MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEOMATICS

Mining Surveying

ASSIGNMENT 3

STUDENT NAMES : JASON TULIPOHAMBA B

STUDENT ID : R182433C
LEVEL : 3:1
MODULE CODE : SVG309
LETURE NAME : MR T Mapurisa

DUE DATE: 21 May 2020

1.
a) Outline the three main methods used to main verticality in survey work
 Using a plumb-bob
In low-rise construction a heavy plumb-bob (5 to 10 kg) may be used in such a way that if the
external wall were perfectly vertical then, when the plumb-bob coincides with the center of the
peg, so that distance at the top level would equal the offset distance of the peg at the base.
This concept can be used internally as well as externally, provided that holes and openings are
available. The plumb-bob should be large, say 5 kg, and both plumb-bob and wire need to be
protected from wind since spiraling of wind may disturb the verticality of the plumb bob.
Moreover, the motion of the plumb-bob may need to be damped by immersing the plumb-bob in
a drum of water.
The figure below shows how the plumb bob can be used to control verticality in survey works

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 Using a theodolite
If two center-lines at right angles to each other are carried vertically up a structure as it is being built,
accurate measurement can be taken off these lines and the structure as a whole will remain vertical.
Where site conditions permit, the stations defining the ‘base figure’ (four per line) are placed in
concrete well clear of construction. Lines stretched between marks fixed from the pegs will allow offset
measurements to locate the base of the structure. As the structure rises the marks can be transferred up
onto the walls by theodolite, and lines stretched between them. It is important that the transfer is carried
out on both faces of the instrument, and the verticality of the structure is checked by two theodolites as
shown by the figure below.

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 Using optical plumbing
For high rise building the instrument most commonly used is an auto plumb, this instrument
provides a vertical line of sight to an accuracy of ±1 second of arc (1 mm in 200 m). Any deviation
from the vertical can be quantified and corrected by rotating the instrument through 90° and observing
in all four quadrants; the four marks obtained would give a square, the diagonals of which would
intersect at the correct center point. A base figure is established at ground level from which fixing
measurements may be taken. If this figure is carried vertically up the structure as work proceeds, then
identical fixing then identical fixing measurements from the figure at all levels will ensure verticality
of the structure

To fix any point of the base figure on an upper floor, a Perspex target is set over the opening and the center
point fixed as above. Sometimes these targets have a grid etched on them to facilitate positioning of the marks.
The shape of the base figure will depend upon the plan shape of the building. The diagram below shows how
optical plumbing can be used to control verticality in survey works For high-rise building the instrument
most commonly used is an auto plumb, this instrument provides a vertical line of sight to an

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b) Outline any three methods used to transfer ground to underground control
 Optical method of orientation
The orientation transfer in this approach will have the optical lines of sight (based on theodolites,
lasers, and zenith plummets) replacing the plumb lines (in the case of orientation with two plumb
lines); sometimes, strong ventilation may make it difficult to set up under a station using a plumb
bob, requiring that optical approach be used. The optical instrument can also be set at the bottom
of the shaft to project line of sight vertically up to specifically arranged target at the surface and
appropriate observations made directly to the targets.

In some cases, the optical plummet maybe set up underground and the target (usually in Taylor
Hobson sphere) may be bracket-mounted at the top of the shaft; optical or laser plummet are
used in conjunction with the total stations and Gyro-station to accomplish survey control transfer
to underground mining workings. The distance and azimuth to the located underground point are
determined using a total station and gyro station located underground away from the located
point.

 Mechanical of orientation
The mechanical correlation technique is also known as shaft plumbing method. The basic
concept of this method is that wires hanging freely in a shaft will occupy at the surface and the
bearing of the line connecting the wires will remain constant through the shaft. Shaft plumbing is
there a process of transferring one or more points (or bearing) at the surface of a shaft to plumb
line points at the bottom to ensure that the shaft is sunk in the direction of gravity or to transfer
bearing underground. In shaft plumbing approach, piano wires hanging in a vertical shaft are
used. Under mechanical method of orientation there are normally three methods used to transfer
controls underground shaft which are Weisbach method, Weiss Quadrilateral and coplaning
method.

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  Gyroscopic methods of orientation
In the method of orientation transfer by gyro azimuth, coordinates must still be transferred from
the surface by shaft plumbing if more efficient methods are not available or using laser optical
plummet. In this case, shaft plumbing is used only for the transfer of coordinates of one point
and gyro theodolites are used for transferring of azimuth independently of shaft plumbing. The
orientation transfer of gyro equipment is naturally more accurate than using plumb lines since
position determination and azimuth transfer are independently done.

c) Calculate the direction of the underground baseline RS if the coordinates of the polar of
surface baseline are P +48964.38 + 69886.75
Q +48988.66 +62583.18

Step 1
Calculate join from Q and P
Point name y coord x coord

P +48964.38 +69886.75
Q +48988.66 +62583.18
∆ y−24.28 ∆ x 7 303.57

−24.28
Direction = arctan ( )
7 303.57
= -00°11´25.70ʺ + 360° since all deltas are falling within 4th quadrant
Direction QP = 359°48´34.30ʺ
And reverse direction PQ = 359°48´34.30ʺ - 180°
= 179°48´34.30 ʺ
Distance QP = √ (−24.28 )2 +(7 303.57)²
= 7 303.61m
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Step 2
To find direction QWs

Bearing (QP) – (angle PQWs)

359°48´34.30ʺ - 112°29´36ʺ
Direction QWs = ´247°18´58ʺ
And the reverse direction WsQ = 247°18´58ʺ - 180°
= 67°18´58ʺ

Step 3
Coordinate Ws from station Q
∆ y = rsinθ
∆ x = rcosθ
∆ y = 10 ×sin 247°18´58ʺ
= -9.226 465 666
∆ x = 10 ×cos 247°18´58ʺ
= -3. 856 466 168

Q +48988.66 +62583.18
∆ y -9.226 465 666 ∆ x -3. 856 466 168
Ws +48 979.343 +62 579.324

Step 4
Find bearing B from station Ws

Bearing WsQ = angle QWsB

= (67°18´58ʺ) – (259°00´00ʺ)
= -191°41´02ʺ + 360°
WsB = 168°18´58ʺ

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Step 5
Coordinate B from station Ws

∆ y = 5 ×sin 168°18´58ʺ
= 1.012 559 689
∆ x = 5 ×cos 168°18´58ʺ
= -4.896 398 97
Ws +48 979.343 +62 579.324
∆ y 1.012 559 689 ∆ x -4.896 398 97
B +48 980.447 + 62 574.428

Step 6
Bearing WsWu = (bearing Wsb) – (angle AWsB)
= (168°18´58ʺ) – (00°01´20ʺ)
=168°17´38ʺ
And the reverse direction Wu to Ws = 168°17´38ʺ + 180° = 348°17´38ʺ

Using Sine rule to calculate the distance Ws –Wu

Angle B = 180° - (00°01´20ʺ + 00°01´50ʺ)

B = 179°56´50ʺ
Ws b
=
sinWs sinB

bsinWs Ws sinB
=
sinWs sinWs

Ws sinB
b=
sin Ws

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 4 × sin (179 °56 ´ 50 ʺ)
b=
sin( 00° 01 ´ 20ʺ )

b = 9.499m

Step 7
Coordinate Wu from Ws

Bearing Wu to Ws =168°17´38ʺ
Distance Wu to Ws b = 9.499m
∆ y = 9.499 ×sin 168°17´38ʺ
= 1.927 268 611
∆ x = 4 ×cos 168°17´38ʺ
= -9. 301 43197

Ws +48 979.343 +62 579.324

∆ y +1.927 268 611 ∆ x -9. 301 43197
Wu +48 981.361 +62 570.022

Step 8
Find bearing WuR

Bearing Wu to Ws = (348°17´38ʺ) – (168°17´38ʺ)

Reverse direction (Wu to Ws) – (angle AWuR) = 348°17´38ʺ - (202°00´00ʺ)
= 146°17´38ʺ

And the reverse direction RWu = 146°17´38ʺ + 180° = 326°17´38ʺ

Therefore bearing RS = reverse direction RWu + angle WuRS
= 326°17´38ʺ +239°20´21ʺ
= 565°37´59ʺ - 360°
= 205°37´59ʺ
205°37´59ʺ is the bearing of underground baseline

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