YAK Public

School
2022-2023

ARNAV GIRISH
NAME: GULVE

CLASS: 12TH

ROLL NO.:

SUBJECT: GENERAL STUDIES

INDIA'S FREEDOM
TOPIC: STRUGGLE

DATE:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In successfully completing this project,

many people have helped me. I would
like to thank all those who are related
to this project.
Primarily, I would thank God for being
able to complete this project with
success. Then I will thank my Principal
ma'am and my teachers, under whose
guidance I learned a lot about this
project. Their suggestions and
directions have helped in the
completion of this project.

 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ARNAV GIRISH

GULVE
STUDENT OF CLASS XII HAS SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED'THE PROJECT OF
GENERAL STUDIES UNDER THE GUIDANCE
OF

DURING THE YEAR 2022-2023.

SIGNATURE OF EXAMINER SIGNATURE OFTEACHER

 INDEX
SR.NO TITLE
1 INTRODUCTION

2 AIM
3 APPARATUS

4 THEORY
5 RAY DIAGRAM

6 PICTURES

7 PROCEDURE

8 OBERVATIONS

9 CALCULATIONS
10 RESULTS AND CONCUSION
11 PRECAUTION AND SOURCE OF ERROR

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

REFRACTION OF LIGHT IS A PHENOMENON WHEREIN

LIGHT BENDS AND TRAVELS FROM ONE TRANSPARENT
SUBSTANCE TO ANOTHER.

A PRISM IS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLID OBJECT IN

WHICH THE TWO ENDS ARE IDENTICAL. IT IS THE
COMBINATION OF FLAT FACES, IDENTICAL BASES AND
EQUAL CROSS-SECTIONS. THE FACES OF THE PRISM ARE
PARALLELOGRAMS OR RECTANGLES WITHOUT BASES.
AND THE BASES OF THE PRISM COULD BE TRIANGLE,
SQUARE, RECTANGLE OR ANY N-SIDED POLYGON

IN OPTICS, THE REFRACTIVE INDEX (OR REFRACTION

INDEX) OF AN OPTICAL MEDIUM IS A DIMENSIONLESS
NUMBER THAT GIVES THE INDICATION OF THE LIGHT
BENDING ABILITY OF THAT MEDIUM.
 AIM

TO SHOW THAT PRISMS OF DIFFERENT COLOURS HAVE

DIFFERENT REFRACTIVE INDEXES.

APPARATUS

DRAWING BOARD, A WHITE SHEET OF PAPER,

PRISM OF DIFFERENT COLOURS(GREEN,RED AND
YELLOW), DRAWING PINS, PENCIL. HALF-METRE SCALE,
OFFICE PINS, A GRAPH, A PROTRACTOR
 THEORY

IN OPTICS, THE REFRACTIVE INDEX (OR REFRACTION

INDEX) OF AN OPTICAL MEDIUM IS A DIMENSIONLESS
NUMBER THAT GIVES AN INDICATION OF THE LIGHT
BENDING ABILITY OF THAT MEDIUM.
THE REFRACTIVE INDEX DETERMINES HOW MUCH THE
PATH OF LIGHT IS BENT OR REFRACTED WHEN
ENTERING A MATERIAL. THIS IS DESCRIBED BY SNELL'S
LAW OF REFRACTION, N1 SIN Θ1 = N2 SIN Θ2, WHERE
Θ1 AND Θ2 ARE THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE AND ANGLE
OF REFRACTION, RESPECTIVELY, OF A RAY CROSSING
THE INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO MEDIA WITH
REFRACTIVE INDICES N1 AND N2. THE REFRACTIVE
INDICES ALSO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT
IS REFLECTED WHEN REACHING THE INTERFACE, AS
WELL AS THE CRITICAL ANGLE FOR TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION, THEIR INTENSITY AND BREWSTER'S ANGLE.

THE REFRACTIVE INDEX CHANGES WITH THE COLOUR OF

THE LIGHT BECAUSE THE REFRACTIVE INDEX CHANGES
WITH THE CHANGE IN THE WAVELENGTH AND
DIFFERENT COLOURS HAVE DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS.
DUE TO IT, THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF VIOLET COLOUR
IS HIGHEST AND OF RED COLOUR IS LOWEST.
THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE PRISM CAN BE
DETERMINED BY KNOWING THE ANGLE OF THE PRISM
AND THE ANGLE OF MINIMUM DEVIATION.
THE REFRACTIVE INDEX (N) OF THE PRISM IS GIVEN BY,
N = SIN[(A+DM)/2]
SIN (A/2)
WHERE DM IS THE ANGLE OF MINIMUM DEVIATION AND
A IS THE ANGLE OF THE PRISM.

RAY DIAGRAM
 PICTURES OF
APPARATUS
AND SETUP

THE SETUP

RED, GREEN AND YELLOW COLOURED PRISMS

 PROCEDURE

1. FIX A WHITE SHEET OF PAPER ON THE DRAWING BOARD WITH THE

HELP OF DRAWING PINS OR TAPE.
2. DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE XX' PARALLEL TO THE LENGTH OF THE
PAPER NEARLY IN THE MIDDLE OF THE PAPER.
3. MARK POINTS Q1,Q2,Q3,... ON THE STRAIGHT LINE XX' AT SUITABLE
DISTANCES OF ABOUT 5 CM .
4. DRAW NORMALS N1Q1, N2Q2, N3Q3,,... ON POINTS Q1, Q2, Q3, ... AS
SHOWN IN THE DIAGRAM.
5. DRAW STRAIGHT LINES R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3, ... MAKING ANGLES OF
35°, 40°, ... 60° (WRITE THE VALUE OF THE ANGLES ON THE
PAPER) RESPECTIVELY WITH THE NORMALS.
6. MARK ONE CORNER OF THE PRISM AS A AND TAKE IT AS THE
EDGE OF THE PRISM FOR ALL THE OBSERVATIONS.
7. PUT A PRISM WITH ITS REFRACTING FACE AB IN LINE XX' AND
POINT Q, IN THE MIDDLE OF AB.
8. MARK THE BOUNDARY OF THE PRISM.
9. FIX TWO OR MORE OFFICE PINS P1 AND P2 VERTICALLY ON THE
LINES R1Q1,. THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PINS SHOULD BE 10 MM
OR MORE.
10. LOOK AT THE IMAGES OF POINTS P1 AND P2 THROUGH FACE AC.
11. CLOSE YOUR LEFT EYE AND BRING AN OPEN RIGHT EYE IN LINE
WITH THE TWO IMAGES.
12. FIX TWO OFFICE PINS P3 AND P4 VERTICALLY, AND 10 CM APART
SUCH THAT THE OPEN RIGHT EYE SEES PINS P2 AND P1 AND IMAGES
OF P, AND P, IN ONE STRAIGHT LINE.
13. REMOVE PINS P3 AND P4 AND ENCIRCLE THEIR PRICKS ON
14. REPEAT STEPS 7 TO 13 WITH POINTS Q2, Q3, ... FOR I = 40°,
...60° AND FOR ALL THE THREE PRISMS

 TO MEASURE D IN DIFFERENT CASES:

15. DRAW STRAIGHT LINES THROUGH POINTS P4 AND P3 (PIN

PRICKS) TO OBTAIN EMERGENT RAYS S1T1, S2T2, S3T3…..
16. PRODUCE T1S1, T2S2, T3S3,... INWARD IN THE BOUNDARY OF THE
PRISM TO MEET PRODUCED INCIDENT RAY R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3...... AT
POINTS F1, F2, F3, …
17. MEASURE ANGLES K1 F1 S1, K2 F2 S2, K3 F3 S3.... THESE GIVE AN
ANGLE OF DEVIATION D1, D2, D3...
18. WRITE VALUES OF THESE ANGLES ON THE PAPER.

TO MEASURE A

19. MEASURE ANGLE BAC IN THE BOUNDARY OF THE PRISM. THIS

GIVES ANGLE A.
20. RECORD YOUR OBSERVATIONS.

 OBSERVATION

FOR RED PRISM

Serial No. of Angle of Angle of deviation

Obs. incidence (D) (in degrees)
1 (i) (in 35
degrees) 40
2 40 37
3 45 32
4 50 55
5 55 38

∴ THE MINIMUM DEVIATION (DM) = 32°

 FOR GREEN PRISM

Serial No. of Angle of Angle of deviation

Obs. incidence (D) (in degrees)
1 (i) (in 35degrees) 41
2 40 39
3 45 43
4 50 36
5 55 50

∴ THE MINIMUM DEVIATION (DM) = 36°

 FOR YELLOW PRISM

Serial No. of Angle of Angle of deviation

Obs. incidence (D) (in degrees)
1 (i) (in degrees)
35 43
2 40 38
3 45 36
4 50 35
5 55 38

∴ THE MINIMUM DEVIATION (DM) = 35°

CALCULATIONS

FOR RED COLOUR PRISM:

DM = 32°
A=60°
SINCE: N = SIN[(A+DM)/2]
SIN (A/2)
=SIN[(60+32)/2]
SIN(60/2)
=0.7193
1/2
=1.438

FOR YELLOW COLOUR PRISM:

DM = 35°
A=60°
SINCE: N = SIN[(A+DM)/2]
SIN (A/2)
=SIN[(60+35)/2]
SIN(60/2)
=0.7372
1/2
=1.474

FOR GREEN COLOUR PRISM:

DM = 36°
A=60°
SINCE: N = SIN[(A+DM)/2]
SIN (A/2)
=SIN[(60+36)/2]
SIN(60/2)
=0.7431
1/2
=1.486

 RESULTS

ANGLE OF PRISM= 60°

REFRACTIVE INDEX OF RED PRISM=1.438
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF YELLOW PRISM=1.474
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF GREEN PRISM=1.486

CONCLUSION

DIFFERENT COLOURS HAVE DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS RESULTING IN

DIFFERENT REFRACTIVE INDEX.
WHEN WE COMPARE THE WAVELENGTHS OF THE COLOURS, IT IS
FOUND OUT THAT RED HAS THE LARGEST WAVELENGTH AND VIOLET
HAS THE SHORTEST.
IN THIS WAY, THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF RED WILL BE THE LEAST
AND VIOLET WILL BE THE HIGHEST.
REST OF THE COLOURS ARE ARRANGED ACCORDINGLY
THE COLOURS OF VIBGYOR ARRANGED IN THE INCREASING ORDER OF
THEIR REFRACTIVE INDICES WILL BE RED < ORANGE < YELLOW <
GREEN < BLUE < INDIGO < VIOLET

 PRECAUTIONS

THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE SHOULD LIE BETWEEN 35-55

DEGREES.
THE PINS SHOULD BE FIXED VERTICALLY.
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO PINS SHOULD NOT BE LESS
THAN 10MM.
THE ARROW'S HEAD SHOULD BE MARKED TO REPRESENT THE
INCIDENT AND EMERGENT RAYS.
THE SAME ANGLE OF THE PRISM SHOULD BE USED FOR ALL THE
OBSERVATIONS.

SOURCE OF
ERROR
PINS PRICKS MAY BE THICK
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE ANGLE MAY BE WRONG.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS LAB MANUAL.

NCERT PHYSICS TEXTBOOK.
SCHOOL NOTES.
DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE MATERIAL
OF THE PRISM (BRAINKART.COM)
HTTPS://WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG