchisi
- I have two friends. One of them is a teacher
and the otheris a doctor. o’qituvchi boshqasi (ikkinchisi)
Others – boshqalar (umuman)
- Joys shared with others are more enjoyed.
The others – boshqalar, qolganlari
- I gave you 10 books and here is only two
of them. Where is the others?
Biz bilan ketasanmi? Yo’q,
mening boshqa rejalarim
bor.
Mening ikkita do’stim bor. Biri
shifokor.
Boshqalar bilan baham ko'rilgan
hursandchilik ko'proq hushyoqar.
Men senga 10 ta kitob bergandim.
Bu yerdafaqatgina 2 tasi bor.
Qolganlari qayerda?

Another – odatda birlikdagi otlar oldidan kelib, yana bir, boshqa birdeb tarjima
qilinadi.
- I didn’t like this cake. Give me another one. Menga bu pirog yoqmadi. Boshqa
birini bering.
Another ko’plik shaklidagi otlar (odatda vaqt, masofa va pulni ifodalaydigan
so’zlar) oldidan kelganda yana deb tarjima qilinadi:
- I like this city so much that I’m going Bu shaxarni shunchalik
- 41 -
to spend another three days here. yoqtirganimdan bu yerda yana
3 kun qolmoqchiman.
- We need another three teachers before darslar boshlanishidan oldin bizga
classes begin. Yana 3 ta o’qituvchi kerak.
- He was given another couple of months Unga haykalni tugatishi uchun
to finish the sculpture. yana bir necha oy berildi.
(www.grammar.cl)
Eslab qoling:
One after another – birin ketin
Ever since my car was stolen last year, it's been one thing after another.
One after the other – birin ketin.
The cornfields stretched for many miles, one after the other.
(www.idioms.thefreedictionary.com)
I'll eat chocolates one after the other until the box is finished.
(www.dictionary.cambridge.org)
Odatda one dan keyin ot keladi: She ate one chocolate after the other until the box was
empty.
Every other – har ikkitadan bittasi
- I meet with her every other day. Biz u bilan har ikki kunda bir ko’rishib
turamiz.
One
 Gapda ega bo’lib kelib, no’malum shaxsni ifodalaydi.
- One should be careful when crossing Ko’chani kesib o’tayotganda,
the street. ehtiyot bo’lish kerak.
 One qaratqich kelishigi qo’shimchasini ham olishi mumkin:
- One must always keep one’s word. Odam doim o’z so’zida turishi kerak.
 Oldin ishlatilgan birlikdagi otni qayta noaniq artikl bilan ishlatish mumkin
bo’lganda, o’sha ot o’rniga ishlatilishi mumkin:
- I haven’t got a dictionary. I must Menda lug’at yo’q. Bitta lug’at sotib
buy one. olishim kerak.

 Oldin ishlatilgan otni qayta aniq artikl bilan ishlatish mumkin bo’lganda,
o’sha ot o’rnida the one (ko’plikda bo’lsa the ones) ishlatiladi:
- This book is more interesting than Bu kitob biz o’tgan haftada
the one we read last week. o’qiganimizga qaraganda qiziqarliroq
ekan.
This one bunisi
That one unisi
Which one qaysi biri
The other ones boshqalari
The first one birinchisi
Blue one ko’ki
The one we found yesterday biz kecha topganimiz

- 42 -
 The Article
Otning ko’rsatgichi hisoblanadi. Quyidagi turlarga bo’linadi:
3) aniq artikl – definite article;
4) noaniq artikl – inderfinite article.

Indefinite articles
Noaniq artikllar – a va an. One bir so’zidan kelib chiqqan.
Ishlatilishi:
 Birlikdagi sanaladigan otlardan oldin ishlatiladi, (unli tovush bilan
boshlangan so’zlar oldidan an, undosh tovush bilan boshlangan so’zlar
oldidan a ishlatiladi):
- I have a watch. Menda soat bor.
- I have an apple. Menda olma bor.
 Har bir, istagan ma’nosida ishlatiladi:
- A child can understand it. Har qanday bola buni tushuna oladi.
- A dog is an animal. It bu hayvon.
- A square has four sides. Har qanday to’rtburchakning to’rtta tomoni
bor.
- A cow gives milk. Sigir sut beradi.
 Suhbatdoshga noma’lum bo’lgan shaxs yoki buyumni ifodalagan ot oldida
ishlatiladi. Bunda noaniq artiklning ma’nosi bir ma’nosiga yaqinlashadi:
- It happened in a small town in Bukhara. Bu Buxoroning bir kichkina
shaxarchasida sodir bo’lgan edi.
- There is a telephone in the room. Xonada bitta telefon bor.
- I shall come in an hour. Men bir soatda kelaman.
- He didn’t say a word. U bir so’z demadi.
- She works at a school in London. U Londondagi bir maktabda
ishlaydi.
- I have an idea. Menda bir fikr bor.
- The price of the production is two dollars Mahsulotning bir kilogrami 2
a kilogram. dollar.
 Biror-bir buyumning yoki kishining turini, kasbini, qaysi guruhga
mansubligini ko’rsatganda noaniq artikl ishlatiladi:
- I am a teacher. Men o’qituvchiman.
- I am about to be a father. Men ota bo’lish arafasidaman.
- It is a knife. Bu pichoq.
- As a scientist, I don’t believe it. Olim sifatida, men bunga ishonmayman.
 Kishining turini, kasbini yoki qaysi guruhga mansubligini ko’rsatadigan otlar
to turn, to commence, to appoint, to elect fe’llaridan keyin kelsa artiklsiz
ishlatiladi:
Tom turned traitor. Tom sotqinga aylandi.
- 43 -
Shakespeare commenced actor. Shekspir aktyor bo’lib ish boshlagan.
They appointed him head-teacher. Uni direktor qilib tayinlashdi.
(yana: become president (Macmillan)
 What bilan boshlangan his-hayajon gaplardagi sanaladigan birlikdagi otlardan
oldin:
- What a clever boy! Qanday aqlli bola!
- What a surprise! Qanday kutilmagan holat!
- What a beautiful smile! Qanday go’zal tabassum!
Lekin: Sanalmaydigan yoki ko’plikdagi otlardan oldin odatda artikl ishlatilmaydi:
- What clever boys! Qanday aqlli bolalar!
- What nice weather! Qanday yaxshi havo!
 Such, quite, rather sifatlaridan keyin kelgan sanaladigan birlikdagi otlar
oldidan:
Such
Quitea + sifat + ot
Rather
- She is such a beautiful girl. U shunday chiroyli qiz.
- She is quite a young girl. U butunlay yosh qiz.
- It’s rather a long story. Bu yetarlicha uzoq hikoya.
Noaniq artikl rather dan keyin ham, oldin ham ishlatiladi:
- He is rather a shy guy = He is a rather shy guy.
Lekin: Sanalmaydigan yoki ko’plikdagi otlar oldidan kelganda artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
They are such beautiful girls. Ular shunday chiroyli qizlar.
 Sanalmaydigan otlar aniqlovchi bilan kelib, ma’lum bir turi nazarda tutilsa:
There was a long silence. Uzoq jimlik bo’ldi.
 Atoqli otlar ma’lum bir sohaning eng mashhur kishisi sifatida boshqa bir kishi
bilan taqqoslanganda, o’sha atoqli ot noaniq artikl bilan ishlatilishi mumkin:
- My husband is quite an Othello. Mening erim Otelloning o’zginasi.
 Qandaydir, allaqanday ma’nolarida atoqli ot oldidan kelishi mumkin:
- Teacher! A Bekhzod is calling you. Ustoz! Sizni qandaydir Behzod
chaqiryapti.
 Tabiiy hodisalar nomi oldidan:
- A Tsunami, an Earthquake.
Lekin: weather, fog, humidity, lightning, rain, sleet, snow, thunder, wind,
darkness, light, sunshine, electricity, fire, gravity kabilar odatda noaniq artikl
bilan kelmaydi.
 Ko’plikdagi ot boshqa bir ot oldidan aniqlovchi bo’lib kelganida u ot oldidan
noaniq artikl ishlatishi mumkin:
A clothes shop. Kiyimlar do’koni
A ten-minute speech. 10 daqiqalik nutq
A five-time winner. 5 karra g’olib.
It is a three miles’ walk from here. U bu yerdan 3 milya uzoqlikda
joylashgan.
 too, so, as, however, how lar ‘exceptional adjectives’ deb atalib, bulardan
keyin odatda sifat + artikl + ot keladi.
- 44 -
It is not so simple a problem as it seems. Bu sizga tuyulganichalik oddiy
muammo emas.
It is too difficult a problem to solve. Bu yechilishi haddan tashqari qiyin
bo’lgan muammo.
It is too urgent a matter to postpone. Bu ish kechiktirib bo’lmaydigan
darajada shoshilinch.
That’s as beautifula picture as I’ve Bu men ko’rgan eng chiroyli rasm.
ever seen.
However capable an athlete he is, … U har qancha qobiliyatli atletikachi
bo’lsa ham, …
How ornate a building that is! Qanday naqshinkor bino bu-a!
She’s no more talented an actress than U dublyorlarga qaraganda qobiliyatliroq
her understudy. aktrisa emas.
( more bu turdagi gaplarda faqat bo’lishsiz shaklda kela oladi)
What va more lar artikl oldidan yolg’iz kela oladi:
What a student he is. U qanaqa talaba o’zi!
It’s a shame he’s not more a diplomat. Uyat, endi u ortiq diplomat emas.

Quyidagilarga ham e’tibor bering:

He is a boy of ten. U - o’n yoshli bola.
He drove a Ford. U Ford haydadi.
I bought a map of Uzbekistan. Men O’zbekiston xaritasini sotib oldim.
We had a good dinner. Biz yaxshi tushlik qildik.
This is Mr. Brown, a professor Bu janob Braun, London universiteti
at LondonUniversity. professori.
She answered after a pause of 5 seconds. U 5 soniyalik jimlikdan so’ng javob
berdi.
Iboralar:
A lot of(with C and U) In a low (loud) voice past (baland) ovozda
Plenty of (with C and U) ko’p To be in a hurry shoshayotgan
A great deal of(with U) bo’lmoq
A great number of (with C) To go for a walk piyoda saytga
A good deal of(with U) chiqmoq
A good many(with C) to go on a picnic piknikka chiqmoq
A few bir nechta It’s a pleasure. Mazza!
To be at a loss o’zini yo’qotib qo’ymoq It’s a shame. Uyat!
A little biroz What a shame! Uyat!
At a speed of … tezlikda It’s a great idea! Ajoyib fikr!
As a result of natijada To have a good time! Vaqtni
At a time when paytda, -da yaxshi o’tkazmoq
At a time bir paytning o’zida To have a cold shamollamoq
As a rule qoida bo’yicha To have a mind e’tiroz bildirmoq
As a matter of fact aslida To have a look qiyo boqmoq,
For a while ma’lum vaqtga qaramoq
For a long (short) time uzoq (qisqa) To have a smoke sigaret chekmoq
paytdan beri To have a rest dam olmoq
- 45 -
To take a seat o’tirmoq To come to an end nihoyasiga
To tell a lie yolg’on gapirmoq yetmoq
It’s a pity afsus! An eye for an eye qonga qon
To have an eye for/to ga ishqiboz To make a favour iltifot
bo’lmoq; ni yaxshi tushunmoq ko’rsatmoq

Definite articles
Aniq artikl – the, that ko’rsatish olmoshidan kelib chiqqan.
Ishlatilishi:
 Otlarning shu turdagi buyumlardan ajratuvchi aniqlovchisi bo’lsa yoki
suhbatdoshga tanish bo’lgan narsa yoki kishi haqida gapirilganda:
-Where is the pen which I gave you. Senga bergan ruchkam qayerda?
-The water in this bottle is not fresh. Bu butulkadagi suv toza emas.
-Tom sat down on the chair nearest the Tom eshikka eng yaqin turgan stulga
door. o’tirdi
Lekin: tasvirlovchi aniqlovchi bilan kelsa (ya’ni izohlanayotgan ot izohdan keyin
ham noaniqligicha qolsa), noaniq artikl ishlatiladi:
- I like a man who comes to work on time. Men ishga o’z vaqtida keladigan
(har qanday) kishini yoqtiraman.
 Suhbatdoshga noma’lum bo’lgan biror-bir ot ikkinchi marta takrorlanganda:
-Yesterday I saw a man. The man Men kecha bir odamni ko’rdim. O’sha
was very old. odam juda qari edi.
- He bought me some apples and U menga biroz olma va shaftolilar olib
peaches.The apples are on the table keldi. Olmalar stol ustida, shaftolilar esa
and the peaches are in the fridge. muzlatgichda.

 Dunyoda yagona yoki ma’lum bir vaziyatda yagona bo’lgan otlar oldidan:
The Earth yer The Sky osmon
The Sun quyosh The World dunyo
The Moon oy The Universe olam
The Solar system quyosh tizimi
********************************************************************
The captain kapitan
The chief boshliq
The director director
Close the window! Derazani yop!
 Ilm-fan, texnika kashfiyotlari nomlari umumiy holatda butun turni ifodalab
kelganda:
The aeroplane has made the world Samalyot dunyoni toraytirdi. (uzoqni
a small place. yaqin qildi)
Now the horse has been replaced by Hozir otlarni o’rnini traktorlar egaladi.
the tractor.

- 46 -
  Birlikda kelgan, o’zi tegishli bo’lgan butun turni ifodalagan otni ajratib
ko’rsatish uchun:
The violet is my favourite flower. Binafsha mening sevimli gulim.
The giraffe is the tallest of all animals. Jirafa barcha hayvonlardan eng uzuni.
 Otlashgan sifat yoki sifatdosh oldida ishlatiladi. Ko’plik ma’nosini beradi
(agar gapda ega bo’lib kelsa, ulardan keyin ko’plikdagi kesim keladi) :
The poor in New Yorklive in slums. Nyu Yorkda kampag’allar xarobalarda
yashashadi
The woundedwere taken to the hospital. Yaradorlar shifoxonaga olib ketildi.
the rich the old the blind the sick the injured
the poor the deaf the dead the unemployed
 Sifatning orttirma darajasi oldidan:
Who is the cleverest student here? Bu yerda kim eng aqlli talaba?
This is the most interesting book I Bu men shu choqqacha o’qigan eng
have ever read. qiziqarli kitob.
 Tartib sonlardan oldin:
He was the first man to step onto the Moon. U oyga qadam qo’ygan birinchi
odam edi.
(The first the second the third the fourth the fifth/…)
Lekin: yana bir, ikkinchi bir, ma’nolarida tartib sonlar oldidan noaniq artikl
ishlatiladi:
Send me a second letter, please. Menga yana bir xat yuboring, iltimos.
A third man entered the room. Xonaga yana bir kishi kirdi.
A first night - premyera
A first prise - oliy mukofot
The same bir xil The last oxirgi
The following quyidagi The very ayni
The next keyingi The only yagona
Next va last so’zlari vaqtni ifodalaganda artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
Next week keyingi hafta last week o’tgan hafta
We’re going to London next month. Keyingi oy biz Londonga
kelyapmiz
 Last so’nggi ma’nosida aniq artikl oladi.
for the last ten years so’nggi o’n yildan beri.
 O’tgan zamonda va boshqa holatlarda next aniq artikl oladi:
She called me and we arranged to meet U menga qo’ng’iroq qildi va biz
the next day. ertasi kuni uchrashishni .
rejalashtirdik.
The next afternoon they took us to see the Keyingi kun ular bizni Milliy
National Gallery. Galereyani ko’rishga olib
borishdi.
 some of, all of, both of, none of, any of, much of, many of, most of, little
of, few of, each of, half of dan keyingi ot oldidan aniq artikl yoki ko’rsatgich
ishlatilishi shart:
Some of the pupils in the classroom were Darsxonadagi o’quvchilarning
- 47 -
not ready for the lesson. ba’zilari darsga tayyor emas edi.
Both of my sisters are interested in history. Ikkala opam ham tarix faniga
qiziqadi.
 Son va daughter so’zlari agar of predlogi bilan aniqlashtirib kelganda aniq
artikl oladi:
Lomonosov was the son of a fisherman. Lamanosov baliqchining o’g’li
Becky Sharp was the daughter of an artist. bo’lgan. Bekki Sharp rassomning
qizi bo’lgan.
 Laqablar oldidan aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
The Big Apple was first popularized as a Katta Olma ilk bora Jon J.Fitz
reference to New York City by John J. Fitz Jerald tomonidan Nyu York
Gerald shahrini nazarda tutadigan so’z
sifatida ommalashtirilgan.
 Mavhum va sanalmaydigan otlar xususiy hollarda aniqlashib kelganda ular
oldidan aniq artikl ishlatilishi mumkin:
The life of my friend is terrible. Do’stimning hayoti dahshatli.
The air of this room is fresh. Bu xonaning havosi toza.
 Familiyalar ko’plikda kelib butun oilani ifodalasa ulardan oldin aniq artikl
ishlatiladi:
The Akhmedjonovs Akhmedjonovlar oilasi
The Browns Brownlar oilasi
 Ba’zi davlat tashkilotlari:
The army the police the fire brigade (MacMillan)
 Okeanlar, dengizlar, daryolar, ko’rfazlar, cho’llar, kanallar, orol guruhlari,
tog’ tizmalari nomlari aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi (orol guruhlari va tog’
tizmalari nomlari odatda ko’plikda keladi):
The British Channel The Apennines The Philippines
The Pacific Ocean The British Isles The Bahamas
The Atlantic Ocean The Azors The Rocky
The Black Sea The West Indies Mountains
The Baltic Sea The Canaries The Rockies
The Persian Gulf The Canary Islands The Andes
The Sahara desert The Nile The St. Lawrence
The Volga The Rhine River
The Thames The Mediterranean The St. Lawrence
The Alps (Sea) Seaway
 Ba’zan sea, ocean so’zlari tushib qolganda ham aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
The Atlantic, The Arctic, The Pacific, The Baltic,
 Tarkibida republic, union, kingdom, states so’zlari bor davlat nomlari aniq
artikl bilan keladi:
The GermanFederalRepublic The United States (of America)
The Soviet Union The United Arab Emirates
The United Kingdom The Republic of Ireland
 Quyidagi mamlakat, shahar, joy nomlari oldidan aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
The Crimea The Congo The Netherlands
- 48 -
The Caucasus The Argentine The Bronx
The Transvaal The Ruhr The Midlands
The Hague (in the The Lebanon The West
Netherlands) The Riviera The Vatican
 Sharshara va dovon nomlari aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi:
The American Falls, the Canadian Falls, The Saint Gotthard Pass.
Lekin: ba’zi sharshara nomlari artikl bilan ham artiklsiz ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
Niagara Falls/ The Niagara Falls Victoria Falls/ The Victoria Falls
Horseshoe Falls/ The Horseshoe Falls (www.usefulenglish.ru)
 Davlat nomlari ma’lum bir davrdagi holati nazarda tutilsa, aniq artikl bilan
ishlatilishi mumkin:
I like the England of the Middle Ages. Menga o’rta asrlardagi Angliya yoqadi.
 Dunyo tomonlari nomlari oldidan aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
The North shimol The Middle East
The South janub The North of England
The East sharq The Far East
The West g’arb In/to the south of Spain
In/to the west of Canada
Lekin: northern England, southern Spain, western Canada; from north to south.
Brighton is south of London (artiklsiz ishlatiladi).
Brighton is to the south of London.
 Asr nomlari oldidan:
The Bronze Age, The Stone Age, The Middle Ages.
 Kema nomalari oldidan aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
The Titanic, the Kursk, The Santa Maria, The Mayflower, The Golden Fleece.
 Teatr, muzeylar, galereyalar, konsert zallari, klublar, yirik mehmonxonalar
nomlari oldidan aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
The Hilton (Hotel), The Station Hotel, The Bombay Restaurant,
The Red Lion (pub), The Palace Theatre, The ABC (cinema),
The Odeon, The Classic, The BritishMuseum,
The Tate Gallery, The Navai Theatre, The Opera house,
The AmirTemurMuseum, The National Gallery, the Tretyakov Gallery,
The Festaval Hall, The Intercontinental, The ScienceUniversity
The Globe (Theatre) The Plaza (Cinema) The Dorchester (Hotel)
The Brunei shopping centre.
Lekin: biror kishining nomi bilan atalsa artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
Jack’s Guest Hotel, Macdonald’s, St Martin’s Theatre,
Durrant’s Hotel, LincolnCenter.
Bundan tashqari quyidagilar ham artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
Waterloo (Station), Orly (Airport), St Mary’s Church,
Merton College, Norwich Museum, Lambeth, Palace,
Ashdown House.
 Boshqa binolar:
The Statue of Liberty, The United Nations building,
The Empire State Building, The White House, The RoyalPalace.
- 49 -
  Of bilan kelgan joy, bino nomlari odatda aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi:
The Bank of England The Great Wall of China
The Houses of Parliament The Museum of Modern Art
The Tower of London
 Gazeta nomlari aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi:
The Times, The Independent, The Guardian,
The Daily Telegraph, The Financial Times, The Washington Post,
The Evening Standard
 Davlat muassasalari, tashkilotlari, siyosiy partiyalar nomlari:
The Liberty party, The London city council.
 Til nomlari language so’zi bilan kelganda:
The English language, The Uzbek language.
 Butun millat nazarda tutilganda:
The English inglizlar The French fransuzlar
The Russians ruslar The Chinese xitoyliklar
The Americans amerikaliklar The Japanese yaponlar
Iboralar:
In the morning tongda To pass the time vaqtni o’tkazmoq
In the evening kech paytida To run the risk tavakkal qilmoq
In the afternoon peshindan keyin On the right (left)o’ng (chap) da
What is the time soat necha bo’ldi? By the way aytgancha
The day after tomorrow ertadan In the past o’tmishda
keyingi kun In the plural ko’plikda
The day before yesterday kechadan In the singular birlikda
oldingi kun Out of the question hech
On the whole butunlay iloji yo’q
The other day bir kun, To keep the bed to’shakda
kunlardan birida (o’tgan zamonda) yotmoq (kasalga nisbatan)
To go to the theatre (cinema) teatrga To keep the distance masofa
(kinoga) bormoq saqlamoq
To play the piano (the violin, the harp) To take the trouble to do smth.
pianina (skripka, arf) chalmoq Tirishmoq, qattiq harakat qilmoq.
In the country shaxar tashqarisida To be on the safe side xavfsizlikda
To the country shaxar tashqarisiga bo’lmoq
To tell (to speak) the truth rostini aytmoq What’s the matter? Nima bo’ldi?
To tell the time vaqtni aytmoq
 Agar gapda 2 ta bir xil ismli kishi bo’lsa, ularning nomi oldidan aniq artikl
ishlatiladi:
The George Brown who teaches here Bu yerda dars beradigan Jorj
is not the George Brown you know. Brown sen taniydigan Jorj Brown emas.
 Yillardan keyin ‘s kelsa aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi:
In the 1990’s after the 2000’s
 O’rmon nomlari oldidan aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
The Black Forest The New Forest.
 Etnik guruhlar nomlari oldidan aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
- 50 -
The Aztecs, The Mayas, The Inks.
 Muqaddas kitoblar nomlari oldidan aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
The Koran, The Bible, The Avesto.
 Urush nomlari oldidan aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
The Korean war, the second world war, the first world war.
Lekin: raqamlar otdan keyin kelganda ot oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi:
World war I, World war II.
 Musiqiy guruh nomlari oldidan aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
The Beatles the Backstreetboys.

Zero articles
 Sanalmaydigan otlar umumiy holatda artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
I want to drink water. Men suv ichishni xohlayman.
Love exists. Sevgi bor.
Long live friendship! Yashasin do’stlik!
I like coffee. Men kofeni yoqtiraman.
Lekin: xususiy holatlarda aniq artikl olishi mumkin:
The water in this lake is salty. Bu ko’lning suvi sho’r.
The love between them was strong. Ular o’rtasidagi sevgi kuchli edi.
Long live the friendshipbetween Millatlar aro do’stlik yashasin!
nations!
Where is the coffee which was on Stol ustida turgan kofe qani?
the table?
 Biror bir ko’rsatgich bilan kelgan ot oldidan:
This is my pen. Bu mening ruchkam.
 Qaratqich kelishigida kelgan otdan keyin:
Haven’t you see Father’s coat? Otamning paltosini ko’rmadingmi?
Is it your cat’s food? Bu mushugingizni ovqatimi?
Look at that woman’s face. Ana u ayolning yuziga qarang.
Lekin: qaratqich kelishigidagi otdan oldin artikl ishlatilishi mumkin:
a boy’s wear/a children’s world.
 Man va woman so’zlar umumiy holatda artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
Man and woman were created equal. Erkak va ayol teng qilib yaratilgan.
How did man discover fire? Inson birinchi marta olovni qanday
kashf qilgan.
Man is mortal. Inson o’ladi (abadiy emas).
 Most dan keyin artikl ishlatilmaydi:
Most birds can fly. Ko’pchilik qushlar ucha oladi.
(most of + ko’rsatgich…)
 Atoqli otlar oldidan umumiy holatda artikl ishlatilmaydi:
Behzod Uzbekistan Bukhara London Mr. Brown
Lekin: suhbatdoshga tanish, ikkita bir xil ismli yoki o’sha otning ma’lum bir
davrdagi holati nazarda tutilganda aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi:
- 51 -
You’re not the Andrew Manson I married.
Yesterday I met Tom, but that’s not the Tom you know.
 Oila a’zolarini ifodalovchi otlar oldidan(onam, otam, opam kabi ma’nolarda):
Mother father sister brother aunt uncle
Have you seen what father gave me? Menga otam nima berganini
ko’rdingmi?
Boshqa holatlarda noaniq artikl bilan keladi:
He was like a father to him. U unga xuddi otasi kabi edi.
I have a sister and a brother. Mening bir opam va akam bor.
 Bayram nomlari oldidan ham artikl ishlatilmaydi:
Easter Ramadan New Year (or New Year’s Day) Christmas
Christmas is widely observed holiday. Kristmas keng nishonlanadigan
bayramdir.
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Muslim Ramazon hijriy yilning 9-oyidir.
year.
 Dinlar nomi oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi:
Islam Christianity Buddism
 Sayyora nomlari oldidan ham odatda artikl ishlatilmaydi:
Mars Venus Jupiter (MacMillan)
 Oy, hafta kunlari nomi oldidan ham artikl ishlatilmaydi:
April July Monday Friday
Lekin:
 I’ll see youon  They arrived on a  They arrivedon the
Friday. Friday as far as I Friday after my
 We met on Friday can remember. birthday party.
 My day off is  Robinson Crusoe  The May of 1949
Friday found his servant on will always rest in
 May is a spring a Friday. my memory.
month.
= Kelasi va o’tgan Juma = Jumalardan birida. = aynan bir aniq Juma va
ma’nolarida va umumiy May.
holatda.
 Fasl nomlari odatda artiklsiz yoki aniq artikl bilan keladi:
In (the) summer I try to spend as much time in the garden as I can.
 Aynan qaysi bahor, kuz, qish, yozligi aniq bo’lsa aniq artikl ishlatiladi:
When are you going to university? In the autumn. (= next autumn)
Lekin:Ba’zan esa noaniq artikl bilan ham kelishi mumkin:
That was a winter I’ll never forget. U men hech qachon unutmaydigan bir
qish edi.
Fasl nomlarini bildiruvchi otlar early yoki late so’zi bilan kelganda, artikl
ishlatilmaydi:
It was early (late) spring. Erta (kech) bahor edi.
 Midnight, midday, noon so’zlari artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
If possible, I’d like it finished by midday.
 Jurnal nomlari artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
- 52 -
Punch New Scientist
 Materik nomlari oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi:
America Africa Asia Europe South America
North America Latin America Australia Antarctica
 Alohida to’g nomlari, alohida orol nomlari, yarim orollar, qo’ltiq nomlari:
Elbus, Montblanc, Everest, Etna, Ben Nevis,
Kalimanjaro, Snowdon, Table Mountain alohida cho’qqilar
(Lekin: the Matterhorn (=Das Matterhorn), The Meije (=La Meije),
Indo-china, Labrador, Taimir yarim orollar
Corfu, Sicily, Bermuda, Easter Island alohida orollar
Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay, San Francisco qo’ltiqlar
 Ko’l nomlari:
Madagascar, Lake Ohio, Lake Como, Lake Superior,
Huron, Erie, Lake Ontario, Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake,
Lake Winni peg, Lake Constance, Loch Ness, …
Lekin: The Great Lakes (5 lakes), The Great Salt Lake
 Yarim orol nomlariga yarim orol so’zi peninsula qo’shilsa, aniq artikl bilan
ishlatiladi:
The Balkan Peninsula, the Kola peninsula The Alaska peninsula
Lekin: Alaska, Kamchatka, Iberia, Indochina
 Geografik nomlar aniqlovchili atoqli otdan yasalgan bo’lsa:
Eastern Europe Sharqiy Yevropa North America Shimoliy Amerika
Central Asia Markaziy Osiyo Nothern Ireland Shimoliy Irlandiya
Lekin: The Middle East, The Far East.
 Ko’cha, yo’l nomlari:
Oxford street, Main Street Wall street, 42nd Street
Palmal street, Fifth Avenue, Broadway, Regend
Street, Cromwell Road. Oak Alley Maple Boulevard
Highway 64 Route 66 Lexington Road Sixth Avenue
Lekin: The Arbat
Bosh ko’chalar: The High street The Strand the Mall The Avenue,
Raqamlanga ko’chalar: The Bath road, The A5, The M6
The Silk Road, The National Road, The Freedom Trail, The Lincoln
Highway,…
 Park, zoopark nomlari va bank nomlari oldidan:
Hyde Park, Central Park, London Zoo, Citibank.
 Maydon va Sirk nomlari:
Trafalgar Square, Russel Square, HidePark Corner,
Picadilly Circus, Leicestor Square, Mustakillik Square,
Red Square.
 Universitet, kollej nomlari oldidan (asosan atoqli ot bilan boshlangan bo’lsa):
LondonUniversity, CambrigeUniversity, TrinityCollege.
Lekin: The University of London.
 Aeroport va temir yo’l stansiyalari nomlari oldidan:
London Airport, Victoria Station, KennedyAirport
- 53 -
  Ikki so’zdan iborat bo’lgan nomlarning birinchi qismi atoqli otdan (kishi yoki
joylashgan joyining nomi) bilan boshlanadi. Bunday otlar artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
ColumbiaUniversity, City Hall, New York Public Library.
 Qasrlar va boshqa bino nomlari:
Westminster Abbey Canterbury Cathedral
EdinburghCastle BuckinghamPalace
 Ko’plab ko’prik nomlari artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
Tower Bridge, Westminster Bridge
Lekin: The Golden Gate Bridge, The Severn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge
 Ko’plab do’konlar, restoranlar, mehmonxonalar, banklar va shu kabilar uni
ochgan kishi nomlari bilan ataladi va ular s yoki ‘s bilan tugaydi. Bu kabi otlar
artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
Do’konlar: Selfidges, Harrods
Restoranlar: Maxim’s, Macdonald’s, Luigi’s Italian Restaurant
Mehmonxonalar: Claridge’s
Banklar: Barclays Bank, Lioyds Bank
 St (saint – avliyo) nomiga qo’yilgan cherkov nomlari ham artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
St John’s Church, St Paul’s Cathedral
 Ovqat nomlari oldidan umumiy holda:
Breakfast lunch dinner supper.
- What have we got for dinner?
- I don’t like drinking coffee at breakfast.
Lekin: We didn’t get up until 10 o’clock and had a late breakfast.
The dinner we had at Webster’s restaurant was marvelous.
Agar biror bir munosabat bilan rasmiy qilinadigan dinner yoki lunch haqida
gapirganda ular oldidan noaniq artikl ishlatiladi:
- We’re having a dinner to welcome the new manager.
 Orqasidan sanoq son kelga otlar oldidan:
Lesson 7, page 25, part 2, chapter 5.
- You can find this information on page 235.
 Moddalar nomlari oldidan:
- All plants and animals need oxygen in order to live.
- Hydrogen is a colourless gas that is the lightest and commonest element in the
universe.
 Tartib soni bilan kelgan grade (maktabdagi sinf ma’nosida), avenue, street
otlari oldida artikl ishlatilmaydi:
- I’m in sixth grade. Men oltinchi sinfda o’qiyman.
 Lavozimi yoki mansabi bo’yicha murojat qilinganda: Captain Temirov!
Professor Brown! Teacher! Aunt Polly! Uncle James!
Doctor Strong, I need your help. Doktor Strong, menga yordamingiz
kerak.
 School, college, university, bed, prison, jail, hospital, church so’zlari
oldidan 2 xil holat kuzatilishi mumkin:
a) agar shu joylar o’z a’zosi tomonidan gapirilsa artiklsiz ishlatiladi:

- 54 -
- I’m a pupil. I go to school. Men o’quvchiman. Men maktabga
boraman.
- I’m ill that’s why now I’m in hospital. Men kasalman, shuning uchun hozir
kasalxonadaman.
- Mr. Dorrit was sent to prison for debt. Janob Dorrit qarzdorligi uchun qamoqqa
olindi.
b) agar biror ish bilan borgan odam gapirsa aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi:
- I’ll go to the school to see my Men ertaga qizimni ko’rish uchun
daughter tomorrow. maktabga boraman.
- Mr. Dorrit went to the prison to see Janob Dorrit do’stini ko’rgani
his friend. qamoqxonaga bordi.
 From … to … iborasi bilan kelganda artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
From morning till night Ertalabdan kechgacha
From east to west sharqdan g’arbgacha
From time to time vaqti vaqti bilan
From day to day kundan kunga
From head to foot boshdan oyoq
Lekin: oddiy gaplarda kelishi mumkin:
It’s not so far from the city centre Shaxar markazidan shifoxonagacha
to the hospital. uzoq emas.
Iboralar:
At night tunda
By day kunduz payti
At home uyda
Go home uyga bormoq
At work ishda
Go to work ishga bormoq
Come from work ishdan qaytmoq
Go to bed uxlamoq
Out of doors tashqarida, ko’chada
To take to heart yurakka yaqin olmoq
To take offence xafa bo’lmoq
To ask (give, get) permission ruxsat so’ramoq (bermoq, olmoq).
To lose heart yuragini oldirmoq In debt qarzdor
At present hozirgi paytda At sunset quyosh
By chance tasodifan botayotganda
By mistake adashib At sunrise quyosh
For hours soatlab chiqayotganda
For ages uzoq vaqtdan beri At first sight bir qarashda
To go to sea dengizchi bo’lmoq At peace tinchlikda
On deck palubada At war urushda
By train (air, boat, bus) poezd (havo, qayiq, avtobus) orqali
At dinner (breakfast, lunch, supper) tushlik (nonushta, kechki ovqat) vaqtida
To go to town shaxarga bormoq To be in town shaxarda bo’lmoq
The Nobel Prize Nobel mukofoti

- 55 -
  Nature, society, space, weather, war kabi mavhum otlar umumiy holatda
artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
- We must protect nature. Biz tabiatni himoya qilishimiz
kerak.
- I like cold weather. Menga sovuq havo yoqadi.
- War is destructive. Urush vayron qiluvchidir.
Lekin ma’lum bir joyning atrof muhiti, iqlimi haqida gap ketganda aniq artikl bilan
ishlatiladi.
- What is the weather like today? Bugun ob-havo qanday?
- I like the nature of my country. Davlatimning tabiatini
yoqtiraman.
 Bir nechta so’zlarning bosh harflari qisqartmasidan yasalgan otlar oldidan
artikl qo’yidagicha ishlatiladi:
Agar ot harfma harf o’qilsa, aniq artikl bilan:
The BBC, The USA, The NBA, The FBR
Agar harflar qo’shib o’qilsa, artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
UNESCO, FIFA
 Kasallik nomlari rasmiy ingliz tilida sanalmaydigan ot hisoblanadi va artiklsiz
keladi:
appendicitis flu mumps cholera toothache
cancer tuberculosis diarrhea pneumonia diabetes
influenza diphtheria measles thypus astma
I have astma.
He died of cancer. U rakdan o’ldi.
She is suffering from diabetes. U qandli diabetdan azob chekadi.
Bob fell ill with mumps.
Influenza is an infectional disease.
What are the symptoms of typhus?
Flu is an illness which is similar to a bad cold but more serious.
Toothache is pain in one of your teeth.
 Agar muayyan bir kasallik haqida gap ketganda aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi:
After the mumps I didn’t go to school for a week.
How are you feeling after the flu?
The mumps causes swelling of the glands.
The boy Roger arrived home with the measles. (www.doclecture.net)
 Shamollamoq ma’nosini ifodalovchi quyidagi so’z birikmalari tarkibida
noaniq artikl ishlatilishi ham ishlatilmasligi ham mumkin:
To catch (a) cold. To catch (a) chill.
 Quyidagi kasalliklarni ifodalovchi so’z birikmalari tarkibida, odatda, noaniq
artikl ishlatiladi:
To have a headache boshi og’ramoq To have a cough yo’tal bo’lmoq
To have an earache qulog’I og’ramoq To have a temperature issig’i chiqmoq
To have a toothache tishi og’ramoq To have a sore on smb’s face
To have a stomachache qorni og’ramoq yuziga yara chiqmoq
To have a sore throat tomog’i To have a boil on smb’s leg
og’ramoq oyog’iga chipqon chiqmoq
- 56 -
To have a boil on the hand To have heart trouble
qo’liga chipqon chiqmoq yuragi bezovta qilmoq
To have a bruise on the leg
oyog’i ko’karmoq

THE DETERMINATIVES
Ko’rsatgichlar
Otlarni aniqlab, ular oldigan keladigan olmoshlar, artikllar va qaratqich kelishigidagi
otlar ko’rsatgichlar hisoblanadi. Bir ot oldidan faqat bitta ko’rsatgich kelishi
mumkin.
Ko’rsatgichlarga quyidagilar kiradi:
 Artikllar (a/an/the):
- I have a book.
- Where is the letter?
 Ko’rsatish olmoshlari(This/that/these/those):
- Whose are those books?
- This book is mine.
 Egalik olmoshlari (My/your/his/her/its/our/their):
- My friends are very clever.
- Is this your pen or his pen?
 Qaratqich kelishigidagi otlar (Peter’s/my friend’s):
Lekin, qaratqich kelishigidagi otdan oldin boshqa ko’rsatgichlar ham kelishi
mumkin, ammo undan keyin boshqa ko’rsatgich kelmaydi:
- Archer’s dream was to see her happy.
- Some people’s hearts are becoming as hard as a stone.
 Gumon olmoshlaridan ba’zilari (Many/ much/ little/ few/ some/ any/ each/
every/ either/ neither/ no):
- We have many friends.
- Every child has a dream.
- There is some water in the lake.
 So’roq olmoshlarining ba’zilari(what/which/whose):
- What flower do you like?
- Which chapter have you read?
- Whose book is this?
 Ko’rsatgichlar qaysi otga taalluqli bo’lsa, o’sha ot bilan keladi:
- This is my pen.
- This book is mine.
 Agar o’sha ko’rsatgichdan tashqari otning oldida boshqa aniqlovchisi kelsa,
ular ot bilan ko’rsatgich orasiga qo’yiladi:
- This is my blue pen. - This blue pen is mine.
 A/the kind of
Maryland is the kind of place I’d like to go on vacation.

- 57 -
 The Verb
Fe’l
Predmetning harakat yoki holatini bildiruvchi so’zlar fe’l deyiladi.
Fe’llar sodda, yasama va qo’shma bo’ladi.
 Sodda fe’llar tarkibida hech qanday qo’shimcha bo’lmaydi va bitta so’zdan
iborat bo’ladi:
To go/to walk/to work/to see/to write/to understand
 Yasama fe’llar – qo’shimcha olib yasaladi:
Fe’l yasovchi qo’shimchalar:
-en: to widen/to strengthen
-fy: to simplify/to satisfy
-ize: to organize/to realize
-ate: to separate/to activate
Re-: to resell/to rebuild
Un-: to untie/to unload
Dis-: to disappear/to dislike
 Qo’shma fe’llar bir nechta so’zdan yasaladi:
To window-shop do’kon vitrinalarini qarab chiqmoq
To short-change kam qaytim bermoq; aldamoq
To babysit enagalik qilmoq
To stir-fry aralashtirib turib qovurmoq
 Fe’llarning shaxsi ma’lum (finite) va shaxsi noma’lum (non-finite) shakllari
mavjud.
Non-finite shakliga quyidagilar kiradi:
Infinitive to go/to work/think/see
Gerund going/working/thinking/seeing
Participle (V3) gone/worked/thought/seen
Fe’lning asosiy shakllari
To’g’ri (regular) va noto’g’ri (irregular) fe’llar.
 To’g’ri fe’llarning Past Simple va Perfect shakllari fe’lga –ed/-d qo’shish
orqali yasaladi:
Asosiy shakli ( V0 ) V2 V3
To work worked worked
To answer answered answered
 Noto’g’ri fe’llar esa o’zakdan o’zgarish yoki o’zgarmaslik yo’li bilan yasaladi
Asosiy shakli ( V0 ) V2 V3
To go went gone
To see saw seen
To be was/were been
To put put put
To cut cut cut
- 58 -
 Auxiliary Verbs
Yordamchi fe’llar
To be, to do, to have, shall, will, should, would lar yordamchi fe’llardir.Yordamchi
fe’llar ma’no anglatmaydi.
To be
Birlik Ko’plik
I am we are
You are you are
He
She is they are
It

Am not - qisqarmaydi I am = I’m He is = he’s

Are not = aren’t You are = you’re She is = she’s
Is not = isn’t We are = we’re It is = it’s
To be to – oldindan rejalashtirilgan uchrashuvlar va boshqa tadbirlar uchun “kerak”
ma’nosida ishlatiladi.
I’m to go there at 4 o’clock. Men u yerga soat 4 da borishim kerak.
To have
Birlik Ko’plik
I have We have
You have You have
He
She has They have
It
I have = I’ve to have = to have got (=I’ve got)
He has = he’s
- Ega bo’lmoq, qildirtirmoq (have smth done), have bilan yasalgan iboralar va
majbur bo’lmoq ( have to) ma’nosida yordamchi fe’loladi:
Do you have a book? Senda kitob bormi?
I don’t have to go there. U yerga borishim shart emas.
I am having a good time here. Bu yerda vaqtni yaxshi o’tkazyapman.
- Did you have those curtains made? Bu pardalarni tiktirtirdingmi?
- No, I made them myself. Yo’q, ularni o’zim tikdim.
rd
(R. Murphy 3 edition)
- Perfect zamonlarda va got bilan kelganda yordamchi fe’l olmaydi.
Have you heard about the news. Yangilikni eshitdingmi?
I haven’t got a book. Menda kitob yo’q.
 Have got odatda o’tgan zamonda ishlatilmaydi, faqat o’zlashtirma gaplarda
ishlatilishi mumkin:
I had a problem (I had got a problem EMAS) Mening muamoyim bor.
He said he had got a problem. U muammosi borligini aytdi.
Perfect va Have got shakllaridan tashqari deyarli barcha hollarda have fe’li so’roq
va inkor shakllarda do yordamchi fe’lini oladi:
- 59 -
Do you have a book? Senda kitob bormi?
Do you have to go now? Hozir ketishing kerakmi?
Do you have your hair cut? Sochingni kaltalatasanmi?
Do you have breakfast early? Nonushtani barvaqt qilasanmi?
Have you finished reading? O’qishni tugatdingmi?
Have you got a book? Senda kitob bormi?
To do
Birlik Ko’plik
I do We do
You do You do
He
She does They do
It
Do not = don’t Does not = doesn’t

Shall & Will

Birlik Ko’plik
I Shall We shall
You will You will
He
She will They will
It
I shall = I’ll We shall = we’ll he will = he’ll
Shall not = shan’t will not = won’t (ba’zan: I will, We will )

Should
Shall ning o’tgan zamon shakli:
I said I should be glad to see you. Men uni ko’rishdan xursand bo’lishimni
aytdim.
Modal fe’l vazifasida axloqiy burchni yoki maslahatni ifodalalashda ishlatiladi:
a) hozirgi yoki kelasi zamonga taalluqli harakatni ifodalashda:
should + V0

You should go to see him tomorrow. Sen uni ertaga ko’rishga borishing
kerak.
I should help him. Men unga yordam berishim kerak.
b) o’tgan zamonda biror harakatni bajarmagan va so’zlovchining fikricha noto’g’ri
qilganini ifodalashda, ta’na va tanqidni ifodalashda:

should + have V3

He should have helped him. U unga yordam berishi kerak edi.

- 60 -
 - Hozirgi va o’tgan zamondagi noreal gapli qo’shma gaplarda ishlatiladi:
I should go if I had time. Vaqtim bo’lganida borardim.
We should have caught the train Biz poezdga yetib olgan bo’lardik, agar tezroq
if we had walked faster. yugurganimizda.
I should = I’d

Suggest + should : I suggest you should go there right now.

(I suggest you go there right now).
- Ba’zan should mabodo deb ham tarjima qilinadi:
If you should see Tom, tell him that Agar mabodo Tomni ko’rib qolsang,
I have something to tell him. unga aytadigan gapim borligini aytib
qo’y.

Would

Will ning o’tgan zamon shakli:

He said that he would come. Ular uning kelishini aytishdi.
Noreal gaplarda xuddi should kabi ishlatiladi:
He would go there if he had time. Uning vaqti bo’lganida u yerga borardi.
You would have caught the train Agar sen tezroq yurganingda, poyezdga yetib
if you had walked faster olgan bo’larding.
Would iltimosni ifodalashda ham ishlatiladi:
Whould you mind passing me the salt? Menga tuzni uzatib yuborolmaysizmi?
He would = he’d

Modal verbs
Modal fe’llar
- Modal fe’llardan keyin ‘to’ ishlatilmaydi (ought) dan tashqari.
I can do (to do emas) it. Men bu ishni qila olaman.
- III shaxs birlikda ‘s ni olmaydi, faqat fe’lning asosiy shakli keladi :
He may go (goes, going, went, gone, will go kelishi mumkin emas). U ketishi
mumkin.
Modal fe’llarga quyidagilar kiradi:
Can
- Hozirgi va kelasi zamonda ishlatilib, imkoniyat, qobiliyatni ifodalaydi.
I can swim. Men suza olaman.
We can’t come to the meeting Biz uchrashuvga bora olmaymiz. (B. Sh. Azar)
I can come and see you tomorrow Agar xohlasangiz ertaga kelib sizni ko’rishim
if you like. (Murphy 3rd edition) mumkin.
- Can ning faqat hozirgi va o’tgan zamon shakli mavjud. Shu sababli
uning o’rniga to be able to ham (odatda bir martalik ish harakat uchun)

- 61 -
 ishlatishimiz mumkin. Uning o’tganzamon, kelasi zamon va
tugallangan shakllari ham mavjud:
Helen can/is able to read well, even Helen endigina uch yoshda bo’lishiga
though she’s only three. qaramasdanyaxshi o’qiy oladi.

After only six months, Suzanne could Atigi olti oydan keyin Suzanna
play the violin quite well. pianinoni judayaxshi chala oladigan
(not was able to) bo’ldi.
Jenny was able to leave the hospital Jenni shifoxonani bola tug’ilgandan 6
only six hours after the baby was born. soat o’tgachgina tark eta oldi.
(not could) (M.Hewings)
I haven’t been able to sleep recently. Shu kunlarda uxlay olmayapman.
Tom might be able to come tomorrow. Tom ertaga kela olishi mumkin.
(Murphy )
See, understand, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember kabi fe’llar bilan could
ishlatiladi:
We had a lovely room in the hotel. We could see the lake.
As soon as I walked into the room, I could smell gas.
I was sitting at the back of the theatre and couldn’t hear very well. (R.Murphy 3rd
edition)
- Og’zaki nutqda ijozatni ham ifodalashi mumkin:
Today children can (=are allowed to) Bugun bolalar xohlagan ishlarini
do what they like. qilishlari mumkin.
 Quyidagi hollarda ehtimollikni ifodalash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin:
Winter here can be really cold. Bu yerda qish juda sovuq bo’lishi
mumkin. (Mcmillan)
It can be expensive to keep a cat. Mushuk saqlash qimmatga tushsa kerak.
(Hewings)
The word ‘play’ can be a noun or a verb. ‘play’ so’zi ot yoki fe’l bo’lishi
mumkin.
rd
(Murphy 3 edition)
Could
- Can ning o’tgan zamon shakli, bir martalik ish harakatlarda odatda
uning o’rniga was/were able to ishlatiladi:
I could speak English when I was young. Yoshligimda ingliz tilida gapira
olardim.
Though my English wasn’t so good, I Ingliz tilini yaxshi bilmasamda, bir
was able to talk to a tourist. sayyoh bilan gaplasha oldim.
- May va might kabi ehtimollikni ifodalashi ham mumkin, lekin could
odatda bo’lish ehtimoli juda kam bo’lgan hollarda ishlatiladi:
I’ll write the date of the meeting in Men uchrashuv sanasini kundaligimga
my dairy, otherwise I may/might/could yozibqo’yaman, aks holda unutib
forget it. qo’yishim mumkin. (hozirgi yoki kelasi
zamondagi ehtimollikni ifodalayapti).
Janny is late. She may/might/couldhave Janny kech qoldi. U uchrashuv haqida
- 62 -
forgotten about the meeting. unutgan bo’lishi mumkin.
The situation was bad, but it could have Ahvol yomon edi, lekin bundan ham
been worse. yomonroq bo’lishi mumkin edi.
(o’tgan zamondagi ehtimollikni ifodalayapti).
You could be right, but I doubt it. Sen haq bo’lishing mumkin, lekin
mening bunga shubham bor.
I’m so tired, I could sleep for a week. Men shunchalik charchaganmanki, bir
hafta
uxlashim mumkin. (noreal holat)
Taqqoslang:
I can stay with Julia when I go to Paris. Parijga borganimda Julia bilan turishim
mumkin.
(real holat)
Maybe I could stay with Julia when I go BalkiParijga borganimda Julia bilan
to Paris. turarman.
(ehtimoli bor, lekin aniq emas)
This is a wonderful place. I could stay Bu ajoyib joy. Bu yerda abadiy qolishim
here for ever. mumkin.
(noreal holat) (Murphy)
 O’tgan zamondagi umumiy ijozatni ham ifodalab kelishi mumkin:
Anyone was allowed to/could fish in the lakewhen council owned it.
Lekin: bir martalik ijozatda was allowed to ishlatiladi, could emas:
Although he didn’t have a ticket, Ken was allowed to come in. (Hewings)
- Iltimos ma’nosida:
Could you do me a favour? Menga bir iltifot ko’rsata olmaysizmi?
Could you pass me the salt? Tuzni uzatib yubora olmaysizmi?
May
- Ijozat va ruxsatni ifodalaydi:
May I come in? Kirsam maylimi?
- Ehtimollikni ifodalaydi:
He may be here. U shu yerda bo’lishi mumkin.
- O’tgan zamondagi ehtimollik haqida gap ketganda quyidagicha yasaladi:
May
Have V3
might
- I wonder why Ann didn’t answer the doorbell.
- Well, I suppose she may have been asleep.
- Odatda ehtimollikni ifodalovchi so’roq gaplarda ishlatilmaydi:
Are you likely to go camping this summer? Bu yoz lagerga borishing
mumkinmi?
Do you think Emma has gone shopping? Emma xarid qilishga ketgan deb
o’ylaysanmi?
 Do you think iborasidan keyin ishlatilishi mumkin:
Do you think you may go camping this Bu yoz lagerga borishim mumkin
summer? deb o’ylaysanmi?
- 63 -
  Ruxsatni ifodalaganda:
- May I come in?
- Yes, you may. Yoki No, you may not.
Ba’zan may not ning o’rniga must not ishlatilib kuchliroq ta’qiqni ifodalaydi.
 Tilakni ifodalaganda:
May you both be very happy! Ikkalangiz ham baxtli bo’ling!
May God be with you! Xudo yor bo’lsin!
May she rest in peace. Joyi jannatda bo’lsin.
Might
 May ning o’tgan zamon shakli.
She said she might go with us. U biz bilan borishi mumkinligini aytdi.
 Odatda might o’tgan zamon ma’nosida emas, balki xuddi may kabi hozirgi va
kelasi zamonda ishlatiladi. Farqi shuki, might ehtimoli kamroq bo’lgan holda
ishlatiladi:
- I might get a job Men ish topishim mumkin.
- Yes, and pigs might fly. Ha, cho’chqalar ham ucha oladi.
May
Not = it’s possible that … not…
Might
 Can not = it’s not possible that…
It may/might not be true (=it’s possible that it’s not true).
It can’t be true (=it’s not possible that it’s true).
 May/might +have V3 hozirgi va kelasi zamonda ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
I’ll try phoning him, but he may have gone out by now.
By the end of this year I might have saved some money.

- May/might …but (although)

He may be clever, but he hasn’t got much common sense.
(=although he is clever, he hasn’t got much common sense)
Must
 Zaruratni, buyruqni, ta’qiqni va kuchli maslahatni ifodalaydi. Kerak, shart deb
tarjima qilinadi:
I must do it now. Men buni hozir bajarishim kerak.
 Ehtimolligi yuqori bo’lgan ish-harakatni ifodalashi mumkin:
You’ve been travelling all day. Sen kuni buyi yuribsan. Charchagan
You must be tired. bo’lsang kerak.
- Jim is a hard worker. - Jim qattiq ishlaydigan ishchi.
- Jim? You must be joking. He doesn’t - Jimmi? Hazillashayotgan bo’lsang
do anything. kerak. U umuman ishlamaydiku.
 Bo’lishsiz shaklida esa mustn’t o’rnida can’t ishlatiladi:
You have been sleeping all day. Sen kuni buyi uxlab yotibsan.

- 64 -
You can’t be tired. Charchaganbo’lishing mumkin emas.
Sue hasn’t contacted me. She can’t Syu men bilan aloqaga chiqmadi. U
have got my message. xatimni olmagan bo’lsa kerak.
 O’tgan zamonda bajarilgan ish-harakatning sodir bo’lish ehtimolligi
yuqoriligini ifodalashda ishlatilishi mumkin:
The telephone rang, but I didn’t Telefon jiringladi lekin men
hear it. I must have been asleep. eshitmadim.
Men uyquda bo’lgan bo’lsam kerak.
 Mustning faqat hozirgi zamon shakli mavjud. Shu sababli boshqa shakllarda
uning o’rniga have to dan foydalanamiz:
Last week Tina broke her arm and O’tgan hafta Tina qo’lini sindirdi va
had to go to hospital. shifoxonaga borishiga to’g’ri keldi.
I haven’t had to go to the doctor Anchadan beri shifokorga borishimga
for ages. to’g’ri kelgani yo’q.
If the pain gets worse, you’ll have to Agar og’riq kuchaysa, shifokorga
go to the doctor. borishingizga to’g’ri keladi. (Murphy)
 So’roq va inkor shakllarida do/does/did ni oladi:
What do I have to do to get a new Yangi haydovchilik guvohnomasini
driving licence? olish uchun nima qilishim kerak?
Farqi: Odatda must shaxsiy fikrni bildirishda ishlatiladi, have to esa tashqi
majburiyatni ifodalaydi:
I haven’t spoken to Sue for ages. Syu bilan anchadan beri gaplashganim
I must phone her. yo’q.Unga qo’ng’iroq qilishim kerak.
Mark is a really nice person. You Mark haqiqatdan ham ajoyib inson. Sen
must meet him. u bilan uchrashishing kerak.
I have to work from 8:30 to 5:30 Men har kuni 8:30 dan 5:30 gacha
every day. ishlashim kerak.
 Lekin yozma qoida va qo’llanmalarda odatda must ishlatiladi:
Applications for the job must be Ish uchun arizalar 18-maygacha qabul
received by 18 May. qilinishi kerak.
You must write your answers in ink. Javoblaringizni siyohda yozishingiz
kerak.
(imtihon qoidasi) (Murphy)
 Lekin mustn’t va don’t have to bir xil emas. Mustn’t ta’qiqni ifodalab,
qilmaslik kerak deb tarjima qilinadi, don’t have to esa, shart emas deb tarjima
qilinadi.
You must keep it a secret. You mustn’t Sen buni sir saqlashing kerak. Biror
tell anyone. kishiga aytmasliging kerak.
You don’t have to tell him, but you Unga aytishing shart emas, lekin
can if you want to. xohlasang aytishing mumkin.
 Have to ni o’rniga have got to ni ham ishlatish mumkin:
I’ve got to work tomorrow or I have to work tomorrow
Ertaga ishlashimga to’g’ri keladi.

- 65 -
 Ought to
 Axloqiy burchni yoki maslahatni ifodalaydi. Uning o’rniga ko’pincha should
yordamchi fe’li ishlatiladi:
So’roq va inkor shakllari yordamchi fe’llarsiz yasaladi:
Ought we to go now? (=Should we go now?) Hozir borishimiz kerakmi?
Doim ‘to’ bilan ishlatiladi.
 Ammo question tag da ‘to’ siz ishlatiladi:
We ought to wake Helen, oughtn’t we? Biz Helenni uyg’otishimiz kerak,
shunday emasmi?
 Odatda I bilan maslahatni ifodalaganda ought to emas, should ishlatiladi:
I should leave early tomorrow, if I were you. O’rningda bo’lganimda, ertaga
barvaqt jo’nagan bo’lardim.
Should I ring you at home? Uyingga qo’ng’iroq qilaymi?
(Hewings)
 Ba’zan ehtimollikni ham ifodalaydi:
- I’m spending the winter in Miami. Men bu qishni Mayamida
- Oh, That ought to be nice. o’tkazyapman.Oh, bu judayam
zo’r bo’lsa kerak.
 O’tgan, hozirgi, kelasi zamonda sodir bo’lishi mo’ljallangan yoki kerak
bo’lgan ish-harakatning bajarilmaganligini ifodalash uchun ham ishlatiladi:
I ought to have phoned you, but I forgot. Sizga qo’ng’iroq qilishim kerak
edi, lekin unutibman.
If the flight was on time, he should/ought Agar reys o’z vaqtida bo’lganida,
to have arrived in Jakarta early this morning. U Jakartaga bugun ertalab barvaqt
yetib kelgan bo’lardi.
 Ko’pincha og’zaki nutqda should va ought to o’rnida had better (shakli
o’tgan zamon bo’lsa ham, hozirgi va kelasi zamon ma’nosida ishlatiladi) ham
kelishi mumkin.
If you’re not well, you’d better ask Ann Agar o’zingizni yaxshi his
to go instead. ( yoki … you should/ought to…) qilmayotgan bo’lsangiz, Annadan
o’rningizga borishini so’rang.
 Had better odatda ma’lum bir vaziyatda qilinishi zarur bo’lgan, bajarilmasa
biror muammo, xavf paydo bo’lishi mumkin bo’lgan ish-harakatni ifodalashda
ishlatamiz. Umumiy gaplarda odatda should ishlatiladi:
Taqqoslang:
There’s someone moving about downstairs. Pastgi qavatda kimdir yuribdi.
We’d better call the police, quickly. Yaxshisi politsiyani chaqirish
kerak, zudlik bilan.
(Hewings)
You’re always at home. You should go out Siz doim uydasiz. Tez tez
more often. tashqariga chiqib
turishingiz kerak. (Murphy)
 So’roq va inkor shakllari quyidagicha yasaladi:

- 66 -
He’d better not be late again or he’ll be Yaxshisi u boshqa kech qolmasin,
in trouble. yoki qiyin ahvolda qoladi.
Hadn’t we better get a taxi? Taksida ketganimiz yaxshiroq
(or Shouldn’t we…) emasmi? (Hewings)

Need
 Ehtiyojni ifodalab, kerak deb tarjima qilinadi.
Oddiy fe’l bo’lib ham, modal fe’l bo’lib ham kelishi mumkin.
Asosiy fe’l bo’lib kelganda – III shaxs birlikda ‘s ni oladi, o’tgan zamonda –ed
qo’shiladi, so’roq va inkor shaklari ‘do’ yordamchi fe’li yordamida yasaladi, undan
so’ng ot kelishi mumkin va undan keyin fe’l kelganda ‘to’orqali bog’lanadi:
Everybody needs to rest sometimes. Hamma ham ba’zan dam olishi kerak.
I needed to leave early
Do we need to reserve seats on the train? Poyezdga joylarni oldindan band
qilishimiz shartmi?
She’s thirsty. She needs a drink. U chanqagan. Unga biroz suv
kerak.
 Modal fe’l bo’lib kelganda esa asosiy bo’lib kelganda oladiganlaridan
birortasini olmaydi va odatda bo’lishsiz (inkor) gaplarda ishlatiladi:
We needn’t reserve seats. There’ll be Joylarni oldindan band qilishimiz
plenty of room. shart emas. U yerda yetarlicha
joy bo’ladi.
Judges in Englandneedn’t retire until Angliyada sudyalar 75 ga
they are 75.(Hewings) kirgunlaricha nafaqaga chiqishlari
shart emas.
 Kelasi zamonda bajariladigan ish-harakat haqida qaror qilganda need ning
hozirgi zamon shakli ishlatiladi:
- Need I come tomorrow? Ertaga kelishim kerakmi?
- You don’t need to work tonight. Bu kecha sen ishlashing shart emas.
 Will need to – kelasi zamondagi majburiyatni yoki maslahatni ifodalaydi:
We’ll need to repair the roof next year. Biz tomonni keyingi yil tuzatishimiz
kerak.
 Need … ing – Passive voice da ishlatiladi (odatda jonsiz narsalar uchun):

Need … ing = need to be V3

That sofa needs cleaning again (=…needs to be cleaned again).

 Agar o’tgan zamonda biror ishning qilinishi shart bo’lmasada uning
bajarilganini ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi:
- You needn’t have woken me up. Meni uyg’otishing shart emasdi. Bugun
I don’t have to go to work today. men ishlamayman.
Need not have V3 - ish-harakatning bajarilishi shart emasligi oldindan ma’lum
bo’lmagan.

- 67 -
Didn’t need to V1 – ish-harakatning bajarilishi shart emasligi oldindan ma’lum
bo’lgan.

- I needn’t have watered the flowers. Gullarga suv berishim shart emas ekan.
Just after I finished it started raining. Berib bo’lganim bilan yomg’ir yog’a
boshladi.
- It started raining, so I didn’t need to Yomg’ir yog’a boshladi, shuning uchun
water the flowers. gullarga suv berishim shart emas edi.
 Must bilan berilgan savolga, rad javob needn’t bilan beriladi:
A: Must I go to school today? Bugun maktabga borishim shartmi?
B: No, you needn’t. Yo’q, shart emas.

Dare
Dare oddiy fe’l bo’lib ham, modal fe’l bo’lib ham kelishi mumkin:
 Oddiy fe’l sifatida kelganda to li infinitive bilan keladi:
He’s a man who dares to say what he thinks. U o’ylagan narsasini aytishga
jurat qiladigan odam.
She didn’t dare to tell him what had happened. U nima bo’lganini unga aytishga
jurat qilmadi.
 Modal fe’l bo’lib kelganda ‘to’ siz infinitive bilan keladi:
Dare she tell him? Unga aytishga jurat etadimi?
I daren’t say what I think. O’ylagan narsamni aytishga jurat
qilolmayman.
Ba’zan aralash ishlatilishi ham mumkin:
Do you dare put your mind to the test?
(advertisement)
He didn’t dare open his eyes.

Verb Tenses
Fe’l zamonlari
Present Simple
Oddiy hozirgi zamon
Yasalishi:
III shaxs birlikdan tashqari barcha shakllarida fe’lning asosiy shaklini qo’yich bilan
yasaladi:
Darak : ega + V1 I go to school. He goes.
So’roq : Do/does + ega + V0? Do I go to school? Does he go?
Inkor : ega + do/does + not + V0. I don’t go to school. He doesn’t go.
Ishlatilishi:
 Doim to’g’ri bo’lgan fakrlar uchun ishlatiladi:
- The Earth goes roung the Sun. Yer quyosh atrofidan aylanadi.
- Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Suv 100 gradusda qaynaydi.

- 68 -
  Hozirgacha doim to’g’ri bo’lgan va bundan keyin ham shunday bo’lishi
ishonilgan ish-harakat va holatlar uchun ishlatiladi:
- I live in Bukhara Men Buxoroda yashayman.
- I don’t like horror films. Men qo’rqinchli filmlar ko’rishni
yoqtirmayman.
 Hozirgi zamonda tez tez takrorlanib turuvchi hodisalarni ifodalashda:
- I wake up at 6 o’clock every morning. Men har ertalab soat 6 da uyg’onaman.
- I often see Tom at work. Men Tomni ishxonada tez-tez ko’rib
turaman.
- How often do you go shopping? Har qanchada xaridga chiqib turasan?
 Kalendar va jadval bo’yicha sodir bo’ladigan hodisalar, hafta kunlarining,
oylarning kelishi, davlatga tegishli transportlarning harakatlanishi, davlat
tashkilotlarining ish vaqtlarini ifodalashda:
- Tomorrow is Monday. Ertaga dushanba.
- Christmas is on Tuesday next year. Rojdestvo keyingi yil seshanba kuni
bo’ladi.
- The train leaves for Tashkent tomorrow. Poyez Toshkentga ertaga jo’naydi.
- The ship sails next week. Kema keyingi hafta yo’lga chiqadi.
- Banks in London opens at 9:00, and Londonda banklar 9:00 da ochilib 6:00
closes at 6:00 da yopiladi.
 If/unless/when/while/before/until (till)/ as soon as/ as long as/in case
bog’lovchilari bilan bog’langan ergash gaplarning, shu bog’lovchi bilan
boshlangan qismida Future simple ma’nosida Present simple (ba’zan Present
Perfect) ishlatiladi:
- If he comes, I shall ask him about it. U kelsa, men undan bu haqda so’rayman.
- I’ll go there, unless it rains. Agar yomg’ir yog’masa, u yerga boraman.
- When we have had a rest, we’ll go out. Dam olib bo’lganimizdan keyin, ketamiz.
- I’ll give you this book, when I’ve read it. Bu kitobni sizga o’qib bo’lganimda
beraman.
Ushbu xildagi gaplarda Present Continous constantly, continually, forever kabi
ravishlar bilan ham kelishi mumkin. (Mcmillan)
 Gazeta sarlavhalarida, kitob yoki filmlarning qisqacha bayonida, yoki
latifalarda o’tgan zamon ma’nosida Present Simple yoki Present Perfect
ishlatilishi mumkin:
- Ship sinks in midnight collision. Kema yarim tungi to’qnashuvda
cho’kadi.
- May 1945: The war in Europecomes to 1945 yil, May: Yevropadagi urush
an end. nihoyasiga yetadi.
- … At the end of the play both families … pyesa oxirida har ikkala oila
realise that their hatred had caused the ham ularning adovati
deaths of the lovers. sevishganlarning o’limiga olib
kelganini anglashadi.
- … So then the second man asks the first … Keyin ikkinchi kishi
one why he has a banana in his ear and the birinchisidan uning qulog’ida
first one says … nimaga banan

- 69 -
 borligini so’rabdi, shunda
birinchisi debdi …
(Mcmillan)
Signallar:

Often, always, usually, seldom, sometimes, how often, every day (week, month,
year, Monday,…), once (twice, three times, …) a day (week, month, year,…)

Past Simple
Oddiy o’tgan zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: ega + V2 I went to school. He went.
So’roq: Did + ega + V0 Did I go to school? Did he go?
Inkor: ega + did not + V0 I didn’t go to school. He didn’t go.
Ishlatilishi:
 Ish-harakat yoki holatning o’tgan zamonda bo’lganini ifodalaydi. Voqealar
haqida xabar berish uchun ishlatiladi:
He came at 5 o’clock yesterday. U kecha soat 5 da keldi.
I saw him 10 minutes ago. Men uni 10 daqiqa oldin ko’rdim.
 O’tgan zamondagi ketma-ket bajarilgan ish-harakat bajarilish tartibida
ko’rsatilganda:
When I arrived at Chimgan Station, Chimgan bekatiga kelganimda, men bir
I saw a friend of mine and do’stimni ko’rdim va u bilan nonushta.
had breakfast with him qildim.
He opened the door, entered U eshikni ochdi, xonaga kirdi va tonggi
the room and began to read gazetani o’qishni boshladi.
a morning newspaper.
 O’tgan zamonda uzoqroq takrorlanib turgan, odat tusiga kirgan ish-harakat
yoki holatni ifodalash uchun ko’pincha used to iborasi ishlatiladi:
When I was young, I used to read Yoshligimda juda ko’p kitob o’qirdim.
many books.
I used to know that man. Men ana u odamni tanir edim.
Used to ning Past Simpledan farqi u avval bajarilgan lekin hozir
bajarilmayotganligini ifodalaydi:
I used to smoke, but now I don’t. Men ilgari chekardim, lekin hozir
chekmayman.
 Shu kabi gaplarda used to o’rnida (faqat ish-harakatlar uchun, holatlar uchun
emas) would ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
I would smoke, but now I don’t. Avval chekardim, lekin hozir
chekmayman
Signallar:
Yesterday, last week (month, year,…), … ago, the other day, in 1999.
Today, this week, this year – tugallangan vaqt ko’rsatgichlari bo’lib kelsa, Past
Simple ishlatiladi. Agar tugallanmagan vaqt ko’rsatgichi bo’lsa, unda Present
Perfect ishlatiladi:
- 70 -
Today I didn’t shave. (kun tugagan) Bugun men soqolimni olganim yo’q.
Today I haven’t shaved. Bugun men soqolimni olganim yo’q.
(kun hali endi boshlanyapti.)

Future Simple
Oddiy kelasi zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: ega + shall/will + V0 I shall go to school. He will go.
So’roq: shall/will + ega + V0 Shall I go to school? Will he go?
Inkor: ega +shall/will + not + V0 I shall not go to school. He will not go.
Ishlatilishi:
 Kelasi zamonda oldindan rejalashtirilmagan ish-harakatning va taxminlarning
bajarilishini ifodalaydi:
- I’ll be late home this evening. Men bugun kechqurun uyga kech qaytaman.
- He will return in a few days. U bir necha kunda qaytadi.
 Zudlik bilan qabul qilingan qarorlarni ham ifodalaydi (lekin oldindan qilingan
qarorlarda Present Continous ishlatiladi):
- Don’t be trouble. I’ll open the door. Bezovta bo’lmang. Eshikni men
ochaman.
 Ko’pincha quyidagi gaplarlarda ishlatiladi:
Taklif:
- A: I need some money. Menga biroz pul kerak.
B: Don’t worry, I’ll lend you some. Xavotirlanma, men senga biroz berib turaman.
Rozilik yoki inkor:
- A:Jim, can I have my book back? Jim, kitobimni qaytarib olsam bo’ladimi?
B: Of course, I‘ll bring it tomorrow. Ha albatta. Men uni ertaga keltiraman.
Va’da:
- I shall not tell anyone, I promise. Hech kimga aytmayman, va’da beraman.
Iltimos:
- Will you close the door, please. Eshikni yopib yuborasizmi, iltimos.
Tahdid:
- I’ll show you what is what! Men senga hali ko’rsatib qo’yaman.
Ko’pincha quyidagi so’zlar bilan ishlatiladi:
I hope… I think…
I promise… I guess… I suppose…
I bet… Perhaps… I doubt
- I think we’ll find the right way. Menimcha biz to’g’ri yo’lni topamiz.
- I promise I shall never change. Va’da beraman hech qachon
o’zgarmayman
- I bet you don’t know the answer. (Mcmillan) Garov uynayman, sen javobni
bilmaysan.
I hope bilan odatda present simple yoki future simple ishlatiladi:
- I hope it doesn’t rain /won’t rain Umid qilamanki yomg’ir
yog’maydi.

- 71 -
Signallar:
Tomorrow, soon, next day (week, month, year,…), in two days (hours, weeks,
…), the day after tomorrow.

Present Continuous
Davomli hozirgi zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: ega + am/is/are + V0 +ing I am going to school.
So’roq: am/is/are + ega + V0 +ing Am I going to school?
Inkor: ega + am/is/are + not + V0 + ing. I am not going to school.
Ishlatilishi:
 Biror ish-harakatning ayni paytda sodir bo’layotganini ifodalash uchun
ishlatiladi:
She is typing a letter. U xat yozayapti.
Don’t make any noise, he is sleeping. Shovqin qilmang, u uxlayapti.
 Vaqtinchalik ish-harakatlarni ifodalashda ishlatiladi:
I’m staying at a hotel until I find a flat. Kvartira topgunimcha, mehmonxonada
yashab turibman.
My car has broken down, so I am walking Mashinam buzilib qoldi, shu sababli shu
to work these days. (Mcmillan) kunlarda
ishga piyoda boryapman.
Taqqoslang:
Present simple:
(Usually) I go to school at 8:00 a.m. Men maktabga soat 8:00 da boraman.
Present continous:
(but today)
I’m going to school at 8:30 a.m. Men maktabga soat 8:30 da boryapman.
 Ayni paytda bajarilmayotgan bo’lsa ham, shu vaqt atrofida bajarilayotgan ish-
harakatni ifodalash uchun:
- What are you doing nowadays? Shu kunlarda nima ish qilyapsiz?
- I’m reading an interesting book. Men bir qiziqarli kitob o’qiyapman.
 Kelasi zamon ma’nosida ishlatilganda, oldindan rejalashtirilgan ish-harakatni
ifodalaydi:
We are going to Bukhara tomorrow. Biz ertaga Buxoro ketyapmiz.
I am buying a new computer soon. Men tez orada yangi kompyuter
olyapman.
 Kelasi zamonda rejalashtirilgan ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun ko’pincha to be
going to iborasi ham ishlatiladi:
I’m going to buy a new computer soon. Men tez orada yangi kompyuter
olmoqchiman.
 To be going to kelajakda sodir bo’ladigan hodisani oldindan taxmin qilganda
ham ishlatiladi:
The sea air is going to do you good. Dengiz havosi sizga yoqsa kerak.
There are very much black clouds Osmonda qora bulutlar ko’p. Yomg’ir
in the sky. It’s going to rain. yog’sa kerak.
- 72 -
  Odatda to be going togo va comefe’llari bilan ishlatilmaydi.
 O’zgarib turgan voqea-hodisani ifodalash uchun ham ishlatiladi:
The price of meat is getting expensive. Go’shtning narxi oshib boryapti.
More and more people are forgetting Ko’plab odamlar kitoblar haqida unitib
about books. borishmoqda.
 Continuous da ishlatilmaydigan his-hayajon, holat fe’llari:
Agreerozi bo’lmoq Forgetunutmoq Recognizetanimoq
Assumetaxmin qilmoq; buyniga Hatenafratlanmoq Preferma’qul ko’rmoq
olmoq Hopeumid qilmoq Realizeanglamoq
Believeishonmoq Knowbilmoq Regretafsuslanmoq
Belong toga qarashli bo’lmoq Lovesevmoq Seem tuyulmoq
Containiborat bo’lmoq Likeyoqtirmoq Smellhidi kelmoq
Consistiborat bo’lmoq Meananglatmoq Suppose taxmin qilmoq
Costnarxlanmoq, turmoq Noticepayqamoq Suspect gumon qilmoq
Desirekuchli xohlamoq Own ega bo’lmoq Understandtushunmoq
Doubt shubhalanmoq Possessega bo’lmoq Wantxohlamoq
Hear eshitmoq Remembereslamoq Wish tilamoq
Fit mos kelmoq
 Quyidagi his-hayajon, holat fe’llari boshqa ma’noda kelgandacontinuousda
ishlatilishi mumkin:
Be Feel Think Have
Depend Taste See Weigh
Taqqoslang:
Holat Ish-harakat
Maddy has beautiful eyes. We are having an interesting conversation!
I think we can do this. David is thinking about getting a new job.
This fish tastes awful! I am just tasting the soup.
I feel that you are wrong. I am feeling terrible.
The cat’s fur feels soft. Sue is feeling the cat’s fur.
This bag weighs a ton. We are weighing the baby.
It depends what you mean. I am depending on you.
You look beautiful. Why are you looking at me?
I see a butterfly. Do you see it too? Jane isseeing a doctor about her headache.
I remember my first teacher. Aunt Sara is looking through an old picture
album. She is remembering the wonderful
days of her childhood.
(Mcmillan)
 Biror narsadan shikoyat qilishda ham ishlatiladi:
You are always complaining about Sen doim meni ovqat tayyorlashimdan
my cooking! shikoyat qilasan.
(Mcmillan)
Signallar:
Now, at the moment, at present time, for the time being, still, currently,
(Listen!, Hush!, Look!*).

- 73 -
 Past Continuous
Davomli o’tgan zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: ega + was/were + V0 +ing I was working
So’roq: was/were + ega + V0 +ing Was I working
Inkor: ega + was/were + not + V0 +ing I was not working
Ishlatilishi:
 O’tgan zamonning ma’lum bir paytida ish-harakatning davom etib turganini
ifodalaydi:
- Yesterday at 5 o’clock he was writing. Kecha soat 5 da u yozayotgan edi.
- It was raining when I left the house. Men uydan ketganimda yomg’ir
yog’ayotgan edi.
All day long; All day yesterday;
All the time; The whole evening;
From 5 till 8;
Iboralari bilan past simple ham past continuous ham kelishi mumkin.
- I was reading all day yesterday. (davomiylik)
- I read all day yesterday. (fakt)
Lekin ish-harakat ketma-ket bajarilgan bo’lsa, past simple ishlatiladi:
- I came home early, rested from five till six and worked the whole evening.
- Yesterday we went to town, bought some meat and went back.
Signallar:
yesterday at 5 o’clock, at that time, this time yesterday, while, when you
came,…
Future Continuous
Davomli kelasi zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: ega + shall/will + be + V0+ing I shall be working.
So’roq: shall/will ega be V0+ ing shall I be working?
Inkor: ega + shall/will not + be + V0+ ing I shall not be working.
Ishlatilishi:
 Kelasi zamonning ma’lum bir paytida ish-harakatning bajarilayotgan
bo’lishini ifodalaydi:
- He will be working at six o’clock tomorrow. Ertaga soat 6 da u ishlayotgan
bo’ladi.
- I shall be sleeping when you come. Sen kelganingda men uxlayotgan
bo’laman.
 Kelasi zamonda rejalashtirilgan ish-harakatni ham ba’zan ifodalab kelishi
mumkin:
The band will be performing live in Paris Guruh bu yozda Parijda jonli
this summer. chiqish qilyapti.
 Ba’zi hollarda will ning muloyimroq shakli sifatida ham ishlatilishi mumkin:

- 74 -
Will you be going to the shops later? If you Keyinroq do’konlarga borasizmi?
go, could you get me some potatoes? Agar borsangiz, menga biroz
kartoshka olib kelolmaysizmi?
Signallar:
Tomorrow at this time, tomorrow at 5 o’clock, this time next year, …

Present Perfect
Tugallangan hozirgi zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: ega + have/has + V3 I have done.
So’roq: have/has + ega + V3 Have I done?
Inkor: ega + have/has + not + V3 I have not done.

Ishlatilishi:
 Hozirgina tugagan yoki mahsuli ko’z oldimizda bo’lgan ish-harakatni
ifodalashda ishlatiladi:
- Oh! I have broken my pen. Oh! Ruchkamni sindirib qo’ydim.
- I’ve just seen a ghost! Meh hozirgina arvohni ko’rdim!

Hech qanday signalsiz ham kelishi mumkin, shu xususiyati bilan Past Simple dan
farqlash mumkin:
- I have bought a new car. Men yangi mashina sotib oldim.
- I have lost my pen and can’t find it. Ruchkamni yo’qotib qo’ydim, endi
topolmayapman.
Past Simple esa odatda signalsiz kelmaydi:
- I bought a new car last week. O’tgan hafta yangi mashina sotib oldim.
- I lost my pen and bought another Kecha ruchkamni yo’qotdim va
one yesterday. boshqasini oldim.
 Shu paytgacha bir necha marta takrorlangan ish-harakatni ifodalashda:
- I have read this book twice. Men bu kitobni 2 marta o’qiganman.
- How many times have you been Toshkentda necha marotaba bo’lgansiz?
to Tashkent?
- I’ve lived here for the past ten years. Men bu yerda o’tgan o’n yildan beri
yashayman.
- I’ve been jogging every morning for O’tgan oydan beri har ertalab
the last month. (Mcmillan) yuguryapman.
 This is the first/second/third… time bilan boshlangan gaplarda ham
ishlatiladi:
Sarah has lost her passport again. It is Sara yana pasportini yo’qotdi. Bu
the second time this has happened. ikkinchi marta sodir bo’lishi. (Murphy)
 Today, this week, this year so’zlari tugallanmagan vaqt ko’rsatgichlari bo’lib
kelganda Present Perfect ishlatiladi:
- Today I haven’t had breakfast, but Bugun men nonushta qilganim yo’q,
It’s only 8:00 a.m. lekin soat endi 8:00 bo’ldi.

- 75 -
- I’ve drunk four cups of coffee today. Men bugun 4 chashka kofe ichdim.
(Mcmillan)
Lekin e’tibor bering:
- A: How long is it since you had a holiday?
B: It’s two years since I had a holiday ( = I haven’t had a holiday for two years).
- It’s ages since Tom visited us. ( = He hasn’t visited us for ages)
Signallar:
Already, ever, never, yet, lately, just, since, for, recently, hardly, scarcely, so
far, look*, for/in the last few days/months/years…

Past Perfect
Tugallangan o’tgan zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: ega + had + V3 I had worked.
So’roq: had + ega + V3 Had I worked?
Inkor: ega + had + not + V3 I had not worked.
Ishlatilishi:
 O’tgan zamonning ma’lum bir paytigacha bajarib bo’lingan ish-harakatni
ifodalaydi:
By 5 o’clock, by Monday, by the end of the year, by that time iboralari bilan
keladi.
We had finished our lesson by Biz kecha soat 5 gacha darsimizni
5 o’clock yesterday. tugatib bo’lgandik.
 O’tgan zamonda bir harakatning boshqasidan oldin bajarilganini ifodalash
uchun:
I had done my work, before you Men uyga vazifamni sen o’zingnikini
began yours. boshlashingdan olding qilib bo’lgandim.
We had left when he came home. U uyga kelganida biz ketib bo’lgandik.
 Hardly, scarcely va no sooner ravishlari bo’lgan qo’shma gaplarning bosh
gapida Past Perfect va ergash gapida Past Simple ishlatiladi:
He had hardly (scarcely) entered the U uyga kirar kirmas yomg’ir yog’ishni
house when it started raining. boshladi.
No sooner had he arrived, than he fell ill. U yetib kelishi bilan kasal bo’ldi.

Future Perfect
Tugallangan kelasi zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: ega + shall/will + have + V3 I shall have finished.
So’roq: shall/will + ega + have + V3 Shall I have finished?
Inkor: ega + shall/will + not + have + V3 I shall not have finished.
Ishlatilishi:
 Kelasi zamonning ma’lum paytigacha ish-harakatning tugallanishini
ifodalaydi:

- 76 -
Tomorrow by this time I shall have Ertaga shu paytgacha men polni ranglab
painted the floor. bo’lgan bo’laman.
In two years’ time I’ll have finished Ikki yilda(n keyin) bu kitobni tugatib
this book. bo’laman.
Signallar:tomorrow by this time, by 5 o’clock by March next year, by next
Monday, in two year’ time, in March next year…

Present Perfect Continuous

Hozirgi tugallangan davomli zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: ega + have/has + been + V0 + ing. I have been working.
So’roq: have/has + ega + been + V0 + ing. Have I been working?
Inkor: ega + have/has + not + been + V0 + ing. I have not been working.
Ishlatilishi:
 O’tgan zamonda boshlanib hozir ham davom etayotgan ish-harakatni
ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi:
- I have been working here for a long time. Men bu yerda anchadan beri
ishlayapman.
- Jack started working in the garden in the Jek tongda bog’da ishlashni
morning and he is still working there. He boshladi va u haliyam u yerda
has been working in the garden since morning. ishlayapti. U bog’da tongdan beri
ishlayapti.
 Umuman sodir bo’ladigan ish-harakatda for, since vaqt ko’rsatgichlari bilan
ish-harakatning davomiyligiga urg’u bersak Present Perfect Continuous, agar
natijaga urg’u bersak Present Perfect ishlatiladi:
- I have been living in London for 5 years. Men Londonda 5 yildan beri
yashayman.
- I have lived in London for 5 years Meni Londonda yashayotganimga
5 yil bo’ldi.
 O’tgan zamonda boshlangan va hozirgina tugagan ish-harakatni ifodalashda
ham ishlatiladi, bunda Present Perfect dan farqi, Present Perfectda faqat
natija, Present Perfect Continuousda davomiylik va natija:
- I feel tired as I’ve been working in the Bog’da bir necha soat ishlaganim
garden for several hous. uchun juda charchadim.
- You’re out of breath. Have you been running. Hansirayapsiz. Yugurdingizmi?
- Why are your clothes so dirty? What Nega kiyimingiz kir? Nima ish
have you been doing? qildingiz?
Bundan tashqari Present Perfect ish-harakatning tugallanganligini ko’rsatadi,
Present Perfect Continuous esa ish-harakatning tugallanganini ko’rsatmaydi:
- The floor was white, but now it’s Pol oq edi. Endi esa u ko’k. Anna uni
blue. Ann has painted it. bo’yadi.
Bunda ish-harakat tugab bo’lgan. Natija: pol rangining o’zgargani.
- Ann’s clothes are covered in paint. Annaning kiyimlari bo’yoq bilan
qoplangan.
She has been painting the floor. U polni bo’yagan.
- 77 -
Bu misolda ish-harakat tugaganligi muhim emas, Annaning kiyimi bo’yoq bo’lgani
sababi aytilayapti xolos.
Taqqoslang:
Ann has been writing letters all day. Ann has written ten letters today.
How long have you been reading that book? How many pages of that book
have you read.
Jim has been playing tennis since 2 o’clock. Jim has played tennis three times
this week.
Past Perfect Continuous
O’tgan tugallangan davomli zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: ega + had + been + V0 + ing. I had been working.
So’roq: had + ega + been + V0 + ing. Had I been working?
Inkor: ega + had + not + been + V0 + ing. I had not been working.
Ishlatilishi:
 O’tgan zamonda biror ish-harakat bajarilishidan oldin boshqa bir ish-harakat
qancha davom etganini ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi:
The football match had to be stopped. They Futbol o’yinini to’xtatishga to’g’ri
had been playing for half an hour when keldi. kuchli shamol
there was a terrible storm. boshlanganida
ular bir yarim soatdan beri
o’ynayotgan edilar.
Ken had been smoking for 30 years when Nihoyat chekishni tashlaganida
he finally gave it up. Ken 30 yildan beri chekayotgan
edi.
 Asosan o’zlashtirma gaplarda ishlatiladi. Present Perfect Continuousda kelgan
ko’chirma gapni o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirganda Past Perfect Continuousga
aylanadi:
She said: “I have been writing this essay U dedi: “Men bu inshoni 3
for 3 hours”. soatdan beri yozayapman.
She said that she had been writing that U o’sha inshoni 3 soatdan beri
essay for 3 hours. yozayotganini aytdi.

Future Perfect Continuous

Kelasi tugallangan davomli zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: Ega + shall/will + have been V0 + ing I shall have been working.
So’roq: Shall/Will + ega + have been V0 + ing? Shall I have been working?
Inkor: Ega + shall/will + not have been V0 + ing. I shall not have been
working.
Ishlatilishi:
 Kelasi zamonning ma’lum harakat yoki paytidan oldin boshlanib, o’sha
harakat yoki paytda ham davom etadigan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi.
We shall have been working at this problem Keyingi safar biznikiga
- 78 -
for a month when you visit us a second time. kelganingizda bu muammo
ustida ishlayotganimizga 2
oy bo’ladi.
By the end of this week I shall have been Shu hafta oxirida bu
working at this plant for thirty years. zavodda ishlayotganimga
o’ttiz yil bo’ladi.
Future Simple-in-the-past
O’tgan zamonda oddiy kelasi zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: Ega + should/would + V0. I should work.
So’roq: Should/Would + ega + V0? Should I work?
Inkor: Ega + should/would + V0. I should not work.
Ishlatilishi:
 O’tgan zamonda bajarilgan biror harakatdan keyin sodir bo’ladigan boshqa
harakatni ifodalaydi. Odatda O’zlashtirma gaplarda (Indirect Speech)
ishlatiladi:
I said that I should soon go to London. Men yaqinda Londonga
borishimni aytdim.
He said he would help me. U menga yordam berishini aytdi.
 Hozirgi zamondagi noreal shart gaplarda ham ishlatiladi:
If I were not ill, I should go there. Kasal bo’lmaganimda, u yerga borgan
bo’lardim.
If they knew his telephone number, Uning telefon raqamini bilganlarida,
they would phone him. qo’lg’iroq qilar edilar.

Future Continous-in-the-past
O’tgan zamonda davomli kelasi zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: Ega + should/would +be + V0+ing. I should be working.
So’roq: Should/Would + ega + be + V0+ing? Should I be working?
Inkor: Ega + should/would + be + V0+ing. I should not be working.
Ishlatilishi:
 Odatda o’zlashtirma gaplarda (Indirect Speech) ishlatiladi:
He said he would be watching TV when I came. Men kelganimda, u
televizor tomosha
qilayotgan bo’lishini aytdi.
 Hozirgi zamondagi noreal gaplarda ishlatiladi:
If the weather were fine, they would be Agar havo yaxshi
playing football now. bo’lganida, ular hozir futbol
o’ynayotgan bo’lardilar.
- 79 -
 Future Perfect-in-the-past
O’tgan zamonda tugallangan kelasi zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: Ega + should/would + have + V3 I should have worked.
So’roq: Should/would + ega + have + V3? Should I have worked?
Inkor: Ega + should/would + have + V3. I should not have worked.
Ishlatilishi:
 Odatda o’zlashtirma gaplarda (Indirect Speech) ishlatiladi:
I wondered whether they would have reached Men ular peshingacha
the place by noon. manzilga yetib borarmikan
deb o’yladim.
He said that he would have finished his book U kitobini yilning
by the end of the year. oxirigacha tugatib
bo’lishini aytdi.
 O’tgan zamondagi noreal gaplarda ishlatiladi:
If you had helped me yesterday I should have Kecha yordam
finished the work in time. berganingizda, ishni
o’zvaqtida tugatgan bo’lar
edim.
If you had invited him he would have come. Uni taklif qilganingizda,
kelgan bo’lardi.

Future Perfect Continous-in-the-past

O’tgan zamonda tugallangan davomli kelasi zamon
Yasalishi:
Darak: Ega + should/would +have been + V0+ing. I should have been working.
So’roq: Should/Would + ega + have been + V0+ing? Should I have been working?
Inkor: Ega + should/would + have been + V0+ing. I should not have been working.
Ishlatilishi:
 Odatda o’zlashtirma gaplarda (Indirect Speech) ishlatiladi:
I said by the end of this week I should have Men shu haftaning oxirida
been working at this plant for thirty years. bu zavodda
ishlayotganimga 30 yil
bo’lishini aytdim.
He said by the end of January he would have U yanvarning oxirida shu
been working at this problem for a month. muammo ustida
ishlayotganiga bir oy
to’lishini aytdi.
 O’tgan zamondagi noreal gaplarda ishlatiladi:
If I hadn’t gone abroad I should have been Chet elga bormaganimda,
working here for forty years. bu yerda ishlayotganimga
qirq yil bo’lar edi.

- 80 -
 Direct & Indirect Speech
Ko’chirma va o’zlashtirma gap
 Bir odam (yoki o’zi)ning gapini o’zgartirmasdan boshqa kishiga yetkazish –
ko’chirma gap (direct speech) deyiladi.
 Bir odam (yoki o’zi)ning gapini faqat mazmunini boshqa kishiga yetkazish –
o’zlashtirma gap (indirect speech) deyiladi.
Ko’chirma gap O’zlashtirma gap
He said: “The ship will arrive today”. He said that the ship would arrive that day.
He says: I can do this. He says that he can do this.
Say + to + obyekt: He said to me… Tell + obyekt: He told me …

 Agar bosh gapdagi fe’l Present yoki Future zamonlaridan birida bo’lsa,
o’zlashtirma gapdagi fe’l zamoni o’zgarmaydi.
Ko’chirma gap O’zlashtirma gap
I say(have said/shall say), “I sent the letters I say (have said/shall say) that I sent the
on Monday”. letters on Monday.
 Agar bosh gapdagi fe’l Past zamonlarining birortasida bo’lsa, o’zlashtirma gapga
aylantirishda zamonlar quyidagicha o’zgaradi:
Ko’chirma gap O’zlashtirma gap
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Simple Past Perfect
Future Simple Future Simple in the Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Future Continuous Future Continous in the past
Future Perfect Future Perfect in the past
Future Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous in the past
Past Perfect va Past Perfect Continuous zamonlari o’zgarmay qoladi.
Olmosh va rashlarning o’zgarishi:
Ko’chirma gap O’zlashtirma gap
This That
These Those
Now Then
Today That day
Tomorrow The next day
The day after tomorrow Two days later
Yesterday The day before
The day before yesterday Two days before
Ago Before
Next year The next year
Here There
 Agar gap ilmiy fakt yoki hali ham o’zgarmagan, to’g’ri (haqiqat) bo’lsa, uni
o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirganda, fe’l zamonlari o’zgartirilishi shart emas.
Tim said most banks charge interest. Ko’plab banklar foiz olishadi.
(Macmillan, Malcolm Mann)
Our teacher said that Tashkentis the O’qituvchimiz Toshkent
capital of Uzbekistan. O’zbekistonning poytaxti ekanligini
aytdi.
 O’zlashtirma gapga aylantirilganda odatda should, would, could, might, ought,
had better, needn’tva mustn’t o’zgarmay qoladi.
Direct: It would be nice if I could see you again.
Indirect: He said it would be nice if he could see me again.
Direct: It might be too late
Indirect: I was afraid that it might be too late.
Direct: It must be pretty late. I really must go.
Indirect: She said it must be pretty late and she really must go.
Direct: You needn’t pretend to be sorry.
Indirect: I said he needn’t pretend to be sorry. (M. Swan)
 Must o’tgan zamonda majburiyat va buyruq ohangi bilan kelganda o’zlashtirma
gaplarda had to ga o’zgarmay qolishi mumkin.
- The manager told the clerks that they Ish boshqaruvchi xodimlarga ular
had to/must pay for all telephone calls ofisdan qilgan barcha telefon
made from the office. qo’ng’iroqlari uchun pul to’lashlari
kerakligini aytdi.
- Agar o’tgan zamonda bajarilishiga to’g’ri kelgan va bajarilgan ish harakatni
ifodalaganda had to ga o’zgaradi.
Paul left the room suddenly. He said he Paul to’satdan xonani tark etdi. U had
to go. ketishi kerakligini aytdi.
- Mustn’t esa o’zlashtirma gaplarda umuman o’zgarmaydi.

So’roq gaplarni o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirish:

So’roq gaplarning ikki xil turi mavjud:
a) Maxsus so’roq gaplar (So’roq olmoshlari bilan yasaladi).
b) Umumiy so’roq gaplar ( Yordamchi fe’llar bilan yasaladi).

82
  Maxsus so’roq gaplarni o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirishda quyidagi o’zgarishlar
bo’ladi:
So’roq belgisi tushib qoladi;
So’roq gap tartibi darak gap tarkibiga aylanadi.

Ko’chirma gap O’zlashtirma gap

He asked me, “Where do they live?” He asked me where they lived.
He wondered: “Who are you?” He wondered Who I was.
 Umumiy so’roq gaplarni o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirishda, ergash gap bosh qapga
whether yoki if bog’lovchisi bilan bog’lanadi va boshqa tegishli o’zgarishlar
qilinadi:

Ko’chirma gap O’zlashtirma gap
I asked him: “Can you speak English?” I asked him whether (if ) he could speak
English.
Whether va if quyidagi holda farqlanadi:
If dan keyin doim ega kesim (gap) keladi, whether dan keyin esa ega kesim ham, to li
infinitive ham ishlatiladi.
- I’m not sure whether to go or not. ( if to go … emas)
 “Yes”, “No” so’zlari tushib qoladi:
She answered: “Yes, I do/ No, I don’t She answered that she did/didn’t
 Rasmiy va kitobiy uslubda quyidagicha o’zgaradi:
She answered in the affimative. U ijobiy javob berdi.
She answered in the negative. U rad etdi.

Buyruq gaplarni o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirish

 Bosh gapdagi say, tell yoki order fe’li bilan almashishi mumkin.
He said: “ Go away!” He told (ordered) to go away.
He said: “Come here!” He asked to come there.
 Don’t bilan boshlansa, not to; ‘to’ siz infinitive bilan boshlansa (Go, Come,…) to
yuklamasi qo’yiladi:
I said: “Don’t go outside” I told (ordered) not to go outside.
He said: “Go home” He told to go home.
Iltimosni ifodalagan so’roq gaplar ham buyruq gaplar kabi o’zlashtirma gapga
aylantiriladi. Odatda iltimos ifodalansa, say - ask bilan almashinadi:
He said: “Can you help me, please?” He asked me to help him.

83
 Passive Voice
Majhul nisbat
Agar gapning egasi ish-harakatning bajaruvchisi emas, bajariluvchisi bo’lsa, fe’l majhul
nisbatda bo’ladi.
Odatda by predlogi bilan keladi:
Active voice Passive voice
I read this book This book was read by me.
Men bu kitobni o’qidim. Bu kitob men tomonimdan o’qilgan.
My pupils will be examined by me.
I shall examine my pupils tomorrow. Mening o’quvchilarim men tomondan
Men o’quvchilarimni ertaga imtihon imtihon qilinadi.
qilaman.

Yasalishi:
Simple Continuous Perfect
Present Am/is/are + V3 Am/is/are + being+ Have/has + been + V3
V3
Past Was/were + V3 Was/were + being + Had + been+ V3
V3
Future Shall/will + be+ V3 - Shall/will + have been
V3
Future in the Should/would + be + V3 - Should/would + have
Past been V3
Ish-harakatning bajaruvchisi jonsiz predmet bo’lganda odatda with ishlatiladi:
The paper was cut with a knife. Qog’oz pichoq bilan kesildi.

Conditional sentences
Shart gaplar
Zero Conditional
If + Ega present simple (modals), Ega present simple (modals)
Umumiy yoki ilmiy faktlar (bu holatda if, when yoki whenever ma’nolarida keladi):
If you are lazy, you don’t work hard. Agar sen dangasa bo’lsang, sen qattiq
ishlamaysan.

84
First Conditional
If + Ega present tense, Ega future simple, (buyruq gap, modal fe’llar , present continuous)
Hozirgi va kelasi zamondagi real shart gaplar:
If I find your key, I shall give it to you. Agar kalitingni topsam, uni senga beraman.
If you see him, ask him to ring me up. Agar uni ko’rsang, menga qo’ng’iroq
qilishini ayt.
If he is here, he is probably working Agar u shu yerda bo’lsa, ehtimol u
in the library. laboratoriyada ishlayotgan bo’lsa kerak.
If you have a birthday party, you might Agar tug’ilgan kuningizda ziyofat
get lots of cool presents. uyushtirsangiz, ko’plab ajoyib sovg’alar
olishingiz mumkin.
If lik qismda mabodo ma’nosida should kelishi mumkin:
If you should see Tom, tell him to phone me. Agar mabodo Tomni ko’rsang, menga
qo’ng’iroq qilishini ayt.

Second Conditional
If + Ega past simple or past continuous, Ega would + V0
Hozirgi va kelasi zamondagi noreal shart gaplar:
If you had a beard, you would look just Agar soqolingiz bo’lganida, xuddi Charles
like Charles Dickens. Dikensga o’xshagan bo’lardingiz.
If you were flying to Rio, would you get Agar Rioga uchayotgan bo’lganingda, u there
much quicker? yergatezroq borardingmi?
If I could help you, I would, but I can’t. Agar senga yordam bera olganimda,
yordambergan bo’lardim, lekin yordam
berolmayman.
 Bu turdagi shart gaplarda odatda was o’rnida barcha shaxslar va har ikkala sonda
ham were ishlatiladi.
Og’zaki nutqda birinchi va uchinchi shaxs birlikda was ishlatilishi ham mumkin.
If he were (was) here, he would help us. Agar u shu yerda bo’lganida, bizga yordam
bergan bo’lardi.

Third Conditional
If + Ega past perfect or perfect continuous, Ega would + have V3
O’tganzamondagi noreal shart gaplar:
She wouldn’t have been angry with me, O’sha ishni qilmaganimda u mendan xafa
If I hadn’t done that. bo’lmagan bo’lar edi.
If she’d been wearing her new glasses, Agar u o’zining yangi ko’zoynagini taqib
I would have noticed them. yurganida, men uni payqagan bo’lardim.

85
Mixed conditional
If + Ega past perfect or past perfect continuous, Ega would V0
Aralash turdagi shart gaplar.
Bunday shart gaplarning ikki tomoni ikki xil zamonda bo’ladi:
If you had studied hard last year (=you didn’t study), you would be a student now (=you
are not a student).
If + Ega past simple or past continuous, Ega would have V3
If I had a mobile I would have called you last night. (= I don’t have a mobile, so I didn’t
call you last night).
Gapga xulosa yasash orqali uning qaysi zamondaligini aniqlasa bo’ladi.
 Odatda shart gaplarda if dan keyin shall,will, should, would ishlatilmaydi, ammo
quyidagi holatlarda ishlatilishi mumkin:
a) Biror narsani iltimos qilganda:
I would be very grateful If you would Telefon raqamingizni bersangiz, juda
give me your phone number. mamnun bo’lar edim.
We shall be grateful if you will send us Agar Dizel motorlar katalogini bizga
your catalogue of Diesel engines. yuborsangiz, juda mamnun bo’lamiz.
We shall be obliged if you will Agar bu xatning borib yetgani haqida xabar
acknowledge the receipt of this letter. bersangiz, mamnun bo’lardik.
b) If agar deb tarjima qilinmasa:
I don’t know if he will come. Uning kelish yoki kelmasligini men
bilmayman.
c) ish-harakatning bo’lish ehtimoli kamligini ifodalaganda hamma shaxslar bilan
should keladi (mabodo deb tarjima qilinadi) va Present Simple ma’nosida ishlatiladi:
If he should come, I shall ask him to wait. Agar mabodo u kelsa, men undan kutishini
so’rayman.

If need should arise, we shall Agar mabodo ehtiyoj tug’ilsa, siz bilan yana
communicate with you again. bog’lanamiz.
 Would ning o’rniga ba’zan might, could ham kelishi mumkin:
If it stopped raining, we could/might Agar yomg’ir to’xtasa, biz tashqariga
go out. chiqishimizmumkin edi.

If (only) ≈ wish
If I knew her number, I would call her. Agar uning raqamini bilganimda unga
qo’ng’iroq qilardim.
I wish I knew her phone number, Qani edi, uning raqamini bilsam, unga
I would call her. qo’ng’iroq qilardim.
 Biror-bir ish-harakatdan (holatdan emas) shikoyat qilib, biror narsa sodir bo’lishini
xohlasa yoki biror kishidan biror ish qilishni so’raganda, gapning wish lik qismida
would ishlatiladi:
86
I wish it would stop raining. Qani yomg’ir to’xtasa edi.
I wish you would do something Qani edi sen hech narsa qilmay o’tirgandan
instead of just sitting and doing nothing. ko’ra biror ish qilsang.
(Raymond Murphy ‘English Grammar in Use’)

Inverted Conditional
Shart gaplarning ushbu turida if tushib qoladi. Bunda birinchi yordamchi fe’l egadan
oldinga chiqadi:
If he should come, ask him to wait. = Should he come, ask him to wait.
If I had time, I should go to the club. = Had I time, I should go to the club.
If he were here, he would help us. = Were he here, he would help us.
If I were to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. = Were I to meet him
tomorrow, I should ask him about it.

The Preposition
Predlog
About (haqida, taxminan, deyarli, atrofida)
To be about(to) They were about to leave when I
(nimadir qilishga) taraddudlanmoq came.
men kelganimda ular ketishga
taraddudlanayotgan edilar
To bring aboutOlib kelmoq, ushaltirmoq The method suggested by me brought
abouta great increase in the output of
our shop.
Men tomonimdan taklif etilgan usul
seximizda ishlab chiqarishning
oshishiga olib keldi.
To be angry (annoyed,furious) about smth. Biror narsadan achchiqlanmoq
To be excited (worried, upset, nervous, happy) about -dan hayajonlanmoq
(tashvishlanmoq, kayfiyati buzilmoq,
asabi buzilmoq, baxli bo’lmoq)
To bring about erishmoq, olib ketmoq.
To see about qaramoq, ko’z-quloq bo’lmoq.
To be sorry about uchun kechirim so’ramoq.
To complain about (smb/smth) haqida shikoyat qilmoq

87
 Above ( ustida, yuqori, ko’proq, quyida, )

1. ustida : antonym-below. The airplane flew above the clouds.

Samolyot bulutlardan yuqori uchdi.
2. dan oshiq: antonym-under. There were above 200 people there.
U yerda 200 dan oshiq kishi bor edi.
Across( orqali, narigi tomon)
To come (run) acrossTasodifan duch kelmoq I came across an old friend when I
was inTashkent.
Toshkentdaligimda eski do’stimga
tasodifan duch keldim.

After (keyin)
Antonym – before.
After all oxir oqibat; axir (вконцеконцов).
Day after day kundan kunga.
The day after tomorrow indin kun
Long after uzoq vaqtdan so’ng
Not long after ko’p o’tmay
To name after somebody kimningdir nomini bermoq.
Look after qarab turmoq, ko’z-quloq bo’lmoq.
take after -ga taqlid qilmoq, o’xshamoq.
Against(qarshi)
To insure smth against smth -ni … -dan sug’urtalamoq
To lean against something biror narsaga suyanmoq
To strike one’s foot (head) against something oyog’ini (boshini ) nimagadir
urib olmoq.
To proceed (to take proceedings, to bring an action)
against somebody kimnidir sudga bermoq.
against documents hujjatlarga qarshi (asoslanib).

Along (buylab, yoqalab)

He ran along the road U yo’l buylab yugurdi.

Ravish sifatida:
Come along. Ketdik.
How are you getting along? Ishlaringiz yaxshimi?
I knew it all along. Men buni boshidan bilardim.
To go along with Kelishmoq.

88
 Among (3 yoki undan ortiq shaxs yoki predmet orasida, asosan ma’lum bir guruh orasida)

Our house is among many trees Bizning uyimiz ko’plab daraxtlar orasida.
Ma’lum guruh orasidagi munosabatda ishlatiladi. Kamdan kam amongst;

The work was divided among the students Ish bizning universitetimiz
of our university. talabari o’rtasida taqsimlandi.

At(oldida, yonida, -da)

1. Joyni ifodalash uchun:
a) oldida, yonida ma’nosida:
She is standing at the window. U deraza yonida turibdi.
He stopped at the door. U eshik oldida to’xtadi.

b) -da ma’nosida, kichik shaxarcha, qishloq, binolar va biror voqealar oldidan:

He was born at Klin U Klinda tug’ilgan.
Lekin: Davlatlar va katta shaxarlar nomlari oldidan in ishlatiladi.

v) -da ma’nosida, davlat tashkilotlari, bilim yurtlari kabi odamlar to’planadigan

joylar nomlari oldidan, bir nuqta deb qaralganda:
I’ll see him at the theatre tonight. Men bu kecha uni teatrda
ko’raman.
Lekin: (bino ichi nazarda tutilganda)
The meeting took place in the theatre. Yig’ilish teatrda o’tdi.

2. vaqtni ifodalash uchun:

He will return at 7 o’clock. U soat 7 da keladi.
He left the house at noon. U uydan peshin chiqib ketdi.
She left the room at the end of the lesson. U xonadan darsning oxirida
chiqib ketdi.

To aim at Mo’ljalga olmoq. To throw at Otarmoq.

To arrive at Etib kelmoq (qandaydir bir Lekin:He throw a stone at the dog.
kichik shaxar yoki joyga) He throw a stone into the water (river).
To call at (Qayergadir) kirmoq To value at baholamoq
To hint at (Nimagadir) shama qilmoq To estimate atbaholamoq
To knock at Taqillatmoq To work at Ustida ishlamoq.
To laugh at Ustidan kulmoq To rejoice at Xursand bo’lmoq.
To look (glance) at Qaramoq (boqmoq) To wonder at Hayron bo’lmoq.
To shout at Baqirmoq (jahl bilan) To be surprised at
Lekin: shout to baqirib chaqirmoq. Hayron bo’lmoq.
89
To take smb at his word
To be shocked (amazed, astonished) at (by)
Dan larzaga kelmoq ( ajablanmoq, hayratlanmoq)
Iboralar:
At the age (of) yoshida
At the beginning boshida
At all costs nima qilib bo’lsa ham
At dinner (supper, tea) tushlikda
At somebody’s disposal kimningdir
ixtiyorida
At the end oxirida
At the expense (of) hisobidan
At first boshida, birinchi
At the head (of) boshida ( boshliq)
At home uyda
At least hech bo’lmaganda
At last nihoyat
At (the) latest eng so’nggi
At a low (high) price past
(yuqori) narxda
At (the) most eng ko’pida
At night tunda
At one’s option kimningdir
ixtiyoriga ko’ra
At times ba’zida
At the front (back) oldinda (orqada)
Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius.
so’zidan ushlamoq
At once birdaniga, zudlik bilan
At the rate (of) hajmda
At any rate nima bo’lganda ham
At the request (of) talabiga ko’ra
At a salary (of) maosh bilan
At somebody’s service kimdir xizmatida
At first sight bir ko’rishda
At a speed (of) tezlik bilan
At a time bir baqtning o’zida
At this (that, the same) time shu (o’sha,
ayni) paytda
At 3 o’clock/at 3:00soat 3 da
At Christmase/Easter/the weekend
At sunset/sunrisequyosh chiqayotganda/
quyosh botayotganda
At the momentayni paytda
At the top of one’s voice bor ovozi
bilan
To be at war urushda bo’lmoq
at corner muyulishda
at sea dengizda (sayohatda)
Suv 100 gradus selsida
qaynaydi.

Before(oldin)
1. vaqt ifodalashda, oldin, ilgari ma’nolarida (antonym- after):
I shall finish my work before five o’clock. Men ishimni 5 dan oldin
tugataman.
We shall have a walk before dinner. Biz tushlikdan oldin aylanib
kelamiz.

2. joyni ifodalash uchun, oldida ma’nosida (antonym - behind):

He stopped before a bookshop. U kitob do’koni oldida to’xtadi.
There are very many important tasks before us. Bizning oldimizda juda
muhim vazifalar bor.

90
Iboralar:
The day before yesterday o’tgan kun
The day before bir kun oldin
Before long tez kunda, yaqinda
Long before bundan ancha oldin
Before now ilgari, shu paytgacha
Before (under) someone’s eyes
kimningdir ko’z oldida.

Behind ( orqada, orqasida)

Antonym – before, in front of
He sat behind me. U mening orqamda o’tirdi.

Gapda ba’zan ravish bo’lib ham keladi:

They were walking behind. Ular orqadan kelishayotgan edilar.

Iboralar:
To be behind time kechikmoq.
To be behind the times hayotdan ortta qolmoq.
Behind one’s back kimningdir ortidan ( yashirincha)
To be behind somebody kimdandir ortta qolmoq.

Below( pastda, ostida)

Antonym - above
He signed his name below mine. U familiyasini menikidan
fastda yozib qo’ydi.
Ravish bo’lib ham keladi:
The prices of the goods are stated below. Tovarlar narxlari pastda
ko’rsatilgan.

Beside ( yonida, yaqinida, atrofida)

1. yonida:
He was sitting beside me. U men bilan o’tirgan edi.
The house stood beside the river. Uy daryo yonida joylashgandi.
2. o’zida bo’lmaslik:
He was beside himself with joy/rage. U o’zida yo’q
xursand/achchig’i chiqqan edi.
Iboralar:
Beside the purpose maqsadsiz,
Beside the nature g’ayritabiiy

Besides( dan tashqari; qo’shimcha ma’nosida)

I have read some articles on this subject Men bu mavzuda siz bergan
besides the books you gave me. kitoblardan tashqari yana bir
91
 nechta kitob o’qidim.
Ravish bo’lib ham keladi:
I don’t like this suit-case; besides, it’s too small. Menga bu chemodan
yoqmaydi, bundan tashqari u
judayam kichkina.

Between
( orasida; ikki kishi,(taqqoslashda ba’zan uch yoki undan ko’proq) predmet, vaqt joy
yoki guruhga nisbattan ishlatiladi)

This ship makes regular voyages between Bu kema Odessa va Batumi o’rtasida
Odessa and Batumi. doimiy qatnovni amalgam oshiradi.

What are differences between mts, beeline, MTS, beeline, perfectum va ucell
perfectum and ucell? o’rtasida qanday farq bor?

Beyond ( narigi tomonda, narida)

The village is beyond the river. Qishloq daryoning narigi tomonida
joylashgan.
He lives beyond the bridge. U ko’prikning narigi tomonida
yashaydi.

Iboralar:
Beyond belief g’aroyib
Beyond doubt shubhasiz
Beyond hope umidsiz
Beyond one’s expectations kimningdir kutganidan ortiq
beyond one’s strength (power) kimningdir kuchiyetmaydigan
beyond one’s understanding kimningdir tushunishidan narida.
It is beyond me bu mening tushunchamdan narida.

By (tomonidan, orqali, -da, yonida, oldida)

1. tomonidan:
“Anna Karenina” was written by Tolstoy. “Anna Karenina” Tolstoy
tomonidan yozilgan.
This machine is driven by electricity. Bu mashina elektr toki
yordamida ishlaydi.
2. orqali:

92
 He improved his pronunciation by reading aloud. U o’z talaffuzini baland
ovozda o’qish orqali
yaxshiladi.
3. –da:
They had discharged the steamer by three o’clock. Ular paroxod yukini soat 3
da bo’shatishdi.
4.
a) yonida, oldida:
He was sitting by the window. U deraza yonida o’tirgan edi.
The house stood by the river. Uy daryo oldida joylashgandi.
b) yonidan (past):
He walked by me without saying a word. U yonimdan bir so’z aytmay
o’tib ketdi.
Ravish bo’lib ham keladi:
He walded (drove, ran) by without looking at me. U yonimdan menga
qaramay o’tib ketdi
(mashinada, yugurib).
By bilan keladigan fe’llar:
To divide (multiply) by bo’lish (ko’paytirish)
To increase (decrease, rise, exceed) by oshmoq (kamaymoq,
ko’tarilmoq, yuksalmoq).
To judge by hukm qilmoq
To mean by ma’noni anglamoq.
To take (seize, hold, pull) by -dan olmoq (tutmoq,
ushlamoq, tortmoq)
To get by tirikchilik qilishga muvaffaq
bo’lmoq.
Iboralar:
By accident tasodifan, bilmasdan. By mistake adashib
By chance tasodifan. By retail (wholesale) donalab (ulgurji,optom)
6 metres by 8 metres 6 metrga 8 metr. Step by step qadam ba qadam
By day (night) kunduz kuni (tunda) By train (tram, bus, ship) poez( tramvay,
By the day (the week) kunlik (haftalik) avtobus, kema)da
By land (sea, air) quruqlik (suv, havo) orqali. By the way (by the by) aytgancha.
By heart yoddan. By the weight (the litre, the kilogram)
By (electric) light elektr nuri yordamida. og’irlik (litr, kilogram) da
By means of vositasida By then o’shanda
by no means hech qachon By profession kasbi bo’yicha
By all means nima bo’lganda ham.

93
 Down (pastga)

He went down the stairs. U zinadan pastga tushdi.

He ran down the hill. U tog’dan pastga yugurdi.
Ravish bo’lib ham keladi:
I looked down and saw him. Men pastga qaradim va uni ko’rdim.
Iboralar:
To lie down cho’zilmoq, yotmoq.
To sit down o’tirmoq.
To write down Yozib olmoq.
Up an down u yoqdan bu yoqqa
Down to gacha.
Upside down teskari
To bring down the price narxni tushirmoq.

During (mobaynida)
During my stay in Tashkent I visited Toshkentdaligimda ko’plab
many museums. muzeylarga kirdim.
During the last three months he has made Oxirgi 3 oy mobaynida u nemis tilida
great progress in German. katta yutuqlarga erishdi.

Except (-dan tashqari) ajratib ko’rsatish uchun

Everybody is ready except you. Sizdan tashqari hamma tayyor.
He goes there every day except Sunday. U yakshanbadan tashqari har kun u
yerga boradi.

For (uchun, -ga)

1. uchun:
This letter is for you. Bu xat siz uchun.
2. –ga:
a) I bought this book for five sums. Men bu kitobni 5 so’mga oldim.
They haven’t paid for the goods yet. Ular tovarga hali haq to’lashmadi.
b) against ga antonym :
I’m for you proposal. Men sizning taklifingizni
yoqlayman.
c) sabab:
He was rewarded for his bravery. U mardligi uchun mukofotlandi.
d)maqsad:
I sent him for the doctor. Men uni shifokorga yubordim.
I’ll call for you. Men sizning ortingizdan kiraman.
3. vaqtni ifodalash uchun:
94
a) mobaynida:
I’ll stay here (for) two hours. Men bu yerda 2 soat bo’laman.
b) –ga:
He went to the Caucasus for three weeks. U Kavkazga 2 haftaga ketdi.( 2
haftralik)
For ni talab qiladigan fe’llar:
To ask for nimadir so’ramoq, kimnidir
so’ramoq.
To be bound for Yo’llamoq, yo’nalishida bo’lmoq.
To care for yoqtirmoq.
To call for nima uchundir kirmoq.
To exchange for -ga almashtirmoq.
To hope for -ga umid qilmoq.
To be late for -ga kech qolmoq.
To leave for -ga jo’nab ketmoq.
( lekin: leave Tashkent Toshkentni tark etmoq
Leave for Tashkent Toshektnga jo’nab ketmoq)
To look for qidirmoq.
To prepare for -ga tayyorlanmoq.
To sail for -ga suzib ketmoq.
To start for -ga yo’l olmoq.
To wait for kutmoq
To be sorry for doing something biror narsa qilgani uchun afsuslanmoq
To feel (to be ) sorry for somebody biror kishiga achinmoq
A contract (order, cheque, invoice) for -ga shartnoma (buyurtma, chek,
hisob)
Demand for -ga talab.
Negotiations for haqida muzokara.
Respect for -ga hurmat.
To be ready for -ga tayyor bo’lmoq
To thank for uchun rahmat aytmoq
To promote for -ga rag’batlantirmoq
To marry for love (money) sevib (pul uchun) turmushga
chiqmoq/uylanmoq
To mistake for smb -ga o’xshatmoq/bilan adashtirmoq
To reproach smb for/with smth kimdandir, nima uchundir
o’pkalamoq,ta’na qilmoq.
To have smth for breakfast (dinner,lunch) nonushtaga biror narsa yemoq
To offer smth for sale biror narsani sotuvga chiqarmoq
To be good for smb or smth bir kishi yoki narsa uchun foydali
bo’lmoq
Word for word so’zma so’z
To ask for a date uchrashuvga taklif qilmoq
95
 Iboralar:
For ever abadiy For a time biroz vaqtga, biroz
For instance masalan vaqt mobaynida.
For example masalan. In return for ning o’rniga
For the time being ayni paytda For the first (last) time birinchi
For years ko’p yillar mobaynida (oxirgi) marta.
For this purpose shu maqsadda

From (dan)

Antonym – to.
1. –dan:
He took the book from the shelf. U kitobni jovondan oldi.
2. –dan beri:
I shall stay in the library from five till seven. Men kutubxonada soat 5 dan 7
gacha bo’laman.
I lived there from 1985 till 2007. Men u yerda 1985 yildan 2007
yilgacha yashaganman.
From boshqa ba’zi predloglar bilan ishlatiladi:
The sun appeared from behind the clouds. Quyosh bulutlar ortidan
ko’rindi.
Take a sheet of paper from under these books Ana bu kitoblar tagidan bir
varaq ol.

From ni talab qiladigan fe’llar:

To hear from smb kim haqidadireshitmoq bermoq.
To buy from -dan sotib olmoq. To recover from -dan tuzalmoq.
To borrow from -dan olib turmoq. To save from -dan qutqarmoq.
To differ from -dan farqli. To suffer from -dan azoblanmoq.
To judge from -dan hukm chiqarmoq. To translate from -dan tarjima
To make from -dan tayyorlamoq. qilmoq
To prevent from -ga xalaqit
Iboralar:
From (the) beginning to (the) end From time to time.
Boshidan oxirigacha Vaqti vaqti bilan
From day to day From my (his) point of view
Kundan kunga Mening (uning) nuqtai nazarim
bo’yicha
96
 In(ichida)
1. –da; o’rin ma’nosida:
The pencil is in the box.
We live in Bukhara.
2. –da; vaqt ma’nosida;
They will arrive in May.
He was born in 1989.
-dan keyin:
He will return in a week.
-ichida:
The house was built in three months.
Ravish bo’lib kelganda:
To come (go, walk, get) in
To run in
To drive in
To fly in
In ni talab qiladigan fe’llar:
To arrive in yetib kelmoq.
To deal in nima bilandir savdo qilmoq.
To end in nima bilandir tugamoq.
To be engagedin n.b-r. shug’ullanmoq.
To include in -ni o’z ichiga olmoq
To result in-ga olib kelmoq.
To succeed in n,n-r. eplamoq, -da
muvaffaqiyatga erishmoq
To take part (to participate) in ishtirok
etmoq.
Iboralar:
In the rain yomg’irda
In the sun quyoshda
In the shade soyada
In the dark qorong’uda
In bad weather yomon havoda
In block letters bosh harf bilan
In the affirmative (the negative)
ta’kilvochki (inkor etuvchi)
In bulk uyib, tepa qilib
In any case har qanday holatda ham
In the circumstances ayni vaziyatda.
97
Qalam quti ichida.
Biz Buxorada yashaymiz.
Ular mayda kelishadi.
U 1989 yilda tug’ilgan.
U bir haftadan keyin qaytadi.
Uy uch oy ichida qurildi.
kirmoq.
qochmoq.
haydab ketmoq.
uchib ketmoq.
Dressed in kiyinmoq.
Rich in -ga boy.
To be in the habit (of) odatlanmoq.
To be in love (with) k.n-r sevib
qolmoq.
To be in need (of) –da muhtoj
bo’lmoq.
To be interested in –ga qiziqmoq.
To be in uyda, ishda bo’lmoq.
To glory in smth faxrlanmoq
In order (disorder) tartibda ( tartibsiz)
In part bo’laklab, qisman.
In conclusion xulosa qilib.
In the country qishloqda, shaxar
tashqarisida.
In the direction (of) -ga tomon
In demand ga talab katta
In due course o’z vaqtida
In the east ( west, south, north) sharq
(g’arb, janub, shimol)da
in full to’laligicha
in full swing eng qizg’in pallada In sight ko’z ostida
in general umuman. In so far as qanchalik
In somebody’s interest(s) kimningdir In (the) spring (summer, autumn,
qiziqish doirasida winter) bahor (yoz, kuz, qish)da
In the long run oxir oqibat In stock omborxonada
In a loud (calm) voice baland In the street ko’chada
(xotirjam) ovozda In time vaqtida (kechikmasdan)
In the market bozorda In words so’z bilan
In the meantime ayni paytda In figures raqam bilan
In the morning (afternoon, In cash naqd pul bilan
evening) tong (kunduz, kechqurun)da in excitement hayajonda
In the open air ochiq havoda in the beginning (end) boshida
In one’s opinion= to one’s mind (oxirida)
kimningdir fikricha in a queue navbatda
In (at) one’s option kimningdir in a row bir qatorda
tanloviga ko’ra In vain bekorga
In pencil (ink, biro) qalam (siyoh, Hand in hand qo’l ushlashib
sharikli ruchka)da Allin all oxir oqibat
In question aytilayotgan In the front (back) row oldin (orqa)
(Here is the book in question- qatorda
Aytilayotgan kitob mana bu.) To have money in hand pul qo’lda
In Russian (English, Uzbek) Rus bo’lmoq.
(ingliz, o’zbek) tilida To specialize in mutaxassis bo’lmoq
In a picture rasmda In short qisqasi
In a mirror oynada In a proper way yaxshilab
In return evaziga In an e-mail electron pochtada

In va at
Vaqt ma’nosida:
In ma’lum vaqt oralig’ini ifodalaydi: in May, in 2007, in the 19th century, in
winter.
At ayni bir vaqtni ifodalaydi: at ten o’clock, at midnight, at noon.

O’rin ma’nosida:
In davlatlar va yirik shaxarlardan oldin: in Moscow, in the United States.
At kichik shaxar nomlari oldidan: at Pushkino, at Klin; ma’lum joyni bir nuqta
deb qaraganimizda, aniq manzilni ko’rsatishda (lekin ko’cha nomi oldidan in/on
ishlatiladi: I opened an office at28 Lees Road/ The Church is in/onPark Road)

98
Last, next, this, everysoz’lar bilan kelgan birikmalardan oldin at, on, in
ishlatilmaydi.
We’re going to have a party next month. Keyingi haftada biz ziyofat
uyushtirayapmiz.
Last year I bought a car. O’tgan yil men mashina sotib oldim.
Lekin: in the last twenty years – so’nggi 20 yilda,
for the last five months – so’nggi 5 oydan beri

Inside (ichida, ichiga)

Antonym – outside
They went inside the house to talk. Ular gaplashish uchun uy ichiga kirishdi.
The children are inside the house. Bolalar uy ichida.

Ravish bo’lib ham keladi:

Open the door and put the key inside. Qutini och va kalitni ichiga qo’y.
I looked into the box, but there was Men quti ichiga qaradim lekin
nothing inside. ichida hech narsa yo’q edi.

Into (-ga, ichiga)

I am going into the room.
He put the book into his bag.
Iboralar:
To change (to turn) into aylanmoq,
bo’lib qolmoq.
To divide into (in) –ga bo’lmoq.
To look into ko’rib chiqmoq
To inquire into kuzatmoq.
To convert into aylantirmoq.
To translate into -ga tarjima qilmoq.
Men xonaga (ichiga) boryapman.
U kitobni o’z sumkasiga (ichiga) qo’ydi.
To come into (in) force kuchga kirmoq.
To get into the habit odat tusiga kirmoq.
To take into account (consideration)
e’tiborga olmoq.
To go (enter) into partnership with
sherikchilik qilmoq

Of
Mustaqil leksik ma’no anglatmaydi. Turli xil ma’nolarda kelishi mumkin.
1. –ning:
Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan. Toshkent - O’zbekistonning poytaxti.
2. –dan:
Some of my friends came to see me off. Do’stlarimdan bir nechtasi
meni kuzatishga kelishdi.
3. –dan:
The watch is made of gold. Soat oltindan tayyorlanga.
The house is built of brick. Uy g’ishtdan qurilgan.
99
 Izoh: agar narsa qayta ishlash davomida boshqa narsaga aylantirilib yasalsa from
ishlatiladi:
Cheese is made from milk.
tayyorlanadi.
4. –lik:
He signed a cheque to the amount of 1000 roubles. U 1000 rubllik chek yozib
We have ordered an engine of 5000 H.P.
Of ni talab qiladigan ot va sifatlar hamda
iboralar:
To accuse of -da ayblanmoq.
To consist of -dan iborat bo’lmoq.
To deprive of -dan mahrum etmoq.
To hear of haqida eshitmoq.
To inform of haqida xabar bermoq.
To remind of (about) haqida eslatmoq.
To remind of somebody, something
kimdir, nimadir haqida eslatmoq.
To speak (talk) of haqida gaplashmoq.
To think of haqida o’ylamoq.
To be afraid of –dan qo’rqmoq.
To be ashamed of –dan uyalmoq.
To be fond of -ni yoqtirmoq.
To be full of bilan to’la bo’lmoq.
To be independent of -dan ozod bo’lmoq.
To be proud of -dan faxrlanmoq.
To be sure (certain) of -ga amin bo’lmoq.
To be worthy of -ga loyiq bo’lmoq.
To be in need of -ga muhtoj bo’lmoq.
To be of importance ahamiyatga ega
bo’lmoq.
To be of interest qiziqarli bo’lmoq.
To be of much use juda foydali bo’lmoq
To be of the same age yoshi teng bo’lmoq
Off
Antonym – on.
1. –dan:
He took all the things off the table.
The rain ran off the roof.
100
Pishloq sutdan
berdi.
Biz 5000 ot kuchilik motorga
buyurma berdik.
To be of value qadrli bo’lmoq.
To come in sight of ko’rmoq.
To get rid of -dan xalos bo’lmoq.
To make use of -dan foydalanmoq.
To take advantage of –dan (o’z
maqsadida) foydalanmoq.
To take care of -ga g’amxo’rlik qilmoq.
Plenty of, a great (good) of, a lot of ko’p.
A number of qator.
Unheard of eshitilmagan.
To the south (north, east, west) of
janub(shimol, sharq, g’arb) ga.
Of course albatta.
Of late so’nggi paytlarda
It is clever (kind, stupid) of bu …
tomonidan aqllilik(oliyjanoblilik,
axmoqlik)
The town of Smolensk Smolensk
shaxarchasi.
To convictsmb of hukm qilmoq
To suspect smb of smthgumon
qilmoq
To hear of smth nimadir haqida
eshitmoq
To rob smb of smth biror kishidan
biror narsa o’g’irlamoq
U stol ustadan hamma narsani oldi.
Tomdan yorg’ir o’tdi.
The knife fell off the table. Pichoq stol ustadan tushib ketdi.
2. –dan, bir bo’lagini olib tashlash ma’nosida:
Cut a bit off the rope, it’s too long. Ipning bir qismini kesib tashlang, u
judayam uzun.
He bit a small piece off a biscuit. U pichenidan bir bo’lagini tishlab oldi.
He broke a large branch off the tree. U daraxtdan bir shox sindirib oldi.

Ko’pincha ravish bo’lib keladi:

Please, cut it off. Buni kesib tashlang, iltimos.
He bit off a small piece. U kichkina bir bo’lakni tishlab oldi.

Off bilan keladigan fe’llar:

To be off ketmoq. To put smb off aldamoq
To call off bekor qilmoq, keyinga To take off yechmoq; uchmoq
qoldirmoq To set offjo’namoq; moqchi bo’lmoq;
To get off tushmoq (tramvay, poyesd va To jump off (bus, train)
boshqalardan) (avtobus, poezdan ) tushmoq
To put off keyinga qoldirmoq.

On (Upon)
1. –da, joy ma’nosida:
The picture is hanging on the wall. Rasm devorda osilgan turibdi.
Put the magazine on the table. Jurnalni stol ustiga qo’ying.

2. –da, vaqt ma’nosida:

The meeting took place on Monday. Yig’ilish Dushanba kunida bo’lib
o’tdi.
They arrived on the first of June. Ular 1-iyunda
kelishgandi.

Izoh; kun paytlarini ifodalovchi so’zlar oldida odatda in ishlatiladi; in the morning,
in the afternoon, inthe evening. Agar ular aniqlovchi bilan kelsa, unda on
ishlatiladi: on a fine summer morning, on acold evening, on the morning of the
first of June.

3. –ganda, -boq, odatda gerundiy bilan ishlatiladi:

On receiving your letter I telephoned to your brother. Xatingizni oliboq, men
akangizga qo’ng’iroq
qildim.
On coming home I began to work. Uyga keliboq men ishlay
boshladim.

101
 4. Haqida, bo’yicha:
He spoke on the international situation.
gapirdi.
What is your opinion on this subject?
Ravish bo’lib ham keladi:
(ma’lum bir harakatning darom etayotganini ifodalaydi)
They walked on and on until they reached a village. Ular toki qishloqqa
Though it was quite dark, they drove on.
On ni talab qiladigan fe’llar:
To agree on haqida kelishmoq.
To comment on –ga izoh bermoq
To congratulate on bilan tabriklamoq.
To depend on -ga bog’liq bo’lmoq.
To insist on oyoq tirab turib olmoq.
To rely on -ga ishonmoq, -ga suyanmoq.
To spend on -ga sarflamoq.
To call on xabar olmoq, ko’rishga bormoq.
To carry on* olib bormoq, tashimoq.
To get on* ulgurmoq, uddalomoq, til
topishmoq.
To go on* davom ettirmoq.
To look on* kuzatmoq.
To put on* kiymoq.
(To go) on foot piyoda (bormoq)
* - bu yerda On ravish bo’lib kelgan.
Iboralar:
On the advice (suggestion) of maslahatiga
(taklifiga) ko’ra
On an (the) average o’rtacha
On behalf of kimningdir nomidan
On business ish yuzasidan
On board a (the) ship Kema bortida
On condition that shu shart bilan
On the contrary aksincha
On credit kreditga
102
U xalqaro ahvol haqida
Bu masala bo’yicha fikringiz
qanaqa?
yetgunlaricha yuraverdilar,
yuraverdilar.
Ancha qorong’u tushganiga
qaramasdan, ular yo’l yurishda
davom etdilar.
To report on haqida hisobot bermoq.
To influence on ga ta’sir qilmoq
To hold on kutib turmoq
To focus on ga e’tibor qaratmoq
To try onkiyib ko’rmoq
To be on a diet dietda bo’lmoq
To be on strike ish tashlash qilmoq
To be on fire yong’in ostida
bo’lmoq yong’in
To be on duty navbatchi bo’lmoq
To jump on (bus) (avtobusga)
sakrab chiqmoq
On the safe side har ehtimolga qarshi;
On one’s birthday Tug’ilgan kunda
On the subject mavzu bo’yicha
On demand talabiga ko’ra (agar talab bo’lsa)
On foot piyoda.
On the initiative of kimningdir initsiyativiga
asosan
On land yerda, quruqlikda.
On the part of kimdir tomonidan
On purpose ataylab.
On the right (left) hand side o’ng
(chap) tomonda
On sale sotuvda
On a large scale keng miqyosda
On sea dengizda
On the sea dengizda ( kemada)
On the seashore dengiz sohilida
On the way yo’lda, yo’l yo’lakay.
On the ground that -ga asoslanib
On the one (other) hand bir
(boshqa) tomondan.
Opposite
qarama-qarshi degan ma’noni anglatadi.
I always buy my newspaper from
the shop oppositeour flat.
Out of
Antonym – into.
(-dan, ichidan chiqish ma’nosida)
He walked out of the house.
He took the letter outof his pocket.
He ran out of the room,
Out ravish hisoblanib, xuddi out of kabi ichidan chiqish ma’nosida keladi:
To run out yugurib chiqmoq, to fly out uchib chiqmoq, to jump out sakrab
chiqmoq, to take out ichidan chiqarib olish, to pull out sug’urib olish va boshqalar.
He wentout without saying a word.
ketdi.
Lekin: He went out of the room.
Out bir qator fe’llar bilan keladi:
To be out uyda (ishda) bo’lmaslik.
To drop out konkursdan chiqib ketmoq
To find out aniqlamoq,
To make out tushunmoq.
Iboralar:
Out of danger xavfsizlikda
Out of date muddati o’tgan
Out of doors ko’chada.
Out of necessity kerak bo’lganda
103
On the whole to’laligicha.
And so on va boshqalar.
Later onkeyinroq.
On time kelishilgan vaqtda
On earth yer yuzida
On the list ro’yxatda
On one’s way kimningdir yo’lida
Men har doim gazetani
kvartiramizning qarama-qarshisidan
olaman.
U uydan chiqdi.
U xatni cho’ntagidan chiqardi.
U xonadan yugurib chiqdi.
U bir so’z aytmay chiqib
U xonadan chiqib ketdi.
To point out ko’rsatma
(tushuncha) bermoq.
To set out yo’lga tushmoq.
To work out o’ylab chiqmoq.
Out of pity (envy, curiosity) rahmi
(hasadi, qiziqqanidan) kelganidan
Out of order ishlatilmaydigan.
Out of work ishlamaydigan.
 Outside
Antonym – inside.
-dan tashqarida:
He was standing outside the door. U eshik tashqarisida turgandi.
He went outside the house to meet his friend. U do’stini qarshilash uchun
uydan tashqariga chiqdi.

Ravish bo’lib kelganda:

Put these flowers outside. Bu gullarni tashqariga qo’ying.
He is waiting for us outside. U bizni tashqarida kutib o’tiribdi.

Over
1. ustida, antonym- under:
An aeroplane flew over the town. Samalyot shaxarcha tepasidan
uchib o’tdi.
A lamp was hanging over the table. Stol ustida lampa osilib
turardi.
2. –dan oshiq:
There were over a hundred people at the meeting. Yig’ilishda 100 tadan oshiqroq
odamlar bor edi.
The engine weighs over a ton. Uskunaning og’riligi 1
tonnadan ortiqroq.
3. orqali:
The boy climbed over the wall of the garden. Bolakay bog’ devoridan oshib
o’tdi.

Ravish bo’lib ham keladi:

To climb over oshib o’tmoq, to jump over –dan sakrab o’tmoq, to fly over ustidan
uchib o’tmoq. To goover kesib o’tmoq. To throw over ustidan tashlamoq.

to go over o’tmoq (kimningdir tomoniga) to talk over muhokama qilmoq.

to run over kimdandir avtomobilda o’tib To think over o’ylab ko’rmoq.
ketmoq
To have an adventage over ustunlikka ega bo’lmoq.
Iboralar:
All over the world (country, town) butun dunyo(davlat, shaxar)da(gi)
Over and over (again) ko’p marotaba
The meeting (concert, lesson, game) is over yig’ilish (konsert, dars, o’yin)
tugadi.

104
 Past
Synonym – by.
Yonidan:
He walked past the house. U uy yonidan o’tib ketdi.

Round, around
Round ko’proq ishlatiladi, agar ma’lum bir hudud ichida aylansa faqat round
ishlatiladi.
Buylab:
He traveled round the world. U dunyo bo’ylab sayohat qilgan.
The earth moves round the sun. Yer quyosh atrofidan aylanadi.
There are many flowers round (around)Uy atrofida gullar ko’p.
the house.

Ravish bo’lib ham keladi, aylanib ma’nosida:

The door is locked, you will have to go round. Uy qulf ekan, sen aylanib
He looked round (around). borishga majbursan.U aylanib
qaradi.
Iboralar:
Around the corner uchga uch. All around har yerda
All the year round butun yil bo’yi to travel around the country
mamlakat bo’ylab sayohat qilmoq.

Since
-dan beri, o’tgan zamonda boshlanib to hozirgacha davom etib kelayotgan ish-
harakatga nisbatan ishlatiladi, present perfect continuous va present perfect
zamonlarning signali hisoblanadi:
He has been living in Moskow since last year. U o’tgan yildanberi
Moskvada yashayapti.
I have not seen him since last Monday. Men uni o’tgan
dushanbadanberi ko’rganim
yo’q.

Ravish bo’lib ham keladi, o’shandan beri:

He left Tashkent last year and I have not seen U Toshkentdan o’tgan yil
ketgandi, him since. men uni o’shandan
beriko’rganim yo’q.

105
 Through
1. orqali:
He was walking through the forest. U O’rmon orqali ketayotgan
edi.
She looked through the window. U derazadan qaradi.
2. sababli, oqibatida:
You’ve made this mistake through your Siz bu xatoni
carelessness. ehtiyotsizligingiz sababli
qildingiz.
It was through you that we missed the train. Siznideb biz poezdan
kechikdik.
To run through ko’rib chiqmoq

Till, until
-gacha:
I’ll stay here till (until) Monday. Men bu yerda dushanbagacha
qolaman.
We shall wait for your answer till (until) five
o’clock.
Dan … gacha iborasida masofa ma’nosida kelganda, from… till o’rniga from …
to ishlatiladi:
I run from home to our school every morning. Men har ertalab uyimizdan
maktabimizgacha yuguraman.
Vaqt ma’nosida kelganda- before, Masofa ma’nosida – as far as synonym bo’lib
keladi.

To

1. –ga (jo’nalish kelishigi):

Antonym – from.
They went to the Crimea. Ular Qirimga borishdi.
He came to the meeting at 5 o’clock. Yig’ilishga u soat 5 da keldi.
I wrote a letter to my father yesterday. Kecha men otamga xat yozdim.

To ni talab qiladigan fe’llar:

To agree to -ga rozi bo’lmoq. To listen to -ni eshitmoq.
To amount to -ni tashkil etmoq. To object to -ga e’tiroz bildirmoq.
To apologize to -dan kechirim so’ramoq. To pay attention to -ga
To attach to -ga taklif qilmoq. e’tibor bermoq.
To belong to -ga tegishli bo’lmoq. To call (draw) somebody’s
To happen to bilan sodir bo’lmoq. attention to kimningdir
106
e’tiborini –ga qaratmoq. According to -ga muvofiq
To prefer to -ni ma’qul Exceptions to the rule -
ko’rmoq. qoidada istisno
To reply to -ga javob bermoq. To have money to burn puli
To refer to nazarda tutmoq ko’p bo’lmoq
To seem (appear ) to Apt to do smth deyarli
–ga tuyulmoq. be married to bilan turmush
To speak (talk) to, bilan qurgan bo’lmoq.
gaplashmoq. (lekin: I want to marry you)
To subscribe to –ga obuna To help to smth dan yemoq
bo’lmoq. ( helpyourself to salad – salatdan
To telegraph/wire/cable to oling)
bilan ulanmoq.
To telephone to -ga
qo’ng’iroq qilmoq.

To ni talab qiladigan sifatlar

Acceptable ma’qul. Kind mehribon Strange g’alati.
Attentive e’tiborli. Known taniqli. Superior sifatliroq
Clear aniq, tushunarli. Unknown notanish. Inferior sifatsizroq.
Devoted sodiq. Liable yotadigan. Unpleasant
Equal teng Necessary muhim. yoqimsiz.
Familiar yaxshi tanish. Opposite qarshi. Useful foydali
Grateful rozi Polite muloyim. Useless foydasiz.
Important muhim Similar o’xshash.

Iboralar:
To the amount (of) summaga
To the end oxirigacha
To my disappointment (sorrow, joy) mening xafaligim (g’amimga, xursandlik)ga
To the north/south/west/east (of) shimol/janub/g’arb/sharqqa
To the right/left o’ngga/chapga
In reply (answer) to javoban
Towards
1. -ga tomon:
The ship sailed towards the south. Kema janubga tomon suzdi.
He was walking towards the sea. U dengizga tomon ketayotgan
edi.

2. –ga (nisbatan):
He is friendly towards me. U menga nisbattan juda
do’stona munosabatda.
107
 3. –ga qarab, (-ga yaqin):
The rain stopped towards morning. Yomg’ir tongga qarab to’xtadi.
We expect to receive the goods towards Biz tovarlarni mayning
oxirlariga the end of May. qarab olishni umid qilyapmiz.

Under
1. tagida, antonym – over:
He was lying under a tree. U daraxt tagida yotgan edi.

Under the guidance/control/management/ Qo’l/boshqaruvi/yo’rigostida.

command
Under the title/heading. Boshchiligi ostida.
Under the name. nomi ostida.
Under fire. Yong’in/otishma ostida.
Under the influence ta’siri ostida.

2. –dan kamroq, antonym – above:

There were under fifty people there. U yerda 50 tadan ortiq odam
bor edi.
He is under forty. Uning yoshi 40 dan kamroq
Iboralar:
To be under consideration ko’rib Under the circumstances
chiqilmoq. mazkur holatda.
To be under construction qurilish ostida Under the contract (agreement)
bo’lmoq. shartnoma (kelishuvga) asosan.
To be under discussion muhokama To be under the impression
qilinmoq. ta’sir ostida bo’lmoq
To be under repair remontda
bo’lmoq.

Up
1. ustiga, antonym – down:
He walked up the stairs. U zinadan tepaga ko’tarildi.
Ko’pincha ravish bo’lib keladi:
1. I looked up and saw him. Men tepaga qaradim va uni
ko’rdim.
2. yaqinlashmoq ma’nosida:
To come/go/walk up yurib kelmoq.
To run up yugurib kelmoq.
108
 To swin up suzib kelmoq.
To sail up (kemada) suzib kelmoq.
2. to eat, to drink, to fill, to use, to sell, to buy, to grow va shunga o’xshash fe’llar
bilan birga kelib, harakatning oxirigacha bajarilganligini anglatadi:
He drank up all the milk. U sutning hammasini ichdi.
All our ink is used up. Bizning barcha siyohimiz
oxirigacha ishlatilib bo’lindi.

Boshqa fe’llar bilan:

To fill up to’ldirmoq. To ring (call) up qo’ng’iroq
To get up uyg’onmoq. qilmoq.
To give up tashlamoq, voz kechmoq. To stand up turmoq.
To look up qaramoq (lug’at …) To wake up uyg’onmoq,
To make up tuzmoq. uyg’otmoq.
To make up for to’ldirmoq. To split up tarqalib ketmoq
To pick up termoq,qo’lga olmoq.

Iboralar:
Up to –gacha. To make up one’s mind to do
Up-to-date zamonaviy. something –ni qilishga qaror qilmoq.
Up and down orqaga oldinga. I was up at six o’clock Men soat
Up to here haliyam (joy) 6 da uyg’oq edim (turib yurgandim).
Up to now, up to the present time It is up to you/him/her to decide
haliyam (vaqt) siz/u hal qilishiga to’g’ri keladi.
To come up to one’s expectations The time’s up vaqt tugadi.
kimningdir ishonchini oqlamoq. What’s up? Nima bo’ldi?

With
1. bilan:
a)He lives with his brother. U akasi bilan yashaydi.
b)A man with a suitcase in his hand entered Uyga bir qo’lida sumkasi bor
kishi the hall. kirdi.
c)He listened to me with interest. U meni qiziqish bilan tingladi.
She said it with a smile. U buni tabassum bilan aytdi.

2. –da, bilan, vositasida:

The bread was cut with a knife. Non pichoq bilan kesildi.
I like to write with a fountain pen. Men avtoruchkada yozishni
yuqtiraman.

With bilan keladigan fe’l, sifat va ravishlar:

109
To agree with kimningdir gapiga qo’shilmoq.
To compare with bilan taqqoslamoq.
To deal with bilan ish ko’rmoq/ishlamoq.
To fill with -ga/bilan to’lmoq.
To help with –da yordam bermoq
To insure something with ni bilan
kafolatlamoq.
To leave with -da qoldirmoq.
To meet with success muvaffaqiyatga erishmoq
To reproach smb with smth kimdandir nima
uchundir o’pkalamoq/xafa bo’lmoq
To be acquainted with smb bilan tanishtirilmoq
To be heap with smth bilan to’la bo’lmoq
To open an account with –da hisob raqami
ochmoq.
To supply (provide) with bilan ta’minlamoq.
To trembe (shake, shiver) with –dan titramoq.
Shake hands with bilan qo’l siqishmoq
To be angry with -dan xafa bo’lmoq.
Pale (red, tired) with -dan rangi uchgan
(qizargan, charchagan)
Pleased (displeased)with –dan
qoniqmoq (qoniqmaslik)
Popular with orasida taniqli.
Satisfied with -dan qoniqmoq.
To be bored with smb. k-dir
zerikmoq
Influence with bilan ta’sir
qilmoq
Argue with bilan tortishmoq
To write with a pen (pencil,
shork)
To reply with a smile tabassum
bilan javob bermoq.
To cope with uddasidan
chiqmoq
In touch with bilan aloqada
bo’lmoq
Bring/come into contact with
bilan aloqa qilmoq
Leave school with good marks
maktabdni yaxshi baholar bilan
tugatmoq

Within
-ichida,-dan kechikmasdan, vaqt ma’nosida:
I shall give you an answer within a week. Bir hafta ichida men
sizga javobimni
aytaman.
Oralig’ida:
Within three kilometres of the station. Bekatdan 3 km oraliqda.

Without
-siz, antonym – with:
I cannot do it without your help. Men bu ishni sizning
yordamingizsiz qila
olmayman.
Gerundiy bilan odatda keladi:
I went in without waking him. Men uni uyg’otmagan holda
kirdim.

Iboralar:
110
 Without doubt shubhasiz
Without fail albatta.
Without notice ogohlantirmasdan.
Without the knowledge (of) –ning xabarisiz.
It goes without saying so’zsiz, o’z o’zidan.
To do without somebody, something –siz uddalamoq.
Guruh bo’lib keladigan predloglar:

According to -ga muvofiq. Instead of -ning o’rniga.

Apart from -dan tashqari.
As to (as for) –ga kelsak.
Because of sababli.
But for agar bo’lmasa.
By means of orqali.
In accordance with -ga muvofiq.
In addition to -ga qo’shimcha.
In case of bo’lgan holda.
As compared with (in comparison
with) –ga nisbattan.
In conformity with -ga muvofiq.
In consequence of natijasida
In favour of -ning foydasiga/nomiga.
In front of oldida, to’g’risida.
In spite of -ga qaramasdan.
In the event of agar … taqdirda.
In view of ko’rinishida.
Owing to ni deb,
On behalf of /in the name of nomidan
Subject to bir sharti bilan
Thanks to блогодаря (ning sharofati b-n)
With a view to maqsadda.
With (in) regard to/with (in ) respect to
–ga nisbattan
With the exception of dan
tashqari
to go in for sport/running
sport/yugurish bilan shug’ullanmoq

Variantlarda uchragan predloglar ro’yxati:

**********************************************************************************
2004 Get out of dan chiqmoq
All over the world butun dunyoda
Pay great attention to ga katta e’tibor bermoq Be shocked at dan hayratlanmoq
Die of (a heart attack) (yurak xurujidan) o’lmoq Be upset about dan xafa bo’lmoq
Think of/about haqida o’ylamoq Be interested in ga qiziqmoq
Be ready for ga tayyor bo’lmoq Be made of dan foydalanib yasalgan
At school maktabda Be made from ni qayta ishlab tayyorlangan
Be dependent on ga bog’liq bo’lmoq Be situated in/on da joylashgan bo’lmoq
Insist on oyoq tirab turib olmoq Be amazed at dan zavqlanmoq
Wait for ni kutmoq Be married to ga turmushga
Be angry with dan xafa bo’lmoq chiqqan/uylangan bo’lmoq
Be annoyed with dan jahli chiqmoq Marry (no prep.) ga turmushga
Be furious with dan darg’azab bo’lmoq chiqmoq/uylanmoq
Be tired of dan charchamoq In the centre markazda
Listen to (ni) tinglamoq In my opinion mening fikrimcha
A boy with black hair qora sochli bola Be terrified of dan qattiq qo’rqmoq
A woman in a raincoat plash kiygan ayol Arrive at/in ga yetib kelmoq
111
By train/bus/plane/car… Inform about haqida xabar bermoq
poyezd/avtobus/samalyot/mashinada Look for izlamoq, qidirmoq
Agree with smb about/on smth biror kishining Complain to smb biror kishiga shikoyat qilmoq
biror masalada fikriga qo’shilmoq Complain about smth biror narsadan shikoyat
Be agreed on/about smth biror masalada qilmoq
kelishmoq Complain of a pain, an illness etc. og’riqdan,
Agree to smth ga rozi bo’lmoq kasallikdan shikoyat qilmoq
Agree with smth mos kelmoq; biror fikrga Face with bilan yuzlashmoq, duch kelmoq
qo’shilmoq At the party ziyofatda
be located in da joylashgan bo’lmoq Next to yonida, qatorida
Be ashamed of dan uyalmoq Look through ko’z yugurtirib chiqmoq,
be displeased with dan ranjimoq varaqlab chiqmoq
be cruel to ga shavqatsiz bo’lmoq In the sky osmonda
be rude to ga qo’pol munosabatda bo’lmoq Answer (no prep.) ga javob bermoq
be far from dan uzoqda bo’lmoq The answer to ning javobi, ga javob
be shocked by tomonidan hayron qoldirilmoq Be down in the mouth tushkun kayfiyatda
be aware of dan xabardor bo’lmoq bo’lmoq
be jealous of ni rashk qilmoq At night tunda
talk to bilan gaplashmoq Share with bilan bo’lashmoq
pick up olmoq, termoq; mashinada borib olmoq Blow off uchirib yubormoq
take part in da ishtirok etmoq Go for a walk piyoda sayr qilmoq
be in the habit of odatlangan bo’lmoq Get off tushmoq
accustom to ga moslashmoq, odatlanmoq (poyezd/avtobus/samalyot)
be thankful for uchun minnatdor bo’lmoq Be out tashqarida bo’lmoq
in advance oldindan In a low (high) voice past(baland) ovozda
be capable of qo’lidan kelmoq Keep on davom etmoq (=go on)
shoot at ni otmoq (qurol bilan) Be popular with orasida mashhur bo’lmoq
look at ga qaramoq Look up (dictionary) (lug’atdan) so’z qidirmoq
dream about ni tush ko’rmoq Leave (no prep.) ni tark etmoq
dream of haqida o’ylamoq, tasavvur qilmoq Leave for ga jo’nab ketmoq
be careless of tomonidan ehtiyotsizlik In the morning/afternoon/evening
be nice of tomonidan juda yaxshi tongda/peshinda/kechki paytda
in front of ni oldida On the beach plyajda
be flushed with (excitement) (hayajon) ga to’la At the chemist’s dorixonada
bo’lmoq At the barber’s erkaklar sartaroshxonasida
approve of ni maqul deb topmoq, ga rozi bo’lmoq At the hairdresser’s ayollar sartaroshida
be crowded with bilan to’la bo’lmoq At the shop do’konda
ask for (berishini) so’ramoq Make up tuzmoq
reason for ning sababi Make-up kosmetika; grim; tarkib; tashqi
attitude to ga munosabat ko’rinish
feed on smth bilan oziqlanmoq By profession kasbi buyicha
2005 Be about to moqchi bo’lmoq, taraddudlanmoq
Remind of bo’lib o’tgan narsani yodiga solmoq
With the exception of dan tashqari Remind about qilishi lozim bo’lgan ishni
At the end of ning oxirida eslatmoq
Go away nari ketmoq Be acquainted with bilan tanish bo’lmoq
For a few days bir necha kunga At least hech bo’lmaganda
112
For pleasure uyin-kulgu uchun Be kind of tomonidan mehribonlik
With admiration maroq bilan Accuse of da ayblamoq
Apply for (a job etc.) (ishga) kirish uchun By car (in a/the/my car) mashinada
ariza topshirmoq Look forward to ni intizorlik bilan kutmoq
Apply to ( a person, a company etc) (biror kishiga, At full speed yuqori tezlikda
kompaniyaga) ariza bermoq Sit on smth ustiga o’tirmoq
At the station bekatda, stansiyada Take notice of ni sezmoq, payqamoq
In time vaqtida (belgilanmagan) In a friendly manner do’stona tarzda
On time belgilangan, kelishilgan vaqtda Look after qarab turmoq, g’amxo’rlik qilmoq
Put on kiymoq; ustiga qo’ymoq Be at smb’s kimnikidadir bo’lmoq
Be rich in ga boy bo’lmoq Save for a surprise kutilmagan sovg’a sifatida
Marry for uchun turmush qurmoq saqlab qo’ymoq
Be excited about dan xursand bo’lmoq Engage in bilan shug’ullanmoq
Turn on yoqmoq Be surprised at dan hayratlanmoq
Turn off o’chirmoq Consist of dan iborat bo’lmoq
On the bus/train/plane Spend on ga sarflamoq
avtobus/poyezd/samolyotda In the end nihoyat
Be in need of ga muhtoj bo’lmoq, kerak bo’lmoq Worry about haqida xavotirlanmoq
According to ga muvofiq Hear from smb biror kishidan biror xabar
Start with bilan boshlamoq eshitmoq
At first sight bir ko’rishda (hear of smth/smb) biror narsa/kishi (borligi)
Fall in love with sevib qolmoq haqida eshitmoq
Advantage of da ustunlik Agree about haqida kelishmoq
Advantage over dan ustunlik Go in kirmoq
Use up ishlatib bo’lmoq, tugatmoq Engage to ga unashtirmoq
Struggle for/against uchun/ga qarshi kurashmoq Be proud of dan faxrlanmoq
Depend on ga bog’liq bo’lmoq In peace tinch, o’z holiga
Be good/bad at dan yaxshi bo’lmoq
2007 Be fed up with joniga tegmoq
In an open place ochiq joyda
Put away nariga olib qo’ymoq In a bad condition yomon sharoitda
Different from dan farqli Far away juda uzoqda(n)
Similar to ga o’xshash On foot piyoda
Reply to ga javob bermoq Arrive in (at) katta shaxar, davlat ga
Be in a hurry shoshayotgan bo’lmoq yetib kelmoq, (kichik joyga) ~
Thank for uchun minnatdorchilik bildirmoq To be available for uchun vaqti bor; yaroqli
Concern with ga aloqador bo’lmoq Look through orqali qaramoq; ko’z
Go to ga bormoq yugurtirib chiqmoq
Invite to ga taklif qilmoq Put on ustiga qo’ymoq; kiymoq
Take after ga o’xshamoq Put off keyinga qoldirmoq
Be fond of ni yoqtirmoq Stay up uyg’oq o’tirmoq
Take care of ga g’amxo’rlik qilmoq The same … as xuddi … day
At (on) the corner of the street Dream of/about ni orzu qilmoq; tush
ko’chaning burchagida ko’rmoq
On time belgilangan vaqtida By sea dengiz orqali
Differ from dan farqlanmoq Smile at ga tabassum qilmoq
Provide with bilan ta’minlamoq At a very early age yoshlik chog’ida
113
In his early forties qirq yoshida the game of cricket kriket o’yini
Put the call forward to smb bilan ulab bermoq be decorated with bilan bezatilgan bo’lmoq
At a distance masofada; uzoqda for breakfast/lunch/dinner/supper … uchun/ga
Insist on ga turib olmoq on the whole umuman olganda
On a little sail-boat kichik qayiqda at any time xohlagan paytda
Carry out bajarmoq; amalga get on muvaffaqiyat qozonmoq; chiqishmoq;
oshirmoq; (avtobus, poyezd, samalyot) ga chiqmoq
Be afraid of dan qo’rqmoq go out tashqariga chiqmoq; (olov)
At the bottom tubida o’chmoq; tugatmoq (pul, …)
In the distance uzoqda; uzoqdan turib set off yo’lga chiqmoq; -moqchi bo’lmoq;
Objections to ga qarshiliklar day after day kundan kunga; har kuni
Be followed by tomonidan ergashilmoq; day by day kundan kunga
On fire yong’in ostida be over tugamoq
Under control nazorat ostida
Keep in touch with aloqada bo’lib turmoq 2009
Explain to ga tushuntirmoq
Be angry with dan xafa bo’lmoq In honour of ning sharafiga
Marry smb ga turmushga chiqmoq Belong to ga tegishli bo’lmoq
Be married to smb ga turmushga chiqqan On business ish yuzasidan
bo’lmoq Be based on ga asoslangan bo’lmoq
Marry for smth uchun turmushga chiqmoq Break into laughter to’satdan kulib yubormoq
Be attentive to ga e’tiborli bo’lmoq Give out (mashina) ishdan
On the platform platformada chiqmoq; chiqarmoq (ovoz, yorug’lik)
Get into ga kirmoq; ga yetib
bormoq At the age of yoshida
Give up voz kechmoq, tashlamoq On the phone telefonda
Give back qaytarib bermoq Warn against dan ogohlantirmoq
Take up olib tashlamoq; shug’ullanmoq; … Culminate in eng yuqori nuqtaga
Take away nariga olib qo’ymoq; olib yetmoq
qo’ymoq; battar qilmoq On the way yo’lda
Be dressed in kiyingan bo’lmoq Care for ni yoqtirmoq; ni
On smb’s face kimningdir yuzida xohlamoq; ga qarab turmoq
Supply of ning ta’minoti
Supply with bilan ta’minlamoq
On the (top) floor (yuqori) qavatda
2008 Be known for si bilan taniqli bo’lmoq

Take off kiyimni yechmoq; uchib ketmoq On a boat trip qayiq bilan sayrda
(samalyot) Harm to ga zararli
Out of job ishsiz Be famous for si bilan mashhur bo’lmoq
For a long time uzoq vaqtdan beri Be famous among orasida mashhur bo’lmoq
By water suv orqali
Give a name to smth/smb biror narsaga/
kishiga nom bermoq 2010
get across the road yo’lni kesib o’tmoq
in warm seas iliq dengizlarda Familiar with bilan tanish

114
On one’s shoulders kimningdir yelkasida At least hech bo’lmaganda
Wait for ni kutmoq
Be keen on ga ishqiboz bo’lmoq 2011
For short qisqasi, qisqasini
aytganda Look after ga qarab turmoq, g’amxo’rlik
On Easter Day Easter bayramida qilmoq
In a traffic jam yo’lning tirband joyida Suspect of da gumon qilmoq
Grow up o’smoq, ulg’aymoq On the coast qirg’oqda
Get back qaytarib olmoq; qaytmoq
**********************************************************************

The Conjunction
Bog’lovchi
 Gaplarni va gap bo’laklarini bir-biri bilan bog’lash uchun ishlatiladigan
so’zlar bog’lovchilar deyiladi.
Bog’lovchilar 2 xil bo’ladi:
1) teng bog’lovchilar;
2) ergashtiruvchi bog’lovchilar.

Teng bog’lovchilar:

And va;esa;ham; (keyin)

I came home and suddenly saw her. Men uyga keldim va uni
ko’rdim.
You will go with me and Jim will stay here. Sen men bilan borasan, Jim
esa shu yerda qoladi.
It was raining hard. And there was a strong wind. Qattiq yomg’ir yog’ayotgan
edi. Kuchli
shamol ham bor edi. (B.Azar)
As well (as) ham, hamda, shuningdek, kabi.
Can I come as well? Men ham kelsam bo’ladimi?
I know Russian as well as English. Men Ingliz tilini bilganim kabi
Rus tilini ham bilaman.
Both… and… ham…ham…
I like both him and his friend. Menga uni o’zi ham do’sti
ham yoqadi.
Not only…but also nafaqat…balki … ham
There was not only Jack but also Jill. U yerda nafaqat Jek balki Jil
ham bor edi.
Not only my mother but also my sister is here. Nafaqat onam, balki singlim
ham shu yerda.
115
But ammo, lekin, biroq; dan tashqari
Day was sunny but not warm at all. Kun quyoshli edi, lekin
umuman iliq emas edi.
Elena came to the meeting but Pedro stayed Yelena uchrashuvga keldi
lekin
home. Pedro uydaqoldi. (B.Azar)

Nothing but disaster would come from such Bunday reja falokatdan boshqa
a plan. narsa olib kelmasdi.
(ABBYY Lingvo 12)

Or yoki, yo’qsa
Do you go with us or do you stay here? Biz bilan ketasanmi yoki shu
yerda qolasanmi?
Either…or… yoki…yoki
Either you leave or I do. Yoki siz keting yoki men ketaman.

Ravishlar:
Moreover bundan tashqari(=besides, furthermore)
Bees can fly quite long distances very easily. Asalarilar juda uzoq masofaga
Moreover, they canfly as fast as ten meters osonlik bilanucha oladilar.
a second. Bundan
tashqari, ularbir soniyada o’n
metr masofani bosib o’ta
olishadi.
Therefore shuning uchun; natijada (=consequently)
The new trains have more powerful engines Yangi poezdlar kuchliroq motorga
and are therefore faster. ega va shuning uchun tezroq yuradi.

Tom didn’t study. Therefore/Consequently he Tom o’qimadi. Natijada

failed the test. imtihondan yiqildi.

Tom didn’t study. He, therefore, failed the test.

Tom didn’t study. He failed the test, therefore.

So shunday qilib
1. therefore[sabab]: She felt very tired so she U juda charchagan edi shuning
went to bed early. uchun barvaqt uxladi.

116
2. so (that) [maqsad]: She wore dark glasses Uni hech kim tanimasligi
uchun u so that nobody would recognize her. qora ko’zoynak taqdi.

However har holda, shunday bo’lsa ham, har qanday

holda.
However I sat I couldn’t get comfortable. O’tirgan bo’lsam ham,
qulayimni topmadim.
You can dress however you like. Sen xohlaganingday
kiyinishing mumkin.
However + sifat + ega + kesim …
However hard I try I can’t be like him. Har qancha harakat qilsam
ham, u kabi bo’lolmayman.
Nevertheless shunga qaramasdan (=nonetheless)
It was a cold rainy day. Nevertheless, more Sovuq yomg’irli kun edi.
people came than we had expected. Lekinshunga qaramasdan, biz
kutgandan ko’ra ko’proq odam
keldi.

Otherwise aks holda

You have to press the red button, otherwise it Siz qizil tugmachani
bosishingiz won’t work. kerak, aks holda
bu ishlamaydi.

Ergashtiruvchi bog’lovchilar:

Payt ergash gaplarni bog’lovchi:

After -dan keyin
We’ll go there after we finish our work. Biz u yerga ishimizni
tugatgandan keyin boramiz.
As -da (=when)
I saw him as I was passing by his house. Uyi oldidan o’tayotganimda
uni ko’rdim.
As long as to,toki; qadar
I don’t care who you are as long as you love me. Toki meni sevar ekansan,
menga kimligingni farqi yo’q.
As long as he does his work, I don’t mind what Toki u o’z ishini qilarkan,
time he arrives at the office. offisga nechadakelishining
menga farqi yo’q.

As soon as bilanoq
Her face had changed as soon as I said her Unga qarorimni aytishim
my decision. bilanoq uning yuzi o’zgardi.
117
Since -dan beri;sababli
She has held two jobs since she graduated U bitirganidan beri ikkita ishda
ishlaydi.
Since he is still absent, we should call the police. U haliyam yo’qligi sababli, biz
politsiyaga qo’ng’iroq
qilishimiz kerak.
Untill (till) -gacha
I’ll wait you until you come. Men seni kelguningcha
kutaman.
While -da, paytida, mobaynida; esa
I did my homework, while you were Sen televizor tomosha
watching TV. qilayotganinda, men uy ishimni
bajardim.
Mary is rich, while John is poor. Meri boy, Jon esa kambag’al

Whereas esa;modomiki, zotan

Mary is rich, whereas John is poor. Meri boy, Jon esa kambag’al

Sabab ergash gaplarni bog’lovchi:

As uchun, sababli
The thought occurred to me asyou didn’t Sen vaqtida kelmaganing
come in time. sababli bu fikr menda paydo bo’ldi.

Because chunki
I don’t tell you anything because you know Sen hamma narsani bilganing
everything. sababli senga biror narsa
aytmayman.

Because of … sababli (= due to)

Because of/due to the cold weather, we Sovuq ob-havo tufayli, biz
stayed home. uyda qoldik.
Due to + sifat + to be
Because of + ravish + fe’l

Due to the fact that sababli, tufayli, uchun

Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we Ob-havo sovuqligi sababli, biz
stayed home. uyda qoldik

118
Now that sababli
Now that the semester is over, I’m going to Semestr tugagani sababli, men
rest a few days and then take a trip. bir necha kun dam
olmoqchiman keyin
esa sayohatga chiqaman.
Jack lost his job. Now that he’s unemployed, Jek ishini yo’qotdi. Ishsizligi
he can’t pay his bills. sababli xarajatlariga to’lashga
puli yo’q.

Since sababli
Since Monday is a holiday, we don’t have to Dushanba dam olish kuni
go to work. bo’lganligi sababliishga
borishimiz shart emas
Since you’re a good cook and I’m not, you Modomiki men emas sen
should cook the dinner. yaxshi oshpaz ekansan, sen
tushlikni tayyorlashing kerak.
For … uchun, sababli (=because)
I decided to give it up for I want you to be Sen baxtli bo’lishingni
happy. xohlaganim uchunbundan voz
kechishga qaror qildim.
Seeing (that) ko’rib, bilib, sababli
Seeing that she was ill, we decided not to go Uning kasalligi sababli, biz
to the mountains. toqqa bormaslikka qaror
qildik.
Ken just had to apologise, seeing that/as he Xato qilganini bilgani sababli
knew he’d made a mistake. Ken kechirim so’rashiga
to’g’ri keldi.

That’s why shuning uchun

It is raining that’s why I’ve taken my umbrella. Yomg’ir yog’yapti shu sababli
men soyabonimni oldim.

Shart ergash gaplarni bog’lovchi:

If agar
I’ll be happy if you are happy. Agar sen baxtli bo’lsang, men
ham baxtli bo’laman.
Even if hatto(ki) … sa ham
I’ll probably see you tomorrow. But even if Ehtimol sizni ertaga
I don’t see you tomorrow, we’re sure to see ko’rarman. Lekin hattoki
each other before the weekend. ertaga sizni ko’rmasamham,
biz bir birovimizni dam olish
119
 kunidan oldin albatta
ko’ramiz.
Even whenhatto(ki) … da ham
He never shouts, even when he’s angry. U hatto jahli chiqqanda ham,
hech qachon baqirmaydi.
On condition (that) sharti bilan
She said she’d help with the costumes on U spektaklga 10 ta bepul
condition that she would get ten free tickets chipta olish shartibilan
to the play. kostyumlarda yordam berishini
aytdi.

Provided (that) agar,sharti bilan

Travelling by car is convenient provided Agar mashinani qo’yishga joy
(that) you have somewhere to park. bo’lsa, mashinada sayr qilish
qulay.

Provided (that) you know what you want, you Agar siz nima
can always find a way to get it. xohlayotganingizni
bilsangiz,uni qo’lga kiritish
yo’lini topa olasiz.

Providing (that) agar,sharti bilan

Providing (that) she studies hard, she should Agar u qattiq o’qisa,
pass the examination. imtihondan o’tishi mumkin.
( www.grammar.sourceword.com/unit26.php )

Supposing that faraz qilaylik, agar

Supposing (that) she comes to the party, what Agar (faraz qilaylik) u
will you do? ziyofatga kelsa, nimaqilasiz?

Unless ( if … not ) agar ...masa

I’ll go to the library tomorrow unless I’m Agar juda band bo’lmasam,
too busy. ertaga kutubxonaga boraman.
Joe can’t hear unless you shout. Agar baqirmasang, Joe
eshitmaydi.

120
Maqsad ergash gaplarni bog’lovchi:

In case mabodo … deb

I won’t go out in case John phones. Mobodo Jon qo’ng’iroq qilib
qolar deb, tashqariga
chiqmayman.
Lest = in case; for fear that
He worried lest she should be late. Mabodo kech qolar deb u xavotirlandi.
He fled the country lest he be captured U ushlanib qamalmasligi uchun
and imprisoned davlatdan qochib ketdi.

So that + gap uchun, maqsadida

He’s been learning English so that he U Qo’shma Shtatlarda o’qiy
can study in the United States. olishi uchuningliz tilini o’rganyapti.

In order that + gapuchun, maqsadida

She stayed at work late in order that/so U hisobotni tugatish
that she could complete the report. maqsadida, ishxonada
kechgacha qoldi.
Lekin: so that dan farqli ravishda in order that dan keyin Future Simple o’rnida
Present Simple keladi.

In order to +fe’l uchun, maqsadida

She stayed at work late in order/so as U hisobotni tugatish uchun
to complete the report. ishda kechgacha qoldi.
He took the course in order to get a better job. U yaxshiroq ish toparman deb,
kursga bordi.
So as to + fe’l uchun, maqsadida
Trees are being planted by the roadside Qatnov shovqinini kamaytirish
soas to reduce traffic noise. maqsadida, yo’l yoqasiga
daraxtlar o’tkazilayapti.

Ravish ergash gaplarni bog’lovchi:

As day, dek, ga o’xshab
Do it as I showed. Buni men ko’rsatganimdek
bajar.
As if xuddi… day (asli unday emas)
He said “OK” as if he were American. U xuddi amerikaliklarga
o’xshab ‘OK’, dedi.

121
 As though xuddi = as if
So…that shunday…
The cake was so tasty that I couldn’t help Tort shunchalik mazali ediki,
men eating it. uni yemasdan turolmadim.
Such…that shunday…
It was such a tasty cake that I couldn’t help U shunchalik mazali tort ediki,
men eating it. uni yemasdan turolmadim.
Qiyoslovchi ergash gaplarni bog’lovchi:
As…as -dek, kabi
You are as tall as your brother. Sening buying akangniki kabi
uzun.
Not so/as…as dek emas.
You aren’t so/as tall as you brother. Sening buying akangniki kabi
uzun emas.
Than -ga qaraganda
She is older than you. U sendan kattaroq.

To’siqsiz ergash gaplarni bog’lovchi:

In spite of ga qaramasdan
Despite ga qaramasdan
In spite of/despite the rain, we enjoyed Yomg’irga qaramasdan, biz
ta’tilda our holiday. mazza qildik.
Although (though) ga qaramasdan
I liked my school days, although I didn’t Yaxshi o’qimagan bo’lsam
do very well. ham, men maktab davrimni
yaxshi ko’rardim.
Yet -sa ham, -ga qaramasdan; shunga qaramasdan;
The weather is nice here, it’s not cold in Bu yerda havo yaxshi, oktyabr
October yet. bo’lsa ham hali sovuq emas.

He isn’t here yet. U hali bu yerda emas.

122
 Non-Finite forms Of the verb
Fe’lning shakli no’malum shakllari
Infinitive

o Fe’lning shaxsi noma’lum shakllari shaxsni, sonni va maylni

ifodalamaydi, shuning uchun ham ular gapda kesim bo’lib kela olmaydi.
o Infinitive fe’lning shaxsi noma’lum shakli bo’lib, harakatning nomini
bildiradi. Shaxsini ham, sonini ham ko’rsatmaydi.
 Infinitive ning ‘to’ li va ‘to’ siz shakli mavjud.
I hope to see you on Monday. Men seni Dushanba kuni ko’raman deb
umid qilaman.
I saw him cry yesterday. Kecha men uning yig’laganini ko’rdim.
 Agar ikkita infinitive kelib, ular and yoki or bog’lovchilari bilan bog’langan
bo’lsa, ikkinchi infinitive dan oldin ‘to’ yuklamasi qo’yilmaydi:
I asked him to telephone to me Men undan dushanba kuni telefon qilishini
on Monday or write. yoki xatyozishini so’radim.
I intend to call on him and discuss Men unikiga borib masalani hal
this question. qilmoqchiman.

Infinitive ning zamon va nisbat shakllari mavjud:

Active Passive
Simple To ask To be asked
Continuous To be asking -
Perfect To have asked To have been asked
Perfect Continuous To have been asking -

Gerund

Gerund ning zamon va nisbat shakllari mavjud:

Active Passive
Simple Reading Being read

Perfect Having read Having been read

Gerund asosan:
a) ravishdosh vazifasida:
He told me that story crying. U menga hikoyani yig’lab aytib berdi.
b) sifatdosh vazifasida:
The man sitting over there is my uncle. Ana u yerda o’tirgan odam mening
amakim.
c) predloglardan keyin:
He left the room without saying a word. U biror so’z demay xonadan chiqib ketdi.
d) Kishilik olmoshlari sifat shakllaridan keyin keladi:

123
His coming to the meeting isn’t certain yet. Uning uchrashuvga kelishi hali aniq
emas.
e) Gapning boshida kelib sababli deb tarjima qilinishi mumkin:
Knowing the language, she could understand Tilni yaxshi bilganligi sababli, u
them completely. ularni to’liq tushundi

Ham INFINITIVE ham GERUND bilan ishlatiladigan fe’llar

Remember va Forget Agar biror qilingan ishni Agar qilinishi kerak bo’lgan
eslash yoki unutish nazarda ish nazarda tutilsa, infinitive
tutilsa, bu fe’llardan keyin bilan keladi:
gerund keladi: Remember to take your hat
I remember going to the when you go out.
bank, but nothing after that. Tashqariga chiqayotganingda
Bankka borganim esimda, shlyapangni olish esingdan
lekin undan keyin hech chiqmasin.
narsani eslolmayman. M.Hewings (second edition,
M.Hewings (second edition, unit 38)
unit 38)
Go on Biror ishni to’xtovsiz davom
Agar to’xtab, boshqa ish
etish ma’nosida gerund bilan
qilishda davom etsa infinitive
keladi: bilan keladi:
Although she asked him to She stopped talking about
stop, he went on tapping his
her illness, and went on to
pen on the table. tell about her other
To’xtatishini so’rashimga problems.
U kasalligi haqidagi gapini
qaramasdan, uruchkasi bilan
to’xtatib, boshqa
stolni tiqqillatishda davom
etdi. muammolari haqida
M.Hewings (second edition,gapirishda davom etdi.
unit 38) After the interval, Pavarotti
went on to sing an aria from
Tosca.
M.Hewings
Regret Qilib bo’lgan ishidan Biror yomon xabarni
afsuslanish nazarda tutilsa, aytishda oldindan uzr so’rash
gerund bilan keladi: ma’nosida infinitive bilan
I regret leaving school at 14. keladi:
Men maktabni 14 yoshimda We regret to inform you that
tashlaganimdan afsusdaman. we can’t help you.
Sizga shuni afsus bilan
ma’lum qilamanki, biz sizga
yordam berolmaymiz.
Advise, allow, permit, Bu fe’llardan keyin Bu fe’llardan keyin obekt
encourage, recommend va to’g’ridan to’g’ri aktiv fe’l kelsa, infinitive ishlatiladi:
forbid kelsa, gerund ishlatiladi: I advise you to buy the car.
I advise buying the car. Sizga mashinangizni olishni
Mashinangizni olishingizni maslahat beraman.
maslahat beraman.
124
 See, hear, watch, notice Agar ish-harakatni
feel, overhear qilayotgan paytida ko’rgani
nazarda tutilsa, gerund
ishlatiladi:
I saw him climbing the wall.
Men uni devorga tirmashib
chiqayotganini ko’rdim.
Try Bajara olish emas, balki
keyingi natija muhimligi
nazarda tutilganda gerund
ishlatiladi:
I tried sending him a letter
and giving him a presend but
in vain.
Unga xat yozib ko’rdim,
sovg’a berib ko’rdim, lekin
befoyda.
Like, love, hate va Agar shu ish-harakatlardan
prefer zavqlanish ma’nosida bo’lsa,
odatda gerund bilan
ishlatiladi:
I like climbing mountains.
Men tog’larga chiqishni
yoqtiraman.
Stop Biror ish harakatni qilishdan
to’xtash ma’nosida gerund
bilan:
I stopped smoking.
Men chekishdan to’xtadim.
( chekmay qo’ydim).
Mean Anglantmoq ma’nosida
gerund bilan keladi:
If I do, it means doing.
Agar men bajar desam, bu
bajarish kerakligini
anglatadi.
Consider Uylab ko’rmoq, tasavvur
qilmoq, hisobga olmoq
ma’nolarida gerund bilan:
We’re considering buying a
new car.
(Oxford Advanced learner’s
dictionary)
Prefer … to … (gerund): I prefer watching TV toreading books.
Prefer … rather than … (infinitive): I preferto watch TV rather thanread books.
 Agar ikki o’rinda ham bir xil fe’l kelsa, ikkinchi fe’l tushirib qoldirilishi mumkin:
125
Agar ish-harakatni shunchaki
bajarilganini ko’rgani
nazarda tutilsa infinitive
ishlatiladi:
I saw him climb the wall.
Men uni devorga
tirmashganini ko’rdim.
Bajara olish yoki olmasligi
muhim bo’lsa (keyin nima
bo’lishi muhim emas),
infinitive bilan keladi:
I shall try to help you.
Men sizga yordam berishga
harakat qilaman.
Agar to’g’ri deb hisoblangan
va tez tez bajarib turiladigan
ish-harakat nazarda tutilsa,
infinitive bilan ishlatiladi:
I like to go for a walk in the
evening.
Men kechqurunlari piyoda
sayr qilishni yoqtiraman.
Agar maqsad ifodalansa,
infinitive ishlatiladi:
I stopped to smoke.
Men chekish uchun
to’xtadim.
-moqchi bo’lmoq ma’nosida
infinitive bilan keladi:
I didn’t mean to offend you.
Sizni xafa qilmoqchi emas
edim.
Deb hisoblamoq ma’nosida
infinitive bilan keladi:
This award is considered to
be a great honour.
He’s considered to have the
finest voice in the country.
(O.A.L.D)
I preferto read books rather than magazines.
I would prefer him to be with us next season.
It’s no good /it’s no use + ing: It’s no good trying to persuade me. You won’t succeed.
There’s nothing you can do about the situation, so it’s no use worrying about it.
There’s no point in + ing : There’s no point in having a car if you never use it.
To have difficulty + ing : I had difficulty finding a place to live.
To have fun/a good time + ing: I always have fun reading a book.
To have trouble + ing: Tom had some trouble using your car yesterday.
To have a hard time/difficult time + ing: Sometimes we all have a hard time forgiving
one another

Infinitive
Fe’l + to
Afford qurbi yetmoq Pretend mug’ambirlik Likely ehtimol
Agree rozi bo’lmoq qilmoq Seem tuyulmoq
Aim mo’ljallamoq Promise va’da bermoq Set out moqchi bo’lmoq
Appear ko’rinmoq Refuse rad etmoq Strive harakat qilmoq
Arrange uyushtirmoq Decide qaror qilmoq Struggle kurashmoq
Ask so’ramoq Decline rad etmoq Swear ont ichmoq
Attempt urinmoq Demand talab qilmoq Tend o’gishmoq
Beg yalinmoq Deserve arzimoq Threaten qo’rqitmoq
Care g’amxo’rlik qilmoq Desire qattiq istamoq Turnout bo’lib
Claim da’vo qilmoq Expect kutmoq chiqmoq
Consent rozi bo’lmoq Fail muvaffaqiyat- sizlikka Volunteer yordamini
Consider deb hisoblamoq uchramoq taklif qilmoq
Manage eplamoq Hesitate ikkilanmoq Wait kutmoq
Needkerak bo’lmoq Hopeumid qilmoq Want xohlamoq
Offer taklif qilmoq Hurry shoshmoq Wish istamoq, tilamoq.
Plan rejalashtirmoq Intend niyat qilmoq Would like xohlamoq
Prepare tayyorlamoq Learn o’rganmoq
Expect kutmoq Require talab qilmoq
Fe’l + obyekt + to… Force majbur qilmoq Show ko’rsatmoq
Ask so’ramoq Help yordam bermoq Teach o’rgatmoq
Beg yalinmoq Hire yollamoq Tell aytib bermoq
Believe ishonmoq Important muhim Urge undamoq
Cause sabab bo’lmoq Instruct ko’rsatma Use foydalanmoq
Challenge chaqirmoq bermoq Want istamoq
Command buyruq bermoq Invite taklif qilmoq Warn
Convince ishontirmoq Needkerak bo’lmoq ogohlantirmoq
Darejur’at qilmoq Order buyurmoq Would like
Enable imkoniyat bermoq Persuade ishontirmoq xohlamoq
Entitle vakolat bermoq Remind eslatmoq

126
Sifat + to…
Anxious xavotirlangan Difficult qiyin Pleased xursand
Able qodir Eager intiluvchi Prepared tayyor
Boring zerikarli Easy oson Ready tayyor
Close yaqin Enough yetarli Strange begona,
Common oddiy Good yaxshi g’alati
Dangerous xavfli Hard qattiq, og’ir Usual odatiy

To bilan ham –ing bilan ham ishlatiladi. Ma’no o’zgarmaydi:

Begin boshlamoq Dislike yoqtirmaslik Can’t stand chidab

Continue davom ettirmoq Prefer ma’qul ko’rmoq turolmaslik
Hate nafratlanmoq Intend niyat qilmoq Can’t bear chidab
Like yoqtirmoq Start boshlamoq turolmaslik
Love sevmoq Bother bezovta bo’lmoq

To siz ishlatiladi:
Fe’l+obyekt
make/have majbur qilmoq:
Don’t make me do that! Meni bu ishni qilishga majbur qilma!
(but get smb to do)
let ruxsat bermoq

(ba’zan –ing bilan, lekin ma’no biroz o’zgaradi)

see ko’rmoq feel his etmoq observe overhear to’satdan
watch kuzatmoq notice payqamoq kuzatmoq eshitib qolmoq
hear eshitmoq
Lekin: Passive ma’nodagi harakat nomi kerak bo’lganda V3 keladi:

Find, smell odatda obyekt + gerund bilan keladi:

Whenever I see her, I find her listening to music.

Agar ushbu fe’llar passivda bo’lsa, ulardan keyin to ishlatiladi:

He was made to say the truth. U haqiqatni aytishga majbur qilindi.

To siz: Had better / Would rather / Would sooner

You’d better leave it as it is. Sen yaxshisi buni qanday bo’lsa
shundayligicha qoldir.

For + obyekt + to:

I’m waiting for Tom to phone. Men Tomning qo’g’iroq qilishini
kutyapman.
This coffee is too hot for me todrink. Bu kofe menga ichishim uchun issiqlik
qiladi

127
  Sifatning orttirma darajalari va tartib sonlardan keyin odatda to ishlatiladi:
He was the first to leave the house. U uyni tark etgan birinchi kishi edi.
Don’t let me be the last to know about it. Bu haqida eng so’nggi bo’lib eshitmay.

Gerund
Fe’l + predlog + ing.

Accuse of –da ayblamoq Give up - tashlamoq Rely on –ga

Approve of –ni qo’llab Hear of –ni eshitmoq ishonmoq
quvvatlamoq Insist on talab qilmoq Result in gaolib
Be better off yaxshisi Be interested in –ga kelmoq
Confess to tan olmoq qiziqmoq Spend in bilan
Consist in –dan iborat Keep on davom etmoq o’tkazmoq
bo’lmoq Look forward to –ni umid Succeed in –ga
Count on –ga ishonmoq qilmoq muvaffaq bo’lmoq
Depend on ga bog’liq Object to –ga e’tiroz Suspect of –da gumon
bo’lmoq bildirmoq qilmoq
Disapprove of –ni Persist in sabot Think abouthaqida
ma’qullamaslik ko’rsatmoq o’ylamoq
Be engaged in bilan Prevent in oldini Think of –ni
shug’illanmoq olmoq o’ylamoq
Get used to –ga Put off orqaga Worry about –dan
odatlanmoq tashlamoq xavotirlanmoq

Sifat + predlog + ing

Accustomed to –ga Interested in –ga Successful in –da

odatlangan qiziquvchi omadli
Afraid of –dan qo’rqmoq Proud of –dan Surprised at dan
Capable of –ga qabul g’ururlanuvchi ajablangan
Disappointed at –dan Responsible Tired of –dan
hafsalasi pir for –ga charchagan
Fond of –ni sevmoq mas’ul
Intent on –da sabotli

Ot + predlog + ing

Art of da mahorat Disappointment at Habit of – da ko’nikma

Astonishment at –dan
hayratlanmoq
Apology for uchun
afsuslanmoq
Choice of tanlangan narsa
hafsalasi pir bolish
Excuse for –uchun uzr
Experience in –da tajriba
Fear of –dan
qo’rquv
128
Hope of –dan umid
Idea of fikr, g’oya
Importance of
muhimlik
Intention of –ga qasd qilish
Interest in –ga qiziqish
Means of –ning vositasi
Method forga usul
Method of – ning usuli
Necessity of –ning zarurati
Objection to –ga e’tiroz
Opportunity of –ga qulay
imkoniyat
Plan for uchun reja Process of –ning jarayoni
Pleasure of –ning rohati Reason for –ning sababi
Possibility of –ning Right of huquqi
ehtimoli Skill in da mahorat
Preparation for –ga Surprise at –dan ajablanmoq
tayyorgarlik Way of –ning yo’li (vositasi)
Problem of –ning
muammosi

Fe’l + ing

Abhor yoqtirmaslik Feel like kabi his etmoq Relish yoqtirmoq;

Admit bo’yniga olmoq Finish tugatmoq rohatlanmoq
Advise maslahat bermoq Forget unutmoq (qilganini) Remember eslamoq
Anticipate bashorat Can’t help masdan (qilganini)
qilmoq turolmaslik Report xabar bermoq
Appreciate baholamoq Imagine tasavvur qilmoq Resent achchiqlanmoq
Avoid qochmoq Keep saqlamoq, davom Resist qarshilik qilmoq
Complete tugatmoq ettirmoq Resume davom
Consider hisobga olmoq Mention eslatmoq ettirmoq
Defer kechiktirmoq; yon Mind e’tiroz bildirmoq Risk tavakkal qilmoq
bermoq, bo’sh kelmoq Miss sog’inmoq Stop to’xtatmoq
Delay kechiktirmoq Postpone kechiktirmoq Suggest taklif qilmoq
Deny inkor etmoq Practice mashq qilmoq Tolerate chidamoq
Detest nafratlanmoq Quit tark etmoq, Understand
Discuss muhokama qilmoq to’xtatmoq tushunmoq
Dislike yoqtirmaslik Recall eslamoq Worth loyiq
Dread vahima qilmoq Recollect eslamoq Can’t help -masdan
Envisage oldindan Recommend turolmaslik
ko’rmoq tavsiya qilmoq Couldn’t face qila
Enjoy yoqtirmoq Regret olmaslik
Fancy tasavvur qilmoq, afsuslanmoq
o’ylamoq

be accustomed
in addition
be committed
be devoted to doing
look forward
object
be opposed
be used
bu yerda to predlog bo’lib kelgan(B.Sh.Azar)

129
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Buyruq istak mayli
 Buyruq, istak, taklif yoki haqiqatga teskari bo’lgan holatlarni ifodalash uchun
ishlatiladi. Bunda buyruq-istak maylidagi fe’l oldidan odatda should keladi yoki to
siz infinitive shaklida bo’ladi:
Odatda quyidagi fe’llar va sifatlardan keyin keladi:

Demand Essential
Insist Imperative
Advise Important
Ask Critical
Propose Necessary
Recommend Vital
Request Odd
Suggest Funny
Strange
It’s important that you (should) be here on time.
The board recommended that the motion (should) be passed immediately.
She suggests that Mark (should) work full time from Saturday.
It’s essential that every child (should) have the same educational opportunities.
God bless you!
God save the Queen!
Heaven forbid!

The Particle
Yuklamalar
 Yuklamalar o’zlari birga kelgan so’zlar, so’z birikmalari va gaplarni modal, his-
hayajon, inkor ma’nolari bilan to’ldirish yoki ularni kuchaytirish, chegaralash
uchun xizmat qiladi.
 Yuklamalar ma’nolariga ko’ra quyidagi turlarga bo’linadi:
1) chegaralov (limiting) yuklamalari: only, merely, alone, solely, barely etc.
- I only wanted to make you speak (Shaw).
- His name alone speaks a lot about him.
2) kuchaytiruvchi va ta’kid (intensifying and emphasizing) yuklamalari: even, just,
simply, too, still etc.
- He did not even know that he was married (Galsworthy).
- I simply wanted to help him.
- They left just before Christmas.
3) inkor ( negative) yuklamalari: not, no.
- He was not present.
- I have no car.
4) bog’lovchi yuklamalar: too, also.
- I bought some stamps, I must buy two envelopes too. - I am a driver, I am also a student.

- 130 -
 Modal words
Modal so’zlar
 Modal so’zlar so’zlovchining harakatning bajarilishiga yoki gapda ifodalangan
voqeaga munosabatini, ya’ni uni real, ehtimol, gumon, istalgan narsa deb qarashini
ifodalaydi.
 Modal so’zlar gapda kirish bo’laklar vazifasida keladi, ularning formasi hech
o’zgarmaydi, shuningdek, ularning boshqa so’zlar bilan birikuvi chegaralangan
bo’ladi, ammo ular so’z-gap sifatida kela oladi.
Masalan: A: Will you allow me to detain you one moment?
B: Certainly.
1) aniqlikni (ishonchni) ifodalovchi modal so’zlar: really, surely, certainly, of course,
assuredly, no doubt, undoubtly, naturally, indeed, in fact.
- He is really a professor.
- You know him, surely?
- He certainly works very hard.
- It is indeed a beautiful day!
- In fact, I hope he’s not guilty.
- Naturally, you will want to discuss it with your wife.
2) gumon, taxminni ifodalovchi modal fe’llar: apparently, maybe, perhaps, probably,
possibly, presumably, obviously.
- Apparently she never got my letter after all.
- Maybe it’s his imagination.
- This is perhaps his finest novel.
- John probably told his father about the accident.
- He will possibly come tomorrow.
3) istak, istamaslik, ma’nolarini ifodalovchi modal fe’llar: luckily, unluckily, fortunately,
unfortunately, happily, unhappily.
- Luckily, she was in when I called him.
- Fortunately, the fire was discovered soon after it had started.
- Happily, the accident was not serious.

The Interjection
Undov
 Undovlar his-hayajonni (hayronlik,iztirob, achinish, xafalik, quvonch, zavq,
lazzat, nafrat, g’azab, qo’rquv, cho’chish, sabrsizlik, qoniqish, kinoya, noxushlik,
norozilik, qayg’u, nola, charchash, ikkilanish, shubha, kutish, qo’msash va
hokazolarni) atamay, to’g’ridan-to’g’ri ifodalovchi so’z turkumidir.
 Undalmalar ma’nolariga ko’ra ikki asosiy turga bo’linadi:
1) his-hayajon (emotional) undovlar: oh, ah, bravo, hurrah, ouch, why, alas, tut, phew,
psha, fie, humph, pooh, damn it, hang it, aha, dear, dear me, bother, goodness
gracious etc.
- Well, here we are at last.
- Why, it’s so easy!
- 131 -
- Phew! Three times I was nearly sick.
- Oh, bother, I don’t see anyone now.
- Alas, the white house is empty.
2) buyruq (imperative) undovlari: hush, sh-sh, here-here, psst, hey, ho, hey-ho, well,
tush, come, there, well, now etc.
- Come, come! Don’t be so foolish!
- Now, Marilyn, you don’t know what you are doing.
- Well, let’s walk up there then.
- Here, I’ve had enough of this.
- Tush, tush, my dear!

Agreement between subject and verb

Ega va kesim moslashuvi
 Agargapdaegabirlikdabo’lsa, ubilankelganfe’lhambirlikdabo’ladi,
agaregako’plikdabo’lsa, fe’lhamko’plikdabo’ladi. Bu ega va kesim moslashuvi
deyiladi.
This is a pen / These are pens. Bu ruchka/ Bular ruchkalar.
She lives in China / They live in China. U Xitoyda yashaydi/Ular Xitoyda
yashashadi.
 Agar ega bir nechta so’zdan iborat bo’lsa, fe’l asosiy ma’no beruvchi so’z
bilan moslashadi, eganing tagiga chizilgan, asosiy ma’no beruvchi so’z baland
qora rangda ko’rsatilgan:
Many leading members of the opposition partyhave tried to justify the decision.
The only excuse that he gave for his actions was that he was he tired.
 Ba’zi birlik shaklidagi otlardan keyin birlik shaklidagi fe’llar ham, ko’plik
shaklidagi fe’llar ham kelishi mumkin.Agar o’sha ot bir yaxlitlik sifatida
qaralsa, undan keyin birlikdagi fe’l, agar uning a’zolari nazarda tutilsa
ko’plikdagi fe’l keladi:
My family is my happiness. Mening oilam – mening baxtim. (oila bu
yerda mavhum tushuncha va bir yaxlitlik
deb qaraladi).
My family are having a rest in Mening oilam hozir bog’da dam olishyapti.
the garden now. (oila a’zolari).

 There is/there are… iboralarida birinchi kelgan ot qaysi shaklda bo’lsa, fe’l
ham shu shaklda bo’ladi:
There is a pen, two book and many other things in the table.
There are two books, a pen and many other things in the table.
 Some/any/no/every bilan yasalgan so’zlardan keyin odatda birlikdagi fe’l
keladi:
Nobody knows about it.
Something has happened to her.
 Each of/either of/neither of/one of/ any of dan keyin odatda birlikdagi fe’l
ishlatiladi:
- 132 -
I don’t think any of them knows me.
 All of/none of/some of dan keyin birlikdagi ot kelsa, fe’l ham birlikda,
ko’plikdagi ot kelsa, fe’l ham ko’plikda bo’ladi:
All of the pie is gone.
All of the pies are gone.
Some of the pie is missing.
Some of the pies are missing.
None of the garbage was picked up.
None of the sentences were punctuated correctly.
Of all her books, none have sold as well as the first one.
Lekin:the SAT testing service none olmoshini faqat birlikdagi so’z deb hisoblaydi.
 Miqdor, o’lchamlar, pul kabilardan keyin birlikdagi fe’l keladi:
The fifty pounds he gave me was soon spent.
40 percent of the forest is destroyed.
Three years is a long time to be without a job.
 Gapning egasi and bilan bir nechta otni bog’lab kelsa, ulardan keyin
ko’plikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi:
Jeam and David are moving back to Australia.
 Ega together with, along with, as well as, besides kabi so’z va iboralar bilan
kelganda bu so’z va iboralarga e’tibor berilmaydi.
The radio, as well as newspapers, is a powerful means of propaganda.
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
 Bir nechta otdan iborat bo’lgan ovqat nomlaridan keyin birlikdagi fe’l
ishlatiladi:
Meat pie and peas is my favourite supper.
 Gapning egasi Either … or…/neither…nor… bog’lovchilari bilan
bog’langan bo’lsa, oxirda kelgan ot birlikda bo’lsa birlik fe’l, ko’plikda bo’lsa
ko’plik fe’l ishlatiladi:
Either the station or the cinema is a good place to meet.
Neither he nor his friends are going to the party.
 A number of dan keyin ko’plikdagi fe’l, the number of dan keyin esa
birlikdagi fe’l keladi:
The number of people we need to hire is thirteen.

A number of people have written in about this subject.

More than one student are …
Many a student is…
A pair of glasses is…
One and a half day is…
When and where to build the school hasn’t been decided yet.
What he says and what he does don’t agree.
Bread and butter is…
About 50 percent of the students are …

- 133 -
The English Irregular Verb List
Base Form Past Simple Past Participle Translation
1. Awake Awoke Awoken Uyg’otmoq, uyg’onmoq
2. Be Was/Were Been Bo’lmoq
3. Beat Beat Beaten urmoq
4. Become Became Become Bo’lib qolmoq
5. Begin Began Begun Boshlamoq
6. Bend Bent Bent Egmoq.
7. Bet Bet Bet Garov bo’g’lamoq
8. Bind Bound Bound Bo’glamoq
9. Bite Bit Bitten Tishlamoq
10. Bleed Bled Bled Qon oqmoq
11. Blow Blew Blown Esmoq
12. Break Broke Broken Buzmoq
13. Bring Brought Brought Olib kelmoq
Broadcast/
14.Broadcast Broadcast/Broadcasted Radio orqali eshittirmoq
Broadcasted
15. Build Built Built Qurmoq
16. Burn Burnt/Burned Burnt/Burned Kuydirmoq
17. Burst Burst Burst portlamoq
18. Buy Bought Bought Sotib olmoq
19. Catch Caught Caught Tutib olmoq
20. Choose Chose Chosen Tanlamoq
21. Clothe Clad/Clothed Clad/Clothed Kiymoq, kiyintirmoq
22. Come Came Come Kelmoq
23. Cost Cost Cost Narxlanmoq
24. Cut Cut Cut Kesmoq
25. Dare Dared/Durst Dared Jur’at etmoq
26. Deal Dealt Dealt Taqsimlamoq, shug’ullanmoq
27. Dig Dug Dug Qazmoq
28. Do Did Done Qilmoq, bajarmoq
29. Draw Drew Drawn Chizmoq, sudramoq
30. Dream Dreamt/Dreamed Dreamt/Dreamed Orzu qilmoq, tush ko’rmoq
31. Drink Drank Drunk Ichmoq
32. Drive Drove Driven Mashina haydamoq
33. Eat Ate Eaten Yemoq
34. Fall Fell Fallen Yiqilmoq
35. Feed Fed Fed Boqmoq
36. Feel Felt Felt His etmoq
37 Fight Fought Fought Urushmoq
38. Find Found Found Topmoq
39. Fit Fit/Fitted Fit/Fitted Loyiq bo’lmoq
40. Fly Flew Flown Uchmoq
44. Forbid Forbade/Forbad Forbidden Ta’qiqlamoq
Forecast/
45. Forecast Forecast/Forecasted Bashorat qilmoq
Forecasted
46. Forget Forgot Forgotten Unutmoq
47. Forgive Forgave Forgiven Kechirmoq
48. Freeze Froze Frozen Muzlamoq
49. Get Got Got/Gotten Olmoq
50. Give Gave Given Bermoq
51. Go Went Gone/Been Bormoq
52. Grow Grew Grown O’smoq
53. Hang Hung/Hanged Hung/Hanged Osilmoq, ilinmoq
54. Have Had Had Ega bo’lmoq
55. Hear Heard Heard Eshitmoq
56. Hide Hid Hidden Yashirinmoq
57. Hit Hit Hit urmoq
58. Hold Held Held Ushlamoq
59. Hurt Hurt Hurt Jarohatlamoq
60. Keep Kept Kept Saqlamoq
61. Kneel Knelt/Kneeled Knelt/Kneeled Tiz cho’kmoq
62. Know Knew Known Bilmoq
63. Lay Laid Laid Qo’ymoq, yoymoq
64. Lead Led Led Boshqarmoq
64. Lean Leant/Leaned Leant/Leaned Qayrilmoq, suyanmoq
65. Learn Learnt/Learned Learnt/Learned O’rganmoq
- 134 -
66. Leave Left Left Tark etmoq, qoldirmoq
67. Lend Lent Lent Qarzga berib turmoq
68. Let Let Let Ruxsat bermoq
69. Lie Lay Lain Yotmoq, cho’zilmoq
70. Light Lit Lit Yoritmoq, yoqmoq
71. Lose Lost Lost Yo’qotmoq
72. Make Made Made Yasamoq, qilmoq
73. Mean Meant Meant Anglatmoq
74. Meet Met Met Uchrashmoq
75. Melt Melted Molten/Melted Erimoq
76. Mistake Mistook Mistaken xato qilmoq
77. Pay Paid Paid To’lamoq
78. Prove Proved Proven/Proved Isbotlamoq
79. Put Put Put Qo’ymoq
80. Quit Quit Quit To’xtatmoq
81. Read(rid) Read (red) Read (red) O’qimoq
82. Ride Rode Ridden Minmoq
83. Ring Rang Rung Qo’ng’iroq qilmoq
83. Rise Rose Risen Ko’tarilmoq, ko’tarmoq
84. Run Ran Run Yugurmoq
85. Saw Sawed Sawn/Sawed arralamoq
86. Say Said Said Aytmoq
87. See Saw Seen Ko’rmoq
88. Sell Sold Sold Sotmoq
89. Send Sent Sent Yubormoq
90. Set Set Set O’rnatmoq
91. Sew Sewed Sewn/Sewed tikmoq
92. Shake Shook Shaken Silkitmoq
93. Shave Shaved Shaven/Shaved Soqol olmoq
94. Shine Shone Shone Charaqlamoq
95. Shoot Shot Shot Otmoq
96.Show Showed Shown Ko’rsatmoq
97.Shrink Shrank Shrunk qisqartirmoq
98.Shut Shut Shut Yopmoq
99.Sing Sang Sung Kuylamoq
100. Sink Sank Sunk Cho’kmoq
101. Sit Sat Sat O’tirmoq
102. Sleep Slept Slept Uxlamoq
103. Slide Slid Slid/Slidden Sirpanmoq
104. Smell Smelt/Smelled Smelt/Smelled Hidlamoq, hid taratmoq
105. Speak Spoke Spoken Gapirmoq
106. Spell Spelt/Spelled Spelt/Spelled Talaffuz qilmoq
107. Spend Spent Spent O’tkazmoq, sarflamoq
108. Spill Spilt/Spilled Spilt/Spilled To’kilmoq
109. Split Split Split Uzunasiga chopmoq, tilmoq.
110. Spoil Spoilt/Spoiled Spoilt/Spoiled Buzmoq, aynitmoq
111. Spread Spread Spread yoyilmoq
112. Stand Stood Stood Turmoq
113. Steal Stole Stolen O’g’irlamoq
114. Strike Struck Struck/Stricken Urmoq
115. Swear Swore Sworn Qasam ichmoq
116. Sweep Swept/Sweeped Swept/Sweeped Supurmoq
117. Swim Swam Swum Suzmoq
118. Take Took Taken Olmoq
119. Teach Taught Taught O’rganmoq
120. Tear Tore Torn Yirtmoq
121. Tell Told Told aytib bermoq
122. Think Thought Thought O’ylamoq
123. Throw Threw Thrown Uloqtirmoq
124. Understand Understood Understood Tushunmoq
125. Wake Woke Woken Uyg’onmoq
126. Wear Wore Worn Kiymoq
127. Weep Wept Wept Yig’lamoq
128. Win Won Won G’alaba qozonmoq
129. Write Wrote Written Yozmoq

- 135 -
Qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar:

By car/in a car/in my car/in a taxi Get in/get out of a car or a taxi

On my bicycle/on the bus/ on the train/ on a big ship Get on/get off a bicycle/bus/train.

Tag questions and short answers:

You are a pupil, aren’t you? Sen o’quvchisan, shunday emasmi?
You aren’t a pupil, are you? Sen o’quvchi emassan, shundaymi?
I am a clever pupil, aren’t I (or am I not)? Men aqlli o’quvchiman, shunday emasmi?
She likes music, doesn’t she? U musiqani yoqtiradi, shunday emasmi?
You have got no manners, have you?
We never enjoy our holiday, do we?
There’s no point in calling Tim now, is there?
Let’s go, shall we? Ketdik, boramizmi?
Don’t go there, will you? U yerga borma, yoki borasanmi?
Pass me that book, will/would/could you? (Macmillan)

Some one, somebody, everyone, no one, nobody bilan odatda ko’plikdagi fe’l va ko’plikdagi
olmosh ishlatiladi:
Everyone’s going to be there, aren’t they? Hamma u yerda bo’lmoqchi, shunday emasmi?
No one wants to come, do they? Hech kim kelishni istamaydi, shundaymi?
Someone’s been in here, haven’t they? Bu yerda kimdir bo’lgan, shunday emasmi?
She doesn’t like music, does she? U musiqani yoqtirmaydi, shundaymi?
I have got a book. Menda kitob bor.
So have I. / I have too Menda ham.
I haven’t got a book. Menda kitob yo’q.
Neither have I / Nor have I / I haven’t either Menda ham. (inkor)
He likes music. Men musiqani yoqtiraman.
So does she. / She does too Men ham.
He doesn’t like music. Men musiqani yoqtirmayman.
Neither does she / Nor does she / She doesn’t either Men ham. (inkor)
Do you like music? Senga musiqa yoqadimi?
Yes, I do/ No, I don’t. ha/yo’q

Such + sifat + ot: She is such a beautiful girl.

So + sifat/ravish: She is so beautiful/She speaks so slowly.
so long – such a long time
so many, so much – such a lot (of)
so far – such a long way
ba’zan so ma’nosida that kelishi mumkin.
Learning English is not that difficult. Ingliz tilini o’rganish unchalik qiyin emas.

This girl is ten years old. Bu qizning yoshi 10 da.

This is a ten-year-old girl. Bu 10 yasharli qiz.
There are four rooms in this flat. Bu kvartirada 4 ta xona bor.
This is a four-room flat. Bu 4 xonali kvartira.

 Used to o’tgan zamondagi odat, ko’nikmaga aylangan ish-harakatni yoki holatni

ifodalashda ishlatiladi:
I used to play the piano when I was young. Yoshligimda pianino chalardim.
 (Be, get) used to sth/ to doing sth biror ish qilishga moslashmoq, odatlanmoq.

- 136 -
  (=to be /get accustomed to doing smth) o’tgan, hozirgi va kelasi zamonda
ishlatilishi mumkin:
I am used to the heat. Men issiqlikka o’rganganman (moslashganman).
I’ll never get used to getting up at five. Men hech qachon soat 5 da uyg’onishga
o’rganolmayman.
 It’s high time/It’s time/It’s about time, … iboralarisi bilan boshlangan gaplarda
odatda Past Simple ishlatiladi:
It’s high time you did it. Bu ishni qilishingning ayni payti.
It’s time – infinitive bilan keladi.
It’s time to buy a new car. Yangi mashina olish vaqti keldi.
It’s time for her to go to bed. Uning uxlaydigan vaqti bo’ldi.
Past simple bilan kelib hozirgi zamon ma’nosini anglatadi:
It’s time she went to bed. Uning uxlaydigan vaqti bo’ldi.
It’s time you washed those trousers. U shimlarni yuvadigan vaqting bo’ldi.
I’m getting tired. It’s time we went home. Men charchadim. Uyga ketadigan vaqt bo’ldi.
On time belgilangan, kelishilgan vaqtda:
Peter wants the meeting to start Piter yig’ilishning aniq belgilangan vaqtida
exactly on time. boshlanishini xohlaydi.
In time kechikmasdan, biroz vaqt oldin:
He would have died if they hadn’t Uni vaqtida shifoxonaga olib kelishmaganda, u
got him to the hospital in time. o’lgan bo’lar edi.

Would rather … (than) = prefer:

I’d rather die than live like you. Sen kabi yashagandan ko’ra o’lganim yaxshi.
Would rather + Subject + Past Simple
I would rather you study hard. O’rningda bo’lganimda qattiq o’qigan bo’lardim.

Had better … (or, otherwise) = strong advice:

You’d better do as I said otherwise you’ll regret. Yaxshisi meni aytganimday qiling
aks holda afsuslanasiz.

Ba’zi ma’nolari o’xshash so’zlarning ishlatilishdagi farqlari:

Shade / shadow - shadesoya, salqin joy / shadowbiror narsaning soyasi.

I’m hot. Let’s find some shade to sit in. Men issiqladim. Keling o’tirishga biror
soya joy topamiz.
The temperature is 30 degrees in the shade. Soyada harorat 30 daraja.
In the evening your shadow is longer than you are. Kech tushganda sening soyang sendan
ikki marta katta bo’ladi.
There is an old story about a man without a shadow. Soyasiz bir kishi haqida eski bir
hikoya bor.
Like / as - like predlogga o’xshab ishlatiladi va odatda ot va olmoshlar oldidan
ishlatiladi:
You look like your sister ( … as your sister. emas). Siz opangizga o’xshaysiz.
He ran like the wind. U shamol kabi yugurdi.
Like his brother, he is a vegetarian. Akasi kabi u ham vegetarian.
She’s dressed just like me. U xuddi men kabi kiyinibdi.
As – bog’lovchi vazifasida keladi:
Look! You must do as I am doing. Qara! Sen men qilganim kabi qilishing kerak.
Bo’lib, sifatida deb ham tarjima qilinadi:
He works here as a teacher. Bu yerda u o’qituvchi bo’lib (sifatida) ishlaydi.
taqqoslang:
As your brother, I advise you to think many Akang sifatida, biror nima deyishdan oldin
- 137 -
times before saying something. ko’p marotaba o’ylashni maslahat beraman.
I don’t want to advise you anything like Men akangizga o’xshab sizga maslahat
your brother. bermoqchi emasman.

Like /alike look like va look alike iboralarida ham farqlanadi.

You look like your father. Siz otangizga o’xshaysiz.
You are two look alike. Siz ikkalangiz bir-biringizga o’xshaysiz.

Far / a long way - farodatda so’roq va inkor gaplarda ishlariladi:

How far did you walk?
Our school isn’t far from here.
A long wayodatda darak gaplarda ishlatiladi:
We walked a long way.
The station is a long way from here.
( The station is far from here dan ko’ra tabiiyroq.)
Qancha (uzoqlikkacha) yurding?
Bizning maktab bu yerdan uzoq emas.
Biz ko’p yo’l bosdik.
Bekat bu yerdan uzoqda.

The First / First / Firstly / At First / First of all

The First – birinchi, tartib son, aniqlvochi sifatida ishlatiladi:
Yuri Gagarin was the first human to journey Yuriy Gagarin samoga sayohat qilgan
into outer space. birinchi inson bo’lgan.
First – birinchi, ravish sifatida ishlatiladi:
He came here first. U bu yerga birinchi bo’lib keldi.
Firstly – birinchidan, kirish so’z sifatida ishlatiladi:
Firstly we need to buy some books, secondly … Birinchidan biz bir nechta kitob sotib
olishimiz kerak, ikkinchidan …
At first – avval, boshida, ravish sifatida ishlatiladi:
At first I thought it would be easy, but it turned Boshida oson bo’ladi deblekin bu
to be much more difficult.o’ylagandim, ancha qiyin bo’lib chiqdi.
First of all – avvalambor, kirish so’z sifatida ishlatiladi:
If you want to learn a foreign language, first of Agar biror xorijiy tilni o’rganmoqchi
all, you need interest and patience. bo’lsang, avvalmbor, senga qiziqish va
sabr kerak.

Finally / at last / in the end / at the end -

Finallyodatda biror-bir ketma-ket davom etadigan hodisaning so’nggisini ko’rsatadi.
We must read all the books, do all the Hamma kitoblarni o’qishimiz,
exercises and finally we must do our hamma mashqlarni bajarishimiz, va
best at the exam. nihoyat imtihonda qo’limizdan
kelgan hamma ishni qilishimiz kerak.
Finallyyana biror narsani uzoq vaqtdan beri kutganda ham ishlatiladi, bu holatda odatda gap
o’rtasida ishlatiladi:
After watching this film three times, I finally Bu filmni 3 marta ko’rgach, men
understood the main meaning. nihoyat asosiy ma’noni tushundim.
Steve has finally found a job. Stiv nihoyat ish topdi.
At lastuzoq kutishdan kelib chiqqan noqulaylik va sabrsizlikni ifodalaydi.
James has passed his exams at last. Nihoyat James imtihonlaridan o’tdi.
When at last they found him he was Nihoyat uni topishganda, u deyarli almost
dead. o’lgan edi.
At lasthis hayajonni ifodalab ham kelishi mumkin ( lekin finally ifodalay olmaydi).
At last! Where the hell have you been? Nihoyat! Qaysi go’rda eding?
E’tibor bering, ma’lum ketma-ketlikning so’nggisini ko’rsatuvchi lastly, at last kabi ishlatilmaydi.
Firstly, we need to increase profits. Secondly, Birinchi bo’lib, foydani oshirishimiz
… Thirdly,… And lastly, we need to cut kerak.Ikkinchi, …, Uchinchi, … va
- 138 -
down administrative expenses. engso’nggidama’muriy xarajatlarni
yo’qotishimiz kerak.

( … And at last we need to cut … emas )

In the endbiror ishning ko’plab o’zgarishlar, muammolardan keyin sodir bo’lganligini
ko’rsatadi:
We made eight different plans for our holiday, Biz ta’tilni o’tkazish bo’yicha 8 ta but
in the end we went to Brighton again. turli xil rejalar tuzdik, lekin oxirida
yana Braitonga bordik.
.
I left in the middle of the film. Did they Men filmning o’rtasidan ketdim. Oxirida
married in the end? ular turmush qurdilarmi?
At the end biror narsaning oxirida turganlik holatini ko’rsatadi. Kutishni ifodalamaydi:
A declarative sentence usually has a capital Darak gaplarning boshida odatda letter at the
beginning and a full stop at the end. bosh harf bo’lib, oxirida nuqta bo’ladi.
I wish I was paid at the beginning of the Qaniydi, menga haftaning boshida week
and not at the end. maosh to’lansa, oxirida emas.

For and since -dan beri ma’nosida.

For ish-harakat boshlangan paytdan hozirgacha qancha vaqt: minute, hour, day, month, year, …
kabi vaqtni ifodalovchi so’zlar bilan keladi:
I’ve been learning English for three years. Men ingliz tilini 3 yildan beri
o’rganayapman.
Sinceish-harakatning qachon boshlanganini ko’rsatadi, undan keyin qancha vaqt o’tganini
ko’rsatmaydi. 5 o’clock, Monday, April, 2006, … kabi soatni va sanani ko’rsatuvchi so’zlar bilan
ishlatiladi:
I’ve been learning English since 2006. Men ingliz tilini 1999 yildan beri
o’rganayapman.
Lone, lonely and alone
Lone – faqat otlar oldida ishlatiladi.‘yolg’iz, yakka’
- a lone sailor crossing the Atlantic.
A lone mother/parent/father. A lone wolf – yolg’iz yurishni ma’qul ko’radigan odam.
Lonely – 1. yolg’iz (yolg’izlikdan qiynalayotgan)
- She lives alone and often feels lonely. U yolg’iz yashaydi va tez tez o’zini
yolg’iz his etadi.
2. g’amgin va yolg’iz (o’tkazilgan vaqt va holatga nisbatan)
- I spent all those lonely nights at home watching TV. Men barcha yolg’iz tunlarni uyda
televizor ko’rib o’tkazaman.
3. faqat otlar oldidan: (joylar uchun) kamdan kam odamlar keladigan – a lonely beach.
Alone – yolg’iz (ammo yolg’izligidan xafa emas).
- I like being alone in the house. Uyda yolg’iz bo’lishni yoqtiraman.

In case … should
Odatda in case dan keyin … bo’lib qolsa, ma’nosida should + infinitive ni ishlatiladi:
I’ve bought a chicken in case your mother Men, balki oying tushlikka qolar
should stay to lunch. deb, jo’ja sotib oldim.
In front of, facing and opposite
In front ofodatda yo’lning/daryoning/xonaningnarigi yog’ini ifodalashda ishlatilmaydi. Bu
holatda ko’pincha facing va opposite ishlatiladi:
There’s a garage opposite my house. Uyimning qarshisida bir garaj bor.
She sat facing me across the table. U stolning narigi yog’ida menga
yuzlanib o’tirdi.
In front of behind predlogining antonimi hisoblanadi:
- 139 -
There’s a bus stop in front of the school. Maktabimiz oldida avtobus bekati bor.
(bekat maktab bilan bir tomonda)
There’s a bus stop opposite the school. Maktabimiz qarshisida avtobus bekati
bor.
(bekat yo’lning narigi yo’g’ida)
In front of va before
Odatda:
Before – vaqt ma’nosida:
I must go to work before nine o’clock. Men ishga 9 dan oldin borishim kerak.
In front of – joy ma’nosida:
I’m waiting for you in front of the post office. Men seni pochta idorasi oldida
kutayapman.
Lekin ba’zan before joy ma’nosida ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
a) Odamlar yoki narsalar tartib bilan keladigan navbat, ro’yxat, yozilgan hujjatlar va
boshqalarda:
Do you mind? I was before/in front of you. E’tiroz bildirmaysizmi? Men sizdan
oldinda edim. ( navbatda).
Her name comes before mine in the alphabet. Uning ismi alifboda menikidan oldin
keladi.
We use ‘a’ before a consonant and ‘an’ ‘a’ ni biz undoshdan oldin, ‘an’ ni
before a vowel. esaunlidan oldin ishlatamiz.
b) biror kishining huzurida ma’nosida:
I came up before the magistrates for dangerous Men o’tgan hafta mashinamni xavfli
driving my car. haydaganim uchun sudya oldida
muhokamadan o’tdim.
c) right before one’s eyes, before one’s very eyes iboralarida.

On my own = by myself – yolg’iz o’zim.

Just – ma’nolari:
1. hozirgina, - I’ve just come. Men hozirgina keldim.
2. shundoqqina, - It’s just behind you. U shundoqqina orqangda.
3. bilanoq, - I saw him just after lunch. Tushlik tugashi bilanoq uni ko’rgandim.
4. shunchaki, - I’m just a poor boy. Men shunchaki bir kambag’al bolaman.
5. biror bir iltimos, yoki talabni yumshoproq qilish uchun, -
Just a moment. Bir daqiqa
Just sign here. Shu yerga imzo chekib yuboring.
Could I just use your phone? Telefoningizdan foydalansam bo’ladimi?
6. aynan, - That’s just what I wanted. Bu aynan men xohlagan narsa.
7. so’zlar oldidan kelib ularga urg’u berishi mumkin. Bunda so’zsiz ga yaqin ma’noda tarjima
qilinadi:
You’re just beautiful. Sen so’zsiz go’zalsan.
(Va boshqa ma’nolari bor).

Elder, elderly and eldest

Elderadj. 2 ta oila a’zosidan kattasini ko’rsatadi.
My elder daughter is at university. To’ng’ich qizim universitetda.
Eldern. to’ng’ich. Who is the elder of the two? Bu ikkalasidan to’ng’ichi qaysi?
Elders [plural] yoshi kattalar, qariyalar.
Children must respect the opinions of their olders? Bolalar o’zlaridan yoshi
kattalarning fikrlarini hurmat
qilishlari kerak.
Elderlyadj. [used about a person] this is a polite way to say “old”.

- 140 -
 The elderly need special care in winter. Qariyalar qishda maxsus
g’amxo’rlikka muhtoj bo’ladilar.
Eldestadj. n. [C]. 3 yoki undan ortiq oila a’zolaridan eng kattasi.
John has 4 boys. The eldest has just gone Jonning 4 ta o’gli bor. Eng
to university to’ng’ichi hozirgina
universitetga ketdi.
 Sifatning darajasini ba’zi bir ravishlar orqali ham ifodalash mumkin:
His car is extremely good. Uning mashinasi juda yaxshi.
I’m awfully sorry. Juda afsusdaman.
Sunset so’zi oqshom ma’nosida kelsa sanaladi, quyoshning botishi ma’nosida sanalmaydi.

(To have) a plan for (somewhen) I have a plan for tomorrow.

To plan on doing smth I planned on going for a walk.
To plan to do smth I planned to go for a walk.
A plan of smth I have a plan of going for a walk.

To lay (laid, laid) yoymoq, qo’ymoq;

To lie ( lied, lied) aldamoq;
To lie ( lay, lain) yotmoq, cho’zilmoq.

Iboralar:

To live hand to mouth Juda kambag’al yashamoq (2001).

To fall asleep Uxlab qolmoq (2002/1).
To have a nightmare Yomon tush ko’rmoq (2002/1)
Neat and tidy top-toza (2002/1)
A tourist centre turistik markaz(2012)

To ask smb smth biror kishidan biror narsa (savol) so’ramoq

To ask smb for smth biror kishidan biror narsa berishini so’ramoq
To ask for smth biror narsa berishini so’ramoq;
To ask smth of smb biror kishidan biror narsa so’ramoq
To ask for smth of smb biror kishidan biror narsa berishini so’ramoq
To ask smb for smb/sth

I think so/I hope so/I guess so/I’m afraid so/I suppose so Menimcha shunday.
I don’t think so/ I hope not/ I’m afraid not/ I guess not Menimcha unday emas.
to DO to MAKE To make a phone call
To do good To make an offer To make money
To do harm To make a compaint To make a profit/loss
To do business To make arrangements To make love
To do one’s best To make a suggestion To make peace
To do a favour To make a To make progress
To do the dishes decision/guess/comment To make war
To do the flowers To make an attempt To make a bed
To do the polite To make an effort To make a table
To do one’s hair To make an excuse To make a dress
To do one’s face To make an exception To make a cake
To do the garden To make a mistake To make a good impression
To do maths To make a noise/mess/fuss To make a habit of
To do the washing-up To make a journey To make a fortune
To make a speech To make a living
To make a friend with
- 141 -
To make up one’s mind to To have a bath To have a quarrel
do smth To have a wash To have a fight
To make sure that To have a shave To have a word with smb
To have a shower To have a swim
To HAVE To have a rest To have a walk
To have breakfast To have a lie-down To have a ride
To have lunch To have a sleep To have a game of tennis
To have dinner To have a dream To have a try
To have supper To have a holiday To have a go
To have tea To have a day off To have a baby (=give
To have a meal To have a good time birth)
To have a drink To have a nice evening To have difficulty in …ing
To have coffee To have a talk To have trouble … ing
To have a beer To have a chat To have a nervous
To have a glass of wine To have a disagreement breakdown

To GO To go on an expedition To go to school
To go for a walk To go on a cycling tour To go to work
To go to bed To go to town To go sick
To go shopping To go home To go wrong

Need +ing = want +ing

This book reads Bu kitobda yozilishicha
Have little/much in common umumiy jihati kam/ko’p bo’lmoq
Attach/attract something
Be attached/attracted to something

1) Have or get something done

We can use get or have followed by an object + past participle when we want to say that somebody
arranges for something to be done by someone else.
Example:
- We had/got the car delivered to the airport. (= it was delivered)
- While I was in Singapore I had/got my eyes tested. (= they were tested)
NOTE: Got in this pattern is normally only used in conversation and informal writing. Notice that
the word order is important.
Compare:
- We had the car delivered to the airport. (Someone else delivered the car) and
- We had delivered the car to the airport. (= past perfect; we delivered the car)
We use have if it is clear that the person referred to in the subject of the sentence is not
responsible for or has no control over what happens.
Example:
- I had my appendix removed when I was six.
- They had their car broken into again.
NOTE: However, in informal speech some people use get in sentences like this.
We use get when we say that the person referred to in the subject of the sentence does
something themselves, causes what happens, perhaps accidentally, or is to blame for it.
Example:
- I’ll get the house cleaned if you cook the dinner. (= I’ll clean the house)
- Sue got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. (Sue trapped her fingers)
NOTE: We prefer have if we want to focus on the result of the action rather than the action itself.
Example:
- I’ll have the house cleaned by the time you get home.
- Sue had her fingers trapped in the bike chain for half an hour.
- 142 -
 We use won’t (or will not) have, not get, if we want to say that we won’t allow something to
happen to someone or something.
Example:
- I won’t have him spoken to like that.
- I won’t have my name dragged through the dirt by the press.
2) Want something done
WE use need, prefer, want, and would like followed by an object + past participle to say that we
need, prefer, etc. something to be done. Notice that we can include to be before the past participle
form with a similar meaning. After need we can use an object + ing-form with the same meaning,
but we can’t use to be with an ing-form.
Example:
- Be careful washing those glasses! I don’t want them (to be) broken.
- We needed the house (to be) redecorated.
- I’d like my car (to be) serviced, please.
NOTE: We can also use hear, feel, see and watch followed by an object + past participle to talk
about hearing, etc. something happen. After feel, the object is often a reflexive pronoun.
Example:
- I haven’t heard the piece played before. and
- I felt myself thrown forward.
Compare:
- I heard her called Toni. (passive meaning; = she was called Toni) and
- I heard Sue call Toni. (active meaning; = Sue called Toni)

To pass an exam with good marks imtihondan yaxshi baholar bilan o’tmoq
Sarah passed all her exams with full marks. (2013 variant 113/12)

A result of - ning natijasida

To result in - ga olib kelmoq; bilan tugamoq
To result from - natijasida sodir bo’lmoq
Examples are:
He died as a result of his injuries. U jarohatlari natijasida o’ldi
The quarrel resulted in murdery. Janjal qotillik bilan tugadi.
This resulted from negligence. Bu e’tiborsizlik natijasida sodir bo’ldi.

Murakkab tarkibli gaplar

Inversiya
Hardly (…when) Hardly had the new law been introduced when the mistake was realized.
Scarcely (…when) Scarcely had I opened the front door when I heard a noise from the kitchen.
Barely (…when) Barely had we solved one problem when another one arose.
No sooner (…than) No sooner had the alarm gone off than the police arrived.
Only Only in an emergency should you dial 999.
Only after Only after I had checked that the burglar had left did I call the police.
Only when Only when we agreed what measures are needed will we be able to solve the
problem.
Not until Not until the next election will we know how the public feel about this news.
At no time/point/stage At no point did I realize that he was the Prime Minister.
In no way In no way does this decision represent a change in government policy.
Little Little did Ralph know that the burglar was still inside his house.
Never Never have I heard such a ridiculous suggestion!
Not Not one vote did the proposal receive.
Not only (…but also) Not only has this government failed but it has also stolen ideas from
other parties.
- 143 -
On no account On no account should you try to tackle a burglar yourself.
Rarely Rarely do the newspapers present a balanced view of current events.
Seldom Seldom do people leaving prison stay out of trouble.
Under no circumstances Under no circumstances will we accept an increase in working hours.

Here comes the Minister.

There stood the next king of England.
At the top of society are the aristocracy.
Beside the Town Hall stood the public library.
In this prison are housed some of the most dangerous criminals.
On the corner of the street sat a homeless man.
Running down the road was a young man with a woman’s handbag under his arm.

as, than, so, such:

I’m very worried about bullying in the school, as are a lot of the parents.
The police in this area make more arrests than do officers in other parts of the country.
So rare is burglary here that many people don’t bother to lock their doors.
Such public interest was there in the story that it was on the front pages of the newspapers.

All (that) All that Keith wanted was to get his money back
To get his money back was all that Keith wanted.
It is/was … who/which/that It was Carol who/that called the police.
The … thing The first thing is to check to see what’s missing.
To check to see what’s missing is the first thing
The day/etc when/that The year when this government came to power was 2006.
The day/etc on /in/at which 2006 was the year when this government came to power.
2006 was the year in which this government came to power.
The person who/that The person who stole the money was Thomas.
Thomas was the person who stole the money
The place where The place the Queen stays in Scotland is Balmoral Castle.
Balmoral Castle is the place where the Queen stays in Scotland.
The reason (why) The reason (why) I joined this political party was to make a
difference.
To make a difference was the reason (why) I joined this political
party.
The thing that The thing that annoys me is the boss’s attitude.
The boss’s attitude is the thing that annoys me.
What What annoys me is the boss’s attitude.
The boss’s attitude is what annoys me.
What … do/did What Churchill did was bring people together.
What happens/happened What happened was that a witness saw the man leave the house.
is/was

- 144 -
Phonetics
Fonetika

- 145 -
- 146 -
- 147 -
- 148 -
- 149 -
- 150 -
- 151 -
 Syllable Division Rules
Separate prefixes and suffixes from root words.
examples: pre-view, work-ing, re-do, end-less, & out-ing
Are two (or more) consonants next to each other?
Divide between the 1st and 2nd consonants.
examples: buf-fet, des-sert, ob-ject, ber-ry, & pil-grim
Never split 2 consonants that make only 1 sound when pronounced together and
aren't the same letter (i.e., 'ff').
examples: th, sh, ph, th, ch, & wh
Is the consonant surrounded by vowels?
Does the vowel have a long sound? (Like the 'i' in line)
Divide before the consonant.
examples: ba-by, re-sult, i-vy, fro-zen, & Cu-pid
Does the vowel have a short sound? (Like the 'i' in mill)
Divide after the consonant.
examples: met-al, riv-er, mod-el, val-ue, & rav-age
Does the word end with 'ckle'?
Divide right before the 'le.'
examples: tack-le, freck-le, tick-le, & buck-le
Does the word end with 'le' (not 'ckle')?
Is the letter before the 'le' a consonant?
Divide 1 letter before the 'le.'
examples: ap-ple, rum-ble, fa-ble, & ta-ble
Is the letter before the 'le' a vowel?
Do nothing.
examples: ale, scale, sale, file, & tile

Examples
little: lit - tle nickle: nick - le learning: learn - ing
petal: pet - al cotton: cot - ton textbook: text - book
turtle: tur - tle student: stu - dent watching: watch - ing
ankle: an - kle teacher: teach - er screaming: scream - ing
riddle: rid - dle children: chil - dren misbehaving: mis - be -
arrow: ar - row pottery: pot - ter - y hav - ing

- 152 -
- 153 -
- 154 -
- 155 -
- 156 -