Jed M. Siron BSCE-2A GEE1; Assessment No.

Magnetic declination

Over a significant section of the Earth's surface, compass needles point almost north. The complicated nature of
the Earth's magnetic field, however, means that there are few places where a compass needle would point
precisely north. Compass needles align with the horizontal component of the magnetic field in the direction that is
known as magnetic north. Contrarily, true north is the direction that travels directly to the north geographic pole
from a given place. True north and magnetic north are at an angle, which is known as magnetic declination. The
compass needle is commonly believed to point toward the North Magnetic Pole. The North Magnetic Pole is
reachable if you follow your compass needle, despite the fact that you won't get there right away.Because
"declination" also refers to the angle of a star or planet above the celestial equator in astronomy, mariners and
pilots prefer to use variation. Geomagneticians, however, refer to variations in the magnetic field over time as
"variation."Deviation, The magnetism of the iron used in the building of a ship or an airplane, as well as the
magnetic field of the Earth, have an impact on a compass. As a result, the compass needle is pointed in the wrong
direction. Deviation is the term used to describe this directional mistake. Declination is frequently used in place of
deviation.

1. The Compass and its types and uses

1. Magnetic compasses - magnetic compass, in navigation or surveying, an instrument for determining direction on
the surface of Earth by means of a magnetic pointer that aligns itself with Earth's magnetic field.

2. Prismatic Compass - A prismatic compass is a navigation and surveying instrument which is extensively used to
find out the bearing of the traversing and included angles between them, waypoints (an endpoint of the lcourse)
and direction.

3. Thumb Compass - Thumb compass is a type of base plate compass but smaller. It is fixed on the thumb as its
name says and that is which it leaves one hand free. This type of compass is commonly used in orienteering, a
sport in which map reading and terrain association are paramount.

4.Gyro Compass - A Gyro compass is a form of gyroscope, used widely on ships employing an electrically powered,
fast-spinning gyroscope wheel and frictional forces among other factors utilizing the basic physical laws, influences
of gravity and the Earth’s rotation to find the true north.

5. Astro Compass - An astrocompass is a navigational tool that uses the positions of various astronomical bodies to
determine the direction of true north. It is mainly used in polar regions where magnetic compasses and
gyrocompasses are unreliable.

6. GPS compass - The full form of GPS is the Global Positioning System. The compass that uses satellites in a
geosynchronous orbit over the Earth to show the exact location and direction of the movement of the bearer is
called a GPS compass.
7. Qibla compass - Qibla compass is used by Muslims to identify the direction to Mecca, so they would know the
direction to face while praying. In Islam, the direction for performing prayer is called qibla that points towards the
city of Mecca and especially to the Ka’abah.

8. Solid-state compasses - Solid-state compasses are mainly found in electric devices. They often have two or three
magnetic field sensors from which microprocessor reads data about the orientation of the device. They are usually
used in clocks, mobile phones, and tablets.

9.Baseplate compass or Orienteering compass - Baseplate compass or orienteering compass is a liquid-filled

compass that is placed on a rectangular base made of transparent plastic so a map can be read through it. It
usually a magnifying lens for map reading, some sort of light for low light conditions, and also a ruler.

10. Marine compass or Card compass - This type of compass has a needle that is fixed and a compass card that is
mounted in fluid and rotates according to orientation. It is used on boats because the moving card absorbs much
of the motion of a boat which makes it easier to read than a needle compass.

11. Liquid compass - It is a type of compass in which a magnetized needle or dial and the compass card rest on a
pivot inside a capsule that is completely filled with liquid. Mineral oil, lamp oil, ethyl alcohol, white spirits, or
purified kerosene are commonly used as the liquid.

12. Surveyor Compass - It is an instrument used frequently by surveyors for measuring horizontal angles and also
for determining the magnetic bearing of a line of sight. The compass consists of a pivoted magnetic needle, a
graduated horizontal circle, and a sighting device.

2. Local Attraction

- Local attraction is the phenomenon by which the magnetic needle is constantly prevented to point towards the
magnetic north at a place.

3. Dip and Compass Survey

- Magnetic dip results from the tendency of a magnet to align itself with lines of magnetic field. As the Earth's
magnetic field lines are not parallel to the surface, the north end of a compass needle will point downward in the
northern hemisphere (positive dip) or upward in the southern hemisphere (negative dip).

4. Traverse

Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. It is also used in geodesy. Traverse
networks involve placing survey stations along a line or path of travel, and then using the previously surveyed
points as a base for observing the next point.

5. Interior Angle Traverse

The angles contained within a closed traverse are known as interior angles. Once the previous station has been
backsighted, angles to the right are measured clockwise. The angle formed by the forward extension of the
previous leg and the line ahead is known as a deflection angle.

6. Traverse Calculation

A traverse is a continuous series of connected lines of known lengths related to one another by known angles. The
lengths of the lines are determined by direct measurement of horizontal distances, slope measurement, or by
indirect measurement using the methods of stadia or the subtense bar.

7. Traverse Adjustment

Adjusting a traverse (also known as balancing a traverse) is used to distributed the closure error back into the
angle and distance measurements. The condition for an adjusted traverse is that the adjusted Lats and Deps sum
to 0.00.

8. Transit Rule

The transit rule adjusts the latitude of each side as a proportion of this latitude to the sum of the latitudes of all
sides; similarly, the departure of each side is adjusted as the proportion of that departure to the sum of the
departures of all sides.

9. Graphical Method

Graphical method, or Geometric method, allows solving simple linear programming problems intuitively and
visually. This method is limited to two or three problems decision variables since it is not possible to graphically
illustrate more than 3D.

Gee1 Assessment No.1

Name: Jed M. Siron BSCE-2A

Instructor: ENGR. Jessie Y. Labaso

1. How many meters are there in 250 centimeters?

1cm=0.01m

250cm × 0.01m/1cm

250cm × 0.01m/1cm

= 2.5m

2. How many centimeters are there in 1000 kilometers?

cm=(value of km) × 10000

= 1000 × 10000

= 1000000 cm

3. How many millimeters are there in 200 decimeters

1dm = 10cm

1cm= 10mm

200 dm × 10cm/1dm × 10mm/1cm

= 20000mm

4. How many micrometers are there in 1000km?

 1km = 1000m

1m = 1000000μm

1000km × 1000m/1km × 1000000μm/1m

= 1000000000000μm
Sum1 = A + B + C + D = Most Probable Value of each angle:
100°35'40" + 118°44'15" + 80°54'35" + 59°45'50" =
360°00'20" (sum of the observed interior angles of polygon) A1 = A ± correction. B1 = B ± correction =
Sum2 = (n-2)180° = (4- 100°35'40"-5" =118°44'15"-5" =
2)180° = (2)180° = 360° 100°35'35" (MPV of θ A) = 118°44'10" ( MPV of θ B )
(correct sum for the interior angles of four-sided polygons)
5. Round off the following values: C1= C ± correction D1 = D ± correction = 80°
Discrepancy= ± (sum2-sum1) =
±(360°-360°00'20") 54'35""-5"
= -B. To the nearest hundreds = 59°45'50"-5" =
A. To the nearest tenths 80°54'30" (MPV of θ C ) = 59°45'45" (MPV of θ D)
20"(discrepancy in the observation) Correction:
(Discrepancy/n) = -20"/4.
Solution check: A+B+C+D=Sum2
= -5" ( correction to be added to each observed angle )
100°35'35"+118°44'10"+80°54'30"+59°45'45"=360°

360°= 360°

1.) 5.2567 ——> 5.3000 1.) 2.3465 ——> 2.3500

2.) 100.2825 ——> 100.3000 2.) 35.2567 ——> 35.2600

3.) 2,567.3645 ——> 2,567.4000 3.) 125.7225 ——> 125.7200

4.) 2.3678 ——> 2.4000

6. How many significant figures in each item. 4.) 1000.2525 ——> 1000.2500
5.) 1.2525 ——> 1.3000 5.) 0.5568 ——> 0.5600
a. 34.6209 ——> 6 c. 5010.0 ——> 5

b. 0.003048 ——> 4 d. 4032.090 ——> 7

7. The observed interior angle of a polygon are the following; A= 100°35'40'', B= 118°44'15", C= 80°54'35", and
D= 59°45'50". Determine the discrepancy for the given observation and the most probable value of each angle.
8. Lines of levels to establish the elevation of a point are runover for diff. Routes. The observed elevation of the
points with probable errors are given below. Determine the most probable value of the elevation point.

Line Observed
MPV = (x1+x2+x3+...+xn)/n Elevation

= (219.832+219.930+219.701+220.021)/4 1 219.832m

= 879.484/4 2 219.930m

= 219.871m 3 219.701m

4 220.021m

Name: JED M. SIRON Course & Yr.: BSCE-2A

Instructor:Engr. Jessie Y. Labaso
Date of Submission:
 ASSESSMENT No. 2
1. In five trials of walking along a 90-m course on a fairly level ground, a pacer for a survey
party counted 51, 52.5, 51.5, 52.5, and 51.5 strides respectively. He then started walking an
unknown distance XY in four trials which were recorded as follows: 88.5, 89, 88, and 87
strides. Determine the following:
a) Pace factor of the pacer
L = 90m
n1 = 5
Sum1 = 51+52.5+51.5+52.5+51.5
= 259 strides or 518 paces
M1 = Sum1 / n1
= 518 / 5
= 103.6 paces
PF = L / M1
= 90 / 103.6
= 0.869 m/paces
b) Length of the line XY
L =?
n1 = 4
Sum2 = 88.5 + 89 + 88 + 87
= 352.5 strides or 705 paces
M2 = Sum2 / n2
= 705 / 4
= 176.25 paces
PD = M2 (PF)
= 176.25(0.869)
= 153.2 m
c) Percentage of error in the measurement. If the taped length in the measurement if the
taped length of XY is 150.5 meters
TD = 150. 5 m
PD = 153.2 m

PE = ( TD−PD
TD )(100%)

= ( 150.5−153.2
150.5 )(100%)
= 1. 79%

2. A 50 m tape was standardized and was found to be 0.0042 m too long than the standard
length at an observed temperature of 58℃ and a pull of 15 kilos. The same tape was used
to measure a certain distance and was recorded to be 673.92 m long at an observed
temperature of 68℃ and a pull of 15 kilos. Coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116
m /℃.
a) Determine the standard temperature.
Given:
K = 0.0000116 m/℃
T2 = 58℃
T1 =?
L1 = 50 m
Ct = +0.0042 m
Ct = K (T2 – T1) L1
0.0042 = 0.0000116 (58 – T) 50
0.0042 = 0.00058 (58 – T)
0.0042 = 0.03364 – 0.00058T
0.0042 – 0.03364 = - 0.00058T
- 0.02944 = - 0.00058T
 ( −0.0294=−0.00058 T
−0.00058 )
T1 = 50.76℃

b) Determine the total correction.

Given:
K = 0.0000116 m/℃
T2 = 68℃
T1 = 50.76℃
L = 50 m
Ct = 0.0000116 (68 – 50.76) 50
= (0.00001160) (17.24) (500)
= 0.01 m

CL = Corr ( NLL )Given:Corr = 0.01m

L = 673.92
NL = 50

( 673.92
CL = 0.01
50 )

= 0.1348m
c) Determine the true length of the line.

L =¿L + CL Given: L = 673.92m

'

= 673.92 + 0.1348 C = 0.1348m

= 674. 05m

3. A 30 m steel tape is 2 mm too long at 20℃ with a pull of 55 N. A rectangle is measured

with this tape. The sides are recorded as 144.95 m and 113.00 m. The average temperature
during the measurement is 30℃ with a pull of 55 N. Use coefficient of expansion of steel
tape as a 0.0000116 m /℃.
a) Compute the actual length of tape during measurement.
Corr = TL – NL Given: Corr = 2 mm = 0.002 m
+0.002 = TL – 30 NL = 30
TL = 30 + 0.002 TL =?
= 30.002

b) What is the true area?

CW = Corr ( NL
W
)Given: W = 113.00 m
CL = Corr( NLL )L = 144.95 m
Corr = 0.002 m
NL = 30 m

CW = 0.002 ( 113.00
30 )
= 0.01 m

CL = 0.002 ( 144.95
30 )
= 0.008 m

W = W ± CW L = L ± CL
' '

= 113.00 + 0.01 = 144.95 + 0.008

= 113.01 m = 144.958 m
' ' '
AREA = L x W AREA = L x W
= 144.95 x 113.00 = 144.958 x 113.01
= 16, 379.35 sq. m = 16, 381.7 sq. m

c) What is the error in area in sq.

ERROR = AREA– AREA '

 = 16,371.35 – 16,381.7
= 2.29 sq. m.

4. A baseline was measured using a 100 m tape which is standardized at 15℃ with a
standard pull of 10 kg. The recorded distance was found out to be 430.60 meters. At the
time of measurement, the temperature was 20℃ and the pull exerted was 16 kg. The
weight of one cubic cm of steel is 7.86 g weight of tape is 2.67 kg. , E = 2 x 106 kg/cm2 , K= 7
x 107 m℃
a) Determine the cross-sectional area of the tape
Given:
W = 2.67 kg
L = 100 m
Unit Weight = 7.86 g / cm2 = 7.86 x 10-3 kg / cm2

A= ( L(UnitWWieght ) )
2.67 kg
=
( 100 m)
1m(
100 cm
)
−3 3
(7.86 ×10 kg/c m )

= ( 2.67 kg
−3 3
(10,000 cm)(7.86 ×10 kg / c m ) )
= ( 78.62.67kg kg∕ c m )
2

= 0.34 cm2

b) Compute the total correction

Given:

Pm = 16 kg
Ps = 10 kg
L = 100 m
E = 2 x 10 kg / cm2

( Pm−P S ) L
CP =
AE
( 16−10 ) 100
=
0.34(2 ×10 6)
600
=
680,000

= +0.00088m

cP 0.00088 m
430.60 m
= 100 m

0.00088
Cp = 100 (430.60)

= +0.003789 m
c) Compute the true length of the base line
Given:
L = 430.60
Cp = 0.00379

L' = L±CP
= 430.60 + 0.003789
= 430.603789m

5. A line AB cannot be measured directly because of an obstruction on line. Accordingly,

the two lines AC and CB were measured as 2,400.850 m and 1,320.420 m, respectively.
Point C was set at a perpendicular distance of 155 m form point D on line AB. Using the
approximate slope correction formula for steep slopes, determine the length of AB.
Given:
S1 = 2,400.850 m
S2 = 1,340.420 m
h = 155 m
C
 S1S2 h

AB
d1D d2
d = d 1 + d2

h
2
h4
d1 = S1- - 3
2 s1 8 s1
2 4
(155) (155)
= 2,400.850 - 2(2,400.850) - 8 ¿ ¿

= 2,400.850 –5.003 – 0.005

= 2,395.842 m
4
h2 h
d2 = S2- - 3
2 s2 8 s2

(155)
2
(155)4
= 1,320.420- -
2(1,320.420) 8(1,320.420)3

= 1,320.420 – 9.097 – 0.031

= 1,311.292

d = d 1 + d2
= 2,395.842 + 1,311.292
= 3,707.134 m
 Laboratory Activity No. 2
Distance by Pacing
SUBMITTED BY: JED M. SIRON BSCE-2A

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. JESSIE Y. LABASO GEE-1 INSTRUCTOR

I. OBJECTIVES
a. To determine ones pace factor.
b. To solve related problems.
II. MATERIAL/s: meter stick or measuring tape.
III. THE CONCEPT.
Pacing consists of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance. In surveying, pacing means
“moving with measured steps”, and the steps are counted, distances can be determined if the length of a step is
known To pace a distance, it is necessary to first determine the length of one’s pace. This is referred to as the pace
factor.
IV. PROCEDURE
a. Using a measuring tape, measure a 50-m course.
b. Walk along the measured course. Count the number of steps you have made until you reach the other end.
Make 5 trials.
c. Record your date in the table below.
V. DATA AND COMPUTATIONS

Trial No. Distance covered No. of Paces Your pace factor

1 68

2 76

3 50 meters 65 0.73
4 66

5 68

Average: 68.60

A. Determining pace factor

L= 50m

n1= 5

Sum1 = ( 68+76+65+66+68 ) = 343

M1 = sum1/n1 = 343/5= 68.60

PF = L/m1 = 50m/ 68.60 = 0.73m

VI. QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS.
1. Using your own pace factor, determine the numbers of paces you should take in order to establish a distance
of 375 meters.

375m ÷ 50m = 7.5

(mean of 50m = 68.60)

= ( My mean no. Of pace × 7.5 )

= 68.60 × 7.5

= 514.5 paces
2. In walking along a 75-m course, the pacer of a field party counted 43.5, 44, 43.5, 44.5 and 43.25 strides. Then,
105.5, 106, 105.75, and 106.25 strides were counted in walking from one marker to another established along a
straight and level course. Determine the distance between the two markers.

Trial Distance No. of

Sum1 = ( 43.5+44+43.5+ 44.5+43.25 ) = 423.5 strides No. covered strides
M1 = sum1/n1 ( sum1= 218.75, n1=5 ) 1 43.5

= 218.75/5 2 44

M1=43.75 strides 3 75m 43.5

4 44.5

5 43.25

(n= 4 PF=1.71) Trial No. Distance No.of strides

Sum2=(105.5+106+105.75+106.25) = 423.5 strides
1 105.5
M2= sum2/n2
2 106
= 423.5/4
3 D=181.08m 105.75
M2= 105.9 strides
4 106.25
D= m2(PF)

= 105.9(1.71)

D= 181.08m

3. A student paces a 50-m length 5 times with the following results: 57, 56.75, 56.5, 58 and 56.25 paces.
Determine how many paces he must step off in order to establish a distance of 450 meters on level ground.
No.of Distance No. Of
Sum1=(57+56.75+56.5+58+56.25) =284.5 trial covered Paces

M1=sum1/n1 (sum1=284.5, n1=5) 1 57

= 284.5/5 2 56.75

3 50m 56.5

4 58

5 56.25
M1=56.9 ( mean of paces )

PF= L/m1 ( L=50m, m1= 56.9)

= 50/56.9

PF=0.9

( Determine no. of pace in a 450 meter distance )

= Distance (D) × (Pace Factor (PF)/ 1m) (D=450m, PF=0.9)

= 450m × (0.9/1m)

= 405 paces

4. Determine the length of the line negotiated in 208 paces by a person whose pace factor is 0.76 meters long.

Given: ( 208 paces, 76m/paces )

(Find the length of the line)

= 208×0.76m

= 158.08m

VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

- Pacing offers a quick way to validate measurements obtained using other techniques. It is when estimating
distances that a modest level of measurement precision is sufficient. Pacing distances can be used for small-scale
mapping, plane table navigation, finding specifics, and reconnaissance surveys with enough accuracy. The length of
one's pace must be established before beginning to pace a distance. The tempo factor is used to describe this. One
can gauge their pace using one of two techniques. Finding the typical length of a person's step is one approach.
The alternative is to modify one's pace to a predetermined distance, such as 1 meter. Distinct people have
different pace length preferences. This is determinable
by uniformly walking along a line of known length on level ground while keeping track of how many steps it takes t
o complete the stretch. To the nearest quarter pace, the previous pace is measured. To establish the average num
ber of paces, it is advised  to perform this procedure at least five times or more. After that, the pace factor is 
calculated by dividing the known distance by the typical paces needed to travel it. The measurement is in meters p
er pace. The number of paces (mean or average pace) 
it takes to travel any unknown distance can then be determined roughly by 
multiplying that amount by your personal pace factor.

Name: JED M. SIRON BSCE-2A

Instructor: ENGR. JESSIE Y. LABASO

ASSESSMENT No. 3

Solve the following problems. Write your answer on the space provided below.

1. CONVERSION OF ANGULAR UNITS. Convert the following angles into their equivalent
values in grads, mils, and radians.

a) 29°53'54" d) 233°30'56"

b) 110°03'46" e) 341°43'05"

c) 278°55'55.5" f) 12°16'15"

EQUIVALENT GRADS MILS RADIANS

a) 29°53'54" 29.8983° 33.2203 g 531.5253 mils 0.16610167 rad
b) 110°03'46" 110.06278° 122.291978 g 1956.67164 mils 0.6114599 rad
c) 278°55'55.5" 278.932083° 309.9245367 g 4958.7925867 1.549622683 rad
mils
d) 233°30'56" 233.0986° 258.889g 4,142.22 mils 4.0667 rad
e) 341°43'05" 348.1680° 378.889g 6,062.22mils 5.951 rad
f) 12°16'15" 12.2711° 13.33g 213.33mils 0.2094 rad
2. CONVERSION OF ANGULAR UNITS. Convert the following angles into their equivalent
values in grads, degrees, and radians.

a) 420 mils d) 4400 mils

b) 1885.50 mils e) 5632.158 mils

c) 2908.75 mils f) 3200 mils

mils GRADS DEGREES RADIANS

a) 420 mils 26.74 grads 24° 0.42 rad
b) 1885.50 mils 120.035 grads 106.06° 1.8855 rad
c) 2908.75mils 185.2 grads 163.62° 2.29075 rad
d) 4400 mils 267.3804 grads 247.5° 0.42 rad
e) 5632.158 mils 3585.544 grads D. DE, 316.8088875°
S45°50'W 5.632158 rad
f) 3200 mils 2037.184 grads 180° 3.2 rad

Given: S45°50'

3. CONVERTING BEARINGS TO AZIMUTHS. Convert the= following

90°00’ 89°60’ bearings to equivalent

azimuths. =89°60’ + 45°50’

a) AB, N25°25'W c) CD, S50°10'E =135° e)

10’EF, N66°30'W
+180°00’

b) BC, Due East d) DE, S45°50'W Answer = 315°10’

Solution:

A. AB, N25°25'W
E. EF, N66°30'W
Given: 25°25’ Given: 66°30'

(90°00’ = 89°60’) (90°00’ = 89°60’)

89°60’ - 66°30’ = 23°30’
=89°60’-25°25’
23°30’ +270° 00’ = 293°30’
=64°35’ Answer = 293°30’

64°35’ + 270° 00’

Answer = 334°35’
 B. BC, DUE EAST
Answer = 90°.

C. CD, S50°10'E
Given: 50°10’
(90°00’ = 89°60’)
=89°60’+50°10’
Answer = 129°50’

4. CONVERSION OF ANGULAR UNITS. The interior angles of a quadrilateral are: 122.32, 95.39,

84.70, and 97.59 grads. Convert the given angles into their equivalents in degrees and show a

computational check.

ANGLES DECIMAL DEGREES

A. 122.32 grads 110°5’16.8’’
B. 95.39 grads 85°51’3.6’’
C. 84.70 grads 76°13’48’’
D. 97.59 grads 87°49’51.6’’

A. 122.32 (180/200) = 110°5’16.8’’

B. 95.39 (180/200) = 85°51’ 3.6’’
C. 84.70 (180/200) = 76°13’48’’
D. 97.59 (180/200) = 87°49’51.6’’
5.DETERMINING BEARINGS AND AZIMUTHS. In the accompanying sketch, the bearing of line
AB is N52°33'E. Determine the bearing and the
BEARING azimuth from south of lines BC, BD, BE, and
OF BE:

BF.θ=90 °−Bearing of A ¿ 90 °−52' 33 '

Answer = N86°58'E

θ=37 ° 27 '
AZIMUTH OF BF=AZIMUTH OF BD+AZIMUTH OF BE+38°
Bearing of BC :
=22°28' + 86°58' + 38'
¿ S 90 °−θ ₂ E
Answer =147°26'
' '
¿ S 90 °−39 30 +37 ° 27 ' E

Answer=N 87 °57 ' W

BEARING OF BF:
AZIMUTH OF BC :
= 180° - 147°26'
= 360-87° 57' Answer =S36°34'E

Answer = 272° 3'

AZIMUTH OF BD:

= 110° 25' −90 ° +2° 3 '

Answer =22° 28'

BEARING OF BD:

Answer =N22° 28' E

AZIMUTH OF BE=AZIMUTH OF BD+64° 30'

=22° 28' + 64 ° 30'

Answer = 86° 58'

6.DETERMINING BEARINGS. Side AB of an equilateral triangle (see accompanying sketch) has
a

bearing of N83°40'E. If the vertex C lies somewhere north of side AB, determine the bearings
of sides BC

and CA.

90°- 83°40’’

=6°20’’

Θ= 90-(B-6°20’)

ΘBC=90°-(60°6°20’)

=90°-53°40’

=36°20’

BEARING OF SIDE BC:

N 36°20’0”W

AC=83°40’-60

=23°40’

AC=CA

=23°40’

BEARING OF SIDE CA:

S 23° 40’ 00’’ W

7.DETERMINING AZIMUTHS. In the accompanying figure, determine the azimuth from north
of lines BC, CD, DE, and EF if the azimuth from south of line AB is 325°22'.

Step 1: compute the bearing of each line

Step 1: compute the bearing of each line
Step 1: compute the bearing of each line

STEP 1: COMPUTE THE BEARING OF EACH LINE STEP 2: CONVERT THE BEARING TO
AZIMUTH TO NORTH

SOLUTION:

34° 38’ + ϴ = 81° 30’ For DE:

For BC: >> 180 °−¿ β =125° 32’

ϴ=46 °52 ’ β = 180° -125° 32’

For CD: β = 54 ° 28 ’

ἀ + 168 ° 15 ’ = 180 °+ ϴ For EF:

ἀ = 58 ° 28 ’ β + Փ = 109 ° 45

Փ=55 ° 17

LINE BEARING AZIMUTH TO

NORTH
BC Nϴ E ϴ=46 ° 52 ’

CD NἀE ἀ = 58 ° 28 ’

DE SβE β = 54 ° 28 ’

EF NՓE Փ=55 ° 17 ’
Name: Jed M. Siron BSCE-2A

Instructor: Jessie Y. Labaso

Assessment no. 5

Area Computation

Computation of area. COMPUTATION OF AREA  One of the main objectives of the surveying is to compute
the areas and volumes.  Generally, the lands will be of irregular shaped polygons.  There are formulae
readily available for regular polygons like, triangle, rectangle, square and other polygons.

*Methods of Determining Area*

METHODS OF MEASURING AREA

Several analytic/graphical methods of measuring area exist:

 Division of the area into simple figures (triangles, rectangles, and trapezoids)
 Offsets from a straight line
 Double meridian distances
 Rectangular coordinates

AREA CALCULATION BY TRIANGULATION

Two common methods exist for determining the area of triangles: (1) in which the length of all three sides are
known, and (2) in which two sides and their joining angle is known.

 In a typical situation it is likely to use some combination of the two methods

 With a traverse you will know perimeter distances and interior angles, which will provide many of the
measurements for the second method
 You can take additional angle measurements or additional distance measurements while in the field to
simplify calculations

Method 1 of calculating the area of a triangle (where the lengths of each side are known)

If you know the length of all three sides of a triangle it is easy to calculate the area of the triangle

where a, b, and c are the lengths of each side of the triangle, and
Method 2 of calculating the area of a triangle (where the length of two sides and one angle are known)

If you know the length of two sides and the angle in between the sides

where C is the angle between sides a and b (C in radians)

AREA CALCULATION OF A POLYGON BY RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

 The sum of each Y coordinate multiplied by the difference between the two adjacent X coordinates
is twice the area of any closed traverse.
 The result will be the same as the sum of each X coordinate multiplied by the difference between the two
adjacent Y coordinates.

ALTERNATIVE CALCULATION FOR COORDINATE METHOD

A simple method for area calculation uses the X and Y coordinates of the vertices.

1. List X and Y coordinates in two columns

2. Repeat coordinates of starting point at the end
3. Sum the products designated by the arrows

Using the diagram below:

To obtain sum1, multiply left to right.

To obtain sum2, multiply right to left.
Absolute value of the sum1 - sum2 = twice the area

ST
X Y
A
 340. 159.
65 97
A
152. 139.
26 37
B

0.00 226.
C
02

29.9
D
4 30.5
5
E
169.
02 0.00
A
340. 159.
65 97

Sum1 = (340.65 * 139.37) + (152.26 * 226.02) + (0.00 * 30.55) + (29.94 * 0.00) + (169.02* 159.97) = 108928.30
Sum2 = (159.97 * 152.26) + (139.37 * 0.00) + (226.02 * 29.94) + (30.55 * 169.02) + (0.00 * 340.65) = 36287.63

Take the absolute value of the difference of sums:

abs(108928.30 - 36287.63) = 72640.67

which is equivalent to

abs(36287.63 - 108928.30) = 72640.67

Remember that this is equal to twice the area, so divide this number by 2.
72640.67 / 2 = 36320.33 square feet.

Based on significant digits (due to implicit error of measurement), we should probably call this 36320 square feet,
where the last zero is not significant.
2. Double meridian distance - The meridian distance from the midpoint of the line to the
references meridian.

Based on the illustrative example, the following three rules should provides a means of
computing the DMD for each course of a traverse.

Rule 1: The DMD of the first course is equal to the departure of the course.

Rule 2: The DMD of any other course is equal to the DMD of the preceding course,
plus the departure of the course itself.

Rule 3: The DMD of the last course is numerically equal to the departure of that course, but
with the opposite sign.

Sample figure.

Area by Offsets from a Straight Line

The area may be calculated by the rule:

ü Mid-ordinate Rule
ü Average ordinate Rule
ü Trapezoidal rule
ü Sim
pson’s Rule
 
1.Mid-ordinate rule:
 
Area = (O1+O2+……….+on)d
 
O1, O2   = the ordinates at the mid points of each division
n           = number of divisions
L          = Length of base line= nd
d          = Distance of each division
 

2.Average ordinate Rule

 
Area  = ((O1+O2+……On)/(n+1))L
O1, O2….= Ordinates at the end of each division
 
3. Trapezoidal Rule
 Area= (((O0+On)/2)+(O0+O2+……On-1))d
 
4. Simpson’s Rule
 
Area = ((d/3) x ((O0+On+4(O1+O3+On-1)+2(O2+O4+….+On-2))
 
 
Example: 1
 
The following perpendicular offsets were taken at 10 meter intervals from a survey line to an irregular
boundary line.
 
3.15m, 4.3m, 8.2m, 5.6m, 6.85m, 7.6m, 4.2m, 5.6m, 4.3m
 
Calculate the area enclosed between the survey line, the irregular boundary line, and first and last offsets, by
the application of
 
a)     Average ordinate rule
b)    Trapezoidal rule
c)     Simpson’s rule

Average     
d        = the interval between the offset = 10 m
n        = number of divisions    = 8
n+1 = number of ordinates      = 8+1 =9
L=  Length of the base line      = 8 x 10 = 80m
 
a)    Average ordinate rule
 
Area  = ((O1+O2+……On)/(n+1))L
O1, O2….= Ordinates at the end of each division
 
Area = (( 3.15 + 4.3 + 8.2+ 5.6 + 6.85 + 7.6 + 4.2 + 5.6 + 4.3 )/(8+1)) x 80 =442.66m2
 

b)    Trapezoidal rule
 
Area= (((O0+On)/2)+(O0+O2+……On-1))d
 
Area = (3.725 + 42.35) x10 =460.75m2
 
c)     Simpson’s rule
 
Area= 10/3(7.45 +92.4 +38.5)  = 461.167m2

4. Area by Graphical Method

Graphical Method: The graphical methods are those in which the required data obtained from
measurements of plan.In this case the area of figure is found as a whole, or the areas of the
skeleton and the irregular strips are found separately.

Considering Entire Areas:

1.By division into triangles:

The most convenient method is to divide the figure in to a number of triangles. The base and
altitude of each triangle are scaled and its area is found.

2. By division into square:

In this method a peace of tracing paper ruled out into squares, each responding a definite
number of square meter or square centimeter is placed over the drawing. The number of whole
square is measure and area is found. The portions of broken square are estimated in terms of
Whole Square and broken squares

3. By division into trapezoids or By drawing parallel lines and converting them to rectangle:

By placing the tracing paper over the plan the length the rectangles is obtained. And area is
calculated as:Required area = {length of rectangles} x {constant distance common breadth}

Considering the area along Boundaries:

The mid ordinate rule: In this method the coordinates are measured at the mid- point of each
division and the area is calculated by Following Formula:

h1+h2+h3+……….. +hn

Area = ———————————– X 1

Or = (h1+h2+h3+ ………+hn) d Where,h1, h2, h3… = Ordinates at the mid points

1 = length of the base line.

n = number of equal parts in to which the base line is divided

d = common distance between the ordinates 1/n

The average ordinate rule:

(Oo +O1+O2 +…………+0n)

Area of strip = —————————————– X L

n+1

Trapezoidal rule:

Area of strangle = d/2 (0o+201+202+…………20n-1+0n)

If we consider the boundary on both side of survey line ab, thenArea of triangle = d [(0o+0n)/2 + 01+02+
…………. + 0n-1)

Simpson’s rule:

In this rule, the boundaries between the ends of coordinates are assumed an area of a
parabolaSimpson’s rule is sometimes called parabolic rule.

Area= d/3(01+402+203+404+……………….0n)

= d/3 {01+0n+4(02+04+………..)+2(03+05+…………….)}Common distance = {1st ordinate + last ordinate)

+4(sum of even ordinates)

 +2(sum of remaining odd ordinates)}

B. Curvature and Refraction and Elevation Determination

Curvature and Refraction

For long sights and accurate levelling work, the effects of curvature of the earth and refraction of the line of sight
shall have to be taken into consideration. Due to curvature, the points appear to be lower than they actually are;
while due to refraction, they appear to be higher than they actually are. The effect of curvature being greater than
that of refraction, the combined effect causes the points to appear to be lower than they actually are.

Elevation Determination

Levelling is the determination of the elevation of a point or difference between points referenced to some datum A
surveying operation carried out to determined the elevation of points or to find the difference in elevation of
points Referencing of Tide Gauges: