CHAPTER 2

Review of related literature and study

Presented in this chapter are the related literature in local, foreign and related study in local
and foreign gathered from online resources used by the researchers as their guide in order
to have a more accurate study. This related literature helped us, researchers to have a
better understanding on the topic gathered.

Related literature
Local
According to the information provided, the researcher want to perform this study in order to
learn about the impressions of every student at Sta. Elena High School requires students to
wear civilian clothing rather than school uniforms. School uniform policies have traditionally
been associated with private schools. Some public schools, including ours, are now debating
whether or not to require their pupils to wear a school uniform. Some say that mandating pupils
to wear a certain manner limits their creativity and uniqueness. However, there are some
compelling arguments in support of school uniforms. Wearing civilian clothing may motivate
some students to take their tasks more seriously while also allowing them to save money.

School uniforms are not required in the Philippines, however all public school pupils nationwide
are provided with free identification cards (IDS). The Department of Education (DEPED) Order
65 s.2010, also known as the "General Guidelines for the Opening of Classes, including
Collection of School) Contributions, Enrollment, Student Uniforms, and Release of MOOE,"
makes this requirement. The order states that public schools are not compelled to have
students wear school uniforms. If a student already has a uniform, they are free to use it as long
as they want to save money on buying new clothes. The DEPED reaffirmed its "no uniform"
policy and explained what constitutes "appropriate school wear," i.e., clothing that promotes
respect for the school as a place of learning.

Foreign

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the behavior of children ages
6-11 is dominated by intellectual curiosity and performance (Snowman & Bieler, 2013).
This is a time where children must be encouraged to do well, allowed to finish tasks, and
praised
for trying. Quite differently, the behavior of adolescence age 12-18 is shaped by the roles and
skills that will prepare them to eventually take a meaningful place in society. During this stage
in life, adolescents struggle to establish a sense of stability in various aspects of their lives.
Simply put, adolescents age 12-18 are concerned with the development of their identity
(Snowman & Bieler, 2013).

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Identity can be defined as "accepting one's body, having goals, and getting recognition.
(Snowman & Bieler, 2000 p. 29)." Adolescent's use their style as a means of conveying their
identity. This style may consist of their dress, hairstyles, interests, and social relationships which
are strongly influenced by peers. Not only do teens view their style as an influential factor, they
also see it [style] as a way of being accepted by their peers. If a teenager does not experience
acceptance by "those who count" they may decide to establish a negative identity. This causes
the youngster to engage in defiant or destructive behavior (Snowman & Bieler, 2014). Since
behavior and achievement are directly related, students who behave badly will likely fail
academically (Kaplan & Maehr, 1999; Snowman & Bieler, 2014).

Studies show that safe and disciplined schools enhance students’ academic achievement
and discipline (CUBE, 2015; Kaplan & Maehr, 1999). Safety and discipline are the crux of an
effective school. How a student feels about the safety of their school influences their learning
potential (CUBE, 2015). In effective schools, students display high expectations for achievement
and they exhibit a sense of efficacy with respect to learning (McEvoy & Welker,
2015). As cited by McEvoy and Welker (2015), in 1996, Maguin and Loeber conducted a meta-
analysis of studies on the relationship between academic performance and delinquency.
Results
from this study suggest that poor academic performance is related to the onset, frequency,
persistence, and seriousness of delinquent offences in adolescents. Thus, higher academic
performance is associated with resisting delinquent behaviors. The authors also suggest that
interventions that improve academic performance co-occur with a reduction in the prevalence of
delinquency.

Proponents of the school uniform policy believe that requiring students to wear uniforms
enhances the learning environment by increasing academic achievement while minimizing
behavioral problems. They assert that students will spend less time concentrating on trends and
fashion and more time engaging in academics. Students who are academically successful have
little impetus to engage in disruptive behavior such as fighting, bullying, and gang activity (Van
Acker & Wehby, 2016).

Related study
Local

According to reported statics and the school administration requirement of uniforms on

campuses has decreased student discipline referrals, tardiness, missed classes, and
suspensions, according to school-reported figures and the school administrator. Additionally,
school pride has become more common due to the outward similarity that all children have.
Similar to how athletic teams wear uniforms, supporters contend that dressed uniformly boosts
school spirit, unity, and renewed dedication. With uniforms, a school's atmosphere becomes
more formal, which inspires pupils to take their studies more seriously.
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A major worry for many public schools is the occurrence of violence, which is decreased by
wearing uniforms at school. It is simple to spot visitors who do not belong on campus, so the
students are not in danger. uniforms also lessen the occurrence of As a result of the uniform

requirements, there are more "cliques" and gangs on school campuses. For instance, a school
may forbid pupils from wearing red and blue, the traditional colors used to identify gangs, and
instead only permit the wearing of khaki bottoms and green or yellow polo shirts. The school
dress code can also be changed to restrict bandanas, which are another hallmark of gang
apparel. The fighting and bloodshed between competing gangs lessen when it is harder to
detect gang members in schools.

Foreign
According to Jafeth Sanchez April 23, 2013, the usage of student uniforms is a topic of
increasing discussion across the nation, yet there is little study on school uniforms,
particularly research on students' attitudes about uniforms. During the first year that a
uniform policy was implemented at the schools, two researchers from the University of
Nevada, Reno College of Education looked at the perspectives of students in three middle
schools in the Washoe County School District in northern Nevada. Despite the fact that 90%
of students said they disliked wearing uniforms, wearing them was found to have a number
of positive effects, including a reduction in bullying, gang activity, and poor behavior, as well
as an improvement in safety, ease of attendance, confidence, and self-esteem.

During the first year of the schools' implementation of a uniform policy, a 49-question survey
was created by George "Gus" Hill, associate professor, and Jafeth Sanchez, research
assistant professor. Approximately 1,350 students responded to the survey. The pupils
were in the seventh and eighth grades and attended Sparks Middle School in Sparks as
well as Vaughn and Pine Middle Schools in Reno.

Additionally, they looked at information on discipline referrals and school police reports from
both before and after one of the schools implemented its uniform policy. Compared to men,
women felt or experienced more advantages. More seventh-graders than eighth-graders
expressed agreement with the comments made regarding the advantages of wearing
school uniforms, according to grade level. Additionally, the findings showed that Latino
pupils assessed uniform benefits to be greater than those seen by Caucasian students.

Top responses from students were "Agree" and "Strongly Agree," and they related to the
following statements: "I still have my identity when I wear a uniform," "My family likes that I
wear a uniform to school," "I think uniforms save money on clothes," "I worry less about how
others look," and "There is less gang activity at school" (41 percent).
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Additionally examined at Sparks Middle School were the school's disciplinary and police
logs. The first year the uniform policy was put in place, discipline referrals were down by

around 10% from the year before. In addition, during the first year of implementation, police
log reports decreased by 63%, according to data from the school police.

Along with student fights and graffiti, there were also fewer allegations of property damage,
battery, and administrative assistance.

Many middle schools in the Washoe County School District have adopted a uniform policy
since Sparks Middle School's was implemented in 2008–2009, and at the other two schools
in 2009–2010. The district is also considering the possibility of a comprehensive school
uniform policy that would establish guidelines for schools interested in using school
uniforms.