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Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology) refers to the psychology born out of the
experience, thought and orientation of the Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino culture
and language. The approach is one of ‘‘indigenization from within’’ whereby the theoretical
framework and methodology emerge from the experiences of the people from the indigenous
culture. It is based on assessing historical and socio-cultural realities, understanding the local
language, unraveling Filipino characteristics, and explaining them through the eyes of the
native Filipino. Among the outcomes are: a body of knowledge including indigenous concepts,
development of indigenous research methods and indigenous personality testing, new
directions in teaching psychology, and an active participation in organizations among
Filipino psychologists and social scientists, both in the Philippines and overseas.
The beginnings of Sikolohiyang Auditorium at U.P. In this conference, the ideas,
Pilipino (Filipino psychology) concepts, and formulations of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
were formally articulated.
From the beginning of the periods when the
Philippines was colonized by Spain, and then the What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino
USA, academic psychology, or the psychology
taught in schools, was predominantly Western in Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino
theory and in methodology. Many Filipino thought and experience as understood from a
intellectuals, notably the two Philippine heroes Jose Filipino perspective (Enriquez, 1975). The most
Rizal and Apolinario Mabini, expressed important aspect of this definition is the Filipino
dissatisfaction at the pejorative interpretations of orientation. For centuries, Filipino behavior has
Filipino behavior by Western observers. This been analyzed and interpreted in the light of
disenchantment continued as Filipinos struggled to Western theories. Since these theories are inevitably
assert their national and cultural identity. culture-bound, the picture of the Filipino has been
inaccurate, if not distorted.
In the 1960s, many Filipino intellectuals and
scholars were already sensitive both to the Enriquez (1985) later defined Sikolohiyang Pilipino
inadequacy as well as the unfairness of the Western- as ‘‘the study of diwa (‘psyche’), which in Filipino
oriented approaches to psychology. For instance, in directly refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by
the area of personality, the Western approach in the philosophical concept of ‘essence’ and an entire
research of not being enmeshed and bound by the range of psychological concepts from awareness to
culture being studied has resulted in a motives to behavior’’.
characterization of the Filipino from the
‘‘judgmental and impressionistic point of view of It must be stressed at the outset though that
the colonizers’’ (Enriquez, 1992, p. 57). For developing a particularistic psychology such as
example, the predisposition to indirectness of Filipino psychology is not anti-universal inasmuch
Filipino communication was regarded as being as the ultimate aim of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to
dishonest and socially ingratiating and reflecting a contribute to universal psychology, which can be
deceptive verbal description of reality (Lawless, realized only if each group of people is adequately
1969, cited in Enriquez, 1992) rather than a concern understood by themselves and from their own
for the feelings of others. perspective. Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a step towards
contributing to universal psychology.
It was in the early 1970s that this was initiated when
Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez returned to the Philippines Initial work on developing Sikolohiyang Pilipino
from Northwestern University, USA with a Ph.D. in concentrated on a type of indigenization which is
Social Psychology and lost no time in introducing based largely on simple translation of concepts,
the concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino methods, theories and measures into Filipino. For
Psychology). Together with then-chairman of the example, psychological tests were translated into
Department of Psychology at the University of the the local language, modified in content, so that a
Philippines (U.P.), Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay, Philippine-type version of the originally borrowed
Enriquez embarked on a research into the historical test was produced. On the other hand, another type
and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology. of indigenization was given more emphasis after the
translation attempts failed to capture or express a
From these researches, a two-volume bibliography truly Filipino psychology. This is called
on Filipino psychology and a locally developed indigenization from within (as against
personality test, Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao indigenization from without), which means looking
(Measure of Character and Personality), were for the indigenous psychology from within the
produced. In 1975, Enriquez chaired the Unang culture itself and not just clothing a foreign body
Pambansang Kumperensya sa Sikolohiyang with a local dress.
Pilipino (First National Conference on Filipino
Psychology) which was held at the Abelardo
The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is It’s against a psychology that perpetuates
to foster national identity and consciousness, social colonial status of the Filipino
involvement, and psychology of language and Psychological practice in a Philippine
culture. It is thus concerned with proper context
applications to health, agriculture, art, mass media, It is concerned with both science and
religion, and other spheres of people’s daily life. humanistic approaches
It also maintains mentalism-behaviorism
In his 1975 article on the bases of Sikolohiyang
approach
Pilipino on culture and history (Enriquez, 1975) and
It is not inconsistent with a universal
a 1976 article on perspectives and directions of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Enriquez, 1976), he psychology
distinguished Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino
psychology) from Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas Development of indigenous concepts and theories
(psychology in the Philippines – the general form of
psychology in the Philippine context) and There is a good deal of literature on the Filipino
Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino (psychology of the personality which has become available. The
Filipinos – theorizing about the psychological Filipino personality is a popular area of study of
nature of the Filipinos, whether from a local or a many foreign scholars who came to the Philippines.
foreign perspective).
2 Modelo ng Pananaliksik
Katutubong Pamamaraan ng Pnanaliksik (KPP)
1. Iskala ng Mananaliksik - Metodong
ginagamit ng isang mananaliksik sa
sikolohiya sa pagtatarok ng diwa ng
Kalahok
Pinagmulan
(Socio-political origins), which corresponds
Indigenous Research Methods
to a socio-political dimension.
1. PAKAPA-KAPA - means groping (field This dimension corresponds to the narrow
method) -searching, probing into an definition of citizenship as stated in the 1987
unsystematized mass of social and cultural Constitution.
data to be able to obtain order, meaning, and
directions for research Kinalakhan
2. PAKIKIPAG-KUWENTUHAN - An “kinalakhan” (cultural roots), revolves
occasion for exchange of information, ideas, around
insights, and opinions also it is a sharing of participation and being immersed in a
beliefs, thoughts, and experiences. cultural milieu acknowledged as Filipino.
An informal, free, as well as a social process
of exchanging information, thoughts, and
knowledge that is part of human daily Kamalayan
activities. “kamalayan” (consciousness).
3. PAKIKIPAGPALAGAYANG-LOOB – The responses in this dimension are
this displays mutual trust between the associated with awareness of the self as
researcher and the participants, hesitation Filipino, acceptance of membership in the
and timidity are set aside in terms of acts category “Filipino”, and also pride in this
and words membership
4. PAGDALAW-DALAW – refers to frequent
visits of the researchers to the participants Babaw at Lalim (Surface and Depth):
place to establish rapport Filipinoness as an ethical standard
5. PAKIKITUNGO-civility with
6. PAKIKISALAMUHA-interaction with Filipino-ness refers to the quality of being
7. PAKIKILAHOK -participation with Filipino.
8. PAKIKIBAGAY -in accord with/level of ◦ Pilipino sa Pangalan
conforming • An image of a passive citizen
9. PAKIKISAMA - being along with/level of • Individual may accept or
adjusting recognize that he or she is a
10. PAKIKIPANULAYAN - Residing in the Filipino but may not be
research setting. Researcher lives, sleeps and involved in activities that
eats with the host highlight the identity.
◦ Pilipino sa Puso
• Someone who considers
Filipino-ness a conviction
• Filipino-ness has become
internalized or integrated
with the loob.