Page No.

Date:

2MAL

NAME Tshaan Miial

SEMESTER

PROGRAM NAME BTech CECE)

ROLL NO 196EC0GO
ibp
PAPER CODE: CEN-YO5

PAPFRTITLE &DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

DATE &TIME June 2021,10:00AM-1:00PM

 Page No.
Date

DBMS

Q1a)
Hienanchial NetoorR Relaienal
Stnuchuneol dataAdatabaae model|A datababe madad
Oraaniged in aree allous mulhplk to manaqe data b
Jik mada eCords h be Huples grsLped into
linRed ta thu sama helationsCtabls)
Owna ilu
Arranaesdata in a Organizes daBa inAanoedata in
ree Similan structuzea araph Structinl tabls
Rapresent ona to mmny Repreent"manu t epaent bath"ona
helatienship mnn telaionship. man and many
to manelahonships
DHHhaut to acess data Easien to aces Easien fo access
data data
less i b Eleiblu Fliblu

A relahaDship, in hi onert o databases a

Stuatien that eists beteen fo elathenal datakaa
tabls When on tabla h0s a Oreian kuu dhat
rlance6 thu_primany ky ethL othen tabl
Roktionships allou helatonal dätabases ta split
and store dan in tablesLahile inking_dispanaBe
data lHems
 Page No.
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Relationship Example
TOr examplL,in a banR database a
COSTOMER_MASTER tablu stores Cubtomen data Lol
0 pHmany Ruy Column named CUSTOMER ID E alaa
`totes OUstomen_data in an AccoUNTS MASTER tabla,-
Lihich helds inlamahien about vanlews banR accounts_
Injomaie,a Cottesponding COSTOMER ID A Coumn
mist be insented in the AccOUNT MASTER tabl,
lengn.cng Ouistin9 Customen TDs aom the
COSTONER MASTEX tablu Tn this ase, the
ACcotUNS MASTER tabluA CUSTOMER TD Celums is
Qarelon Ruy that eleaenes a celumn Louth hz
SamL nam in thu CUstorMES MASIES fable lhs
S Qn e0mpla a elahianohip beteen. thL tuo
tabls
 Page No.
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Mch) Eil system Ib basically Qum 0nnanaing th

les In a stomge madium ik hand disk
Hl slAtem arqanizes thz les and helps
inetriesal o ilks whon tha ane tequred
Bl Aslems censist o diftezent les ohich az7
aYeupea10to directories Ihz dine&tories kunthen
Con tain othon Jeldn and ules Filz sktem
Denlorm basic penahens JkL Managem.entt
naung, QvMng ace% HilLs etr
Ihz se a traditienal appxoach to ilk pXOCOAIng.
enceunaaeA ach unchenal anLa in a Coporatien
TD daMelap Specidlized applications andls.
Each applicafion bequunes 0 uniqALL data iu that
IS uRels o be Aubset o th masten lu
Thae
Aubselz eth masten hl had to data teduundancy
Ond incanÁISTanc prOceAng InfHexabilt and
ADOAtedsoraae esounce
Probloms eSlhnq kmm thz traditional l L _
ading n data inconbistency diHenent values
Usec or tha Aom atribue

Koqram
. data depen.dencyChangesIn pr0arams
heajuing Changes fo the data
lack leziblity
Poar Secumty
ack Datd shainga
tobdort-2
vin omdih
 Page No.
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numben
Aystem OOtRS Lwellwhen tha
lh i l uoRS
lems ta be torecl is Amall Tt even
au lanqe-
Qlte adLauately when dtheha
item and we haMe onlu to stpre
mben_ o
una
nd rettieihe hem hotoeMeN thi

SLatem brYaks deun Lohon we haMe to

CoSS
u
leunce Or process the infarmation in
iles or examplu,0 fupical real state Ogens
ice miaht haw a sepanate Julu lor each
propenty uOr Aalu OrmenE

Cean the maed manuLaL sustem s inadequuate

dhisupe o u0orRs0 thz iodaun babed
Atem was dueloped. in esponse o the Needs
indub lo mOe elicdent data acgesS
In eonly rocesslng ytems an aroaniza tons inlamnahon
n at les which 0i maintainad b dhu lLe
blysiem unden tha operahng Alyste.o'a conhel
henu at Ho onu ile's ontaining he cord houing
ho Shructuz eladonahip ameng them thu i i
handling uwhich e aonn unde ClCtt Is tha
ompli proce>bing 6LAIem
Studint foxonal Daet tbro Processing Aacount Processing
rocessing Applicaion Prpicihon frogram ApplikationProgrun
Hrogram)

Sysem
Studantt Daaisda BoRinfp dat ss hat dt AtaunitYo da
Traditional ilh Atorage mathod Jor univensity
Management Sstem
 Page No.
Date

Chaznaclousti.C
I6aqroup 0 ies &ating_clata oanorganisatien
och i is lndpenden~ jom oni arothon
tach JlL is alltd a lat fil
tach i l ontained and p1ocessed injormatian Jor
On bpeclc LnchonAuch as accaunhng a
inventor
n s Anë dosLDed by daing Proqramb wrien in
PproaamoMhq lanquiagrs c h as COBOL, C,Cat

hox example' NIES CNeud lechnaloay iu ystemly,

EXIC Ezendud Bl Syatem)
 Page No.
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QRa)
Main ontity scs aLAhudunt, ouAce COLUse-Cnun4
and insuctor
The cnhty &tt cOUIse-Oening 1s a a k
Cntiy St dpendent on coUnce
tinn Seendroom
n ame)

Student KEnrel aunse Seaches Instuctar

Ofping
proaron
(9radi
(uean Semushen

tabuby tovse
rouinPrepeauiSI te
ounse
maunconce

Cudits)
 Page No.

Date

The Moin assubmpthans CnL.

aA dass Maats onlu at gne panthauan

place Qnd ime I s EK diagham Canne
Modl a clas meuting 0t dulenunE place
at duleN ont fimUD

b Thez 6 No quarantee that-tha database doe

nst hawe too ClasenMauing at the bam
pace and tim
 Page No.
Date:

h 4mauzathonApecdalisatian huerahchyJorl
duimoto ehlcluCoApanu an be Qiven by

odel 2lna/Sales (Sales- valume

taoc roae

ilvz
Wehicle n idzrsdoa
Cemmeacial
vehidle to
nate
maz- uny vehicle
Passengeas tozadte
CemmeoiaL Nen-ommexial
vehicle Jehiele

a \LS

Jan Con leter cuela

ype
model,sales-o nate and kales velume aa attnih1tes
necessayn thavehicles all upe
Cemmea.cia vebiclas atinat Cemmeadial-vehiclo-taz
and each kind o ommencial uehicle has a passenge
C0nyung capacih Apecilied Jen t Seme tupes o
nen-hmenoial vehielesattnact Luxuz vehicle tar
Cank alonu an be eena types AULch as_spats-Can
Bedan, 9agon, ethence by thL Qtribute ype
 Page N0.

Date

Since_th ao genanalisation-Apeciali.satio
hiaanchy has à condition-duined dusian
Constrou.nt membenship in tha lotoen lundd
enity-Ak is aLaluwated enth bass o
whetha ar net an eniy saihes
an
eLplicit Conditia Opredicatr Uben-duind
Aouoeaduel enhty uts Coa Commencial
whidu an not Constrained hya
membership condition rathen enities aL
assigned Bo aqLen Set
bidv
loideyL

nirowe-to

unsate1
Lo

disdis
Jabo

id sy- Le9090
db.c9
2r910ton

Loiorwvile-1
 Page No.

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DBMS

g3Cb) Fth normal Jorm C5NE),8_alko knoun as projea

Qtn notmal Jom CPTNE) Tt ia aaxel notna lizatien
OLSignad ta leduce edudancyin elational datablSe-
A helahon h 6aid ta be in SiE ifand anly if
Saifies NE and no jein dependunay euats Ardatien
16 baid fa hame iin dependinay if it an be
ated by joining mulfiplu sib elahens and
each hese Aub belatiens haD a Aubset ok he
atibutes _o he Original relaien
(nditien eu jon dipendand
j n o RIand R2 avn 0 is equal o relahionR
hen Le Can kay hat a loun dupenduncy eists,
Lwhn R and R2 02 tha dicomposihen RICP,Q
and 2 R2CgS) a Qwen elation RCP,Q,S):RI
andR2 mi a losless daconmpositien s R
Hroperties e5NE
A rehienR6 in SNE Ifand only t it stisties
o louung ondiions
Rshouldbe in UNE (no mulhivalued dpenduna eists)
ant undanga dossless dacompasitien Can dapendencs)
Consider dthe rhlion R belao hauing he schuma
RCApplien, produd,onsurna) The phimany Ru Is a
bmbinahien all3 atibutes o the ielatisn
 Page No.
Date:

Supplien Produd Conaumen

P CI
SL P2 CL
S2 PL CL
$3 P3 C3

SupplienProduct
SL PL
$ P2
S2
$3 P3

Lonsume2 Produck
C P
CL P2
C3 P3

Supplien Consum
S C
62 CL
$3 C3

Explanahien
labl & 1labl 3 and Tabl H whon joined uield
dhe Onainal tablu Clablu 1)-Hence ioin dipendana
ists in lablu 1dhmutore table 1 iS net in 5NE
Ond RINE Houueyn Tabl 2,tablu 3 and tabl
4aistuing SNE as tt has no mutvallled dependendy4
ond Cannst be dLompased uzthen
 Page No.

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y5)Nomalizaion is Hhu proces o oraanz1ng la

athibues and relations o a telahenal datababe
D_Minimi2e dala tedundancu NE or
oLnth Nomal Form is a Xu a daBabae
IOmalizatien in_uwhich thei ane neh-tivial.
MultivaluLed depandonaes obhen than a candidate
Ny NE builds on 1NE NE,3NF and the
Bouce-Codd Normal Jorm CBCNE) BCNE iS-
Onsidned as a shongen_Mensien o_dh 3NE
Hoien Splitmg thz relahen tdhuma
iD BCNE LDl reault in losing all Junchional
dipendenu Thus is ohy NÉ IS Pietmud
OMen BCNË AInce its dLcompasifion presenves
all Junchonal dipenden.cies and educes th
hepehitie oinloMMatien

(onsidenJellaning exampla
Pizza Delivory Penmutations3
Restaurant Piz2a Vaichy Delivey Ara
AL Pizza Tck (up Spping field
AL Piz2 a uck uw ShilhyilL
PL Pizzoa Thick Cnwt Coptal it
AL Piz2a Stutted Crust SPHA fteld
AL Pizz0 SHAed Cnet Shilbyvil
AL Piz7 d Stuped Caust pifal uty
Elil Pi>za Thin Cnxpt Caprtal GH
Hi Pima Sthued Cuut aprted C
Op Pizza hich Chuwst Sphnatiel
Op Pizz0 Thiuk helbyril
Op izz0 hin Clut phins tield
Op Pizz0 lhin Ous Shalbauil
 Page No.

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tch reo iholicot that aQultn heptautant

Con deli a qlun Vanuetypis2a to Giun

Restasunanfh Pizza Vauickyy

Rextuunant Delives maK

lhase noh-hiual multivaluud dapenolenues an &

non Apekey elle hu lact tha thu
yauHes_o_pL22ag estuuans often Oe
Indpendt rom th anus to which th
heatauunad duiveu

rtLAt rod tor al_ huct on Al P2zas elli

AntAStheuby aulin o respect thu autinaluud
dopenden Rztaunani Plz2a Vaniets
Vanieties ly Rotauu an Dblivey Areas By kRestoutan
Restauhad Pnza Vaicty Rastuinandt eliwy Aea
ALPh2a Thick lrus Rlpr2aSpaing hield
A Przz0 Stued uwt A pizza ShelbyvUlL
ttuk Pi22 a |hin (rust Alpiza lapital it
Eue Pizz o Stuled ut Eik Pzza Lapital G
Op Piz2 Thick(nust Op_Pisza Sprinatiel
Op Pizza Thin Cauat Op_Pizza Shelby
In
In_Contrst ith_pizza Vonties atfenad by
staunant 6onutimes did leqitmately Vu
an clilie 01o to nehen tn ariGlna om
dunA tabu tootldohisty UNE tree
Üvee
 Page No.
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L)SELECT Caid
FROM Catalog C
WHERE NOT EXISS CSELECT P-pid
FROM Parts P
WHERE CPcelor-red'OR Pcelaygreen
ANDCNOT EXISIS.CSELECT CLSid
FROM Catalo C
WhERE CLsid=Csid
ANDCLpid =Ppid )_
i )SELECT CSid
ERO Cotaloa C
WHERE CNOT EXISISSELECT pid
EROM Ponts P
WHERE P celor=ed'AND
CNOT EXISIS (SELECT C sid
FROM Cataloa C
WHERE CLsid =Csic
AND CLpid =P pid)))L
ORCNOT EMSTS (SELECT Pl:pidL
ROM Ponts Pl
WHERE P.color= *Arcen AND
(NOT EXISS (SAECT O-sld
RC Cactalog C2
WHERE C Sid - C:sid AND
sid=PA pid))))
 Page No.
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Gi)SELECT CLsid, CQ:sid

FROM Catalog CI, Catalog C2
WHERE CL-pid Ca pid AND CLgid=C2 Sid
AND CCOst C Cost
Civ) SELEC Cpid
EROM CaBa loa -
WHERE EXISTSCSELECT CLSLd
FROM Cota log C
WHERE CLpid =Cpid AND
Clgsid Ccid)
C SELECT Cpd.
EROM otalog C Supplien S
WHERE S Snamu Yasemite Sham ANO CSid-S.sid
AAD Ccost>ALL C`ELECT 2 Cast
FROMCoalog C2
Supplien S2
WHERE SASnama= Yosemite Sham
ANO Csid S2 Sid
CVi)SELECT Cpd
ROM CatalogStupp.liens S
WHERE S.Sid= Csid AND C cost 200
 Page No.
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H Cc)
1) HAVING
Ih HAVING clauAL in used in ths SELECT Staemont
tn_spcah ten_conduhons or a arouup o reUs
OY aaae.aates

lhgHAVING claus is alken Wbad olth-h GRoUP BY

p ten areups based 'en speahied anditien T
uthi GRoDP BY claule ib omitledth HAVING
claus behates_likL the WHERE clau

SYNTAX EXAMPLE TABLE

SELECT Orden dctails
sdt dist Ordon_numben
FROM pruc codu
table DamL QManhity Ordened
WHERE price Eoch
Keonch_ Condurton Orde inu Nwmber
GROUP BY
Qroup bu ezpressjon
HAVINGn
np_Conditien

Examplu SELECL
Otdp Numben
SUMCquandhityOrdnad) As itemslounE
SUMCpriceEah xquantityuOrdened) As Total
FROM
Ordmddalk
GRoUP BY Otdn Numben
HAVING
etal 1O0o;
 Page No.
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In thabowe ampl ung HAVING

dause
LOe Qef Mls areafen than O00

2) GRoDP BY:
GRODP BY Clause Qroups a Act o rOUs into a set
Lummauy reu0s by vaules o COumn o
Pxpressian Ihi GROUP BY Clause hehuuns oNA YSUD or eadh
qroup
eten ued with aggneate unn R SDM AVG,
MAX MN Qnd CODNT ACLAU

Sunta
SELECI
C1C2 m, agareqate fn CC1)
FROM
tablu
WHERE
COndai
GRoDP By C1C2,G n
Erample Table
OIdia
OYden Nwmber
ShippedDate
Stadu
Cubtomon NumD
SELECT Output is sormethina R
status Concelld
FROM
Disputed
Ordens In proces
GROUP BY status Held
HaL stotus Itema |S
areuped
 Page No.
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n)The majar elatianalset opeatois oh unien

Intensedion andAt a diflenonces

Tabl1
Studant NoNomManRs StudunthoNama Hanks
Tahn as Mauy 50
May 80 Doman
IDamen 5 Mat
ONION
Unien_ Combinzs hoo dilaunt rEALts
Intn a sinqlu bealut in theocm o_aobtained by aQueny
tablz
Erampl
SELECT Nam FROM Tahu1T l displau the
hames o_all sudants m
UNION t h Tabl
SELECT Nam FROM Tabl2 eohn 1 and Tabl 2
Damen Hanu.etz
INTERSECION
I intenbechan openatar QIeS dhe hi Common
yalus behoeen th uo LS that anu data
Pxompl iintersected_
SELECT Namu PROM Tabl 1
INTERSECT
SELECT Name HROH Tab2
L l displaythe names
ostudunds that an
present in Tabl 4 and Tabl 2 both
 Page No.
Date

SET DIEEERENCE
Ihz Att difmince apenathon akis thi hoo ct and
etunns h: vallue_dhat 0ne in_thu rst Att
but not tha sLcond se

xampl
SELECTName aam labl1
MINUS
SELECT Nam FROM Tabu 1

his Laulldisplay hi names e ahudants present

in Tabl1 bud net in Tablu 2-
 Page No.
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Q56) A series ofk openahon aam oL fransacion

ta anotha hansachon is knoun s dhudul
H ued to presenve th orde e th openadion
ineach oth indiidual hantadian

Schadul
Seia Norn- Senial| Sd Serialigable
Schudule Schadul Schadul

Suppose too transachion Tiand Tz

with som Openatins.
Senial Schedul Non Serial Schadul
Thi &nial schaduul 6
a upe shudul whanu inealaauina
Opetation Is alaued
on ronsachon Is executed hen heni all be
Conplutely belone Ktanhng
Non_senlal schsdle.
oncthaDansachen Tn HCandains many
ehal schadulu, tohen
urst ranbachon onaplates apenatan arden
Cudu,bu nai ansa.chon
b Precuted

Tt Me Consides and 2,th

passtble eutoames auU-
DExecute all thuapenation_ TL Which 1oa lellowed
b all oponations D
2 Eredue all open0han o b uhuch
Ls delloDCd bu
ALlLopenation oT
3) Thou is randam execution Of acln in Tand .
 Page No.
Date

rad A) tead(A
LoHle () read)
headM LOtkA
read(A) A:AtM:
AAM LOMte(M2:
Wite (M):| louleCA)
On Schadulu A, all opexahians T QL excued belar
TCSenialSchadul)

on schrdul B, opmatons n net in_senial behierh

L and TD Non-Senial Sdhadul)
 Page No.
Date
(22

A_hansachon is a ainale doqical unut o uork Lohich

ACces and possibl Modities Contens á a databae
Inorden to maintain Consistonay in adatabobe
entainpropenhios an olleoed

[hae an ellered to s ACID pxopenies

A Abmicit
I
Consistenag
Ts latien
D Dunability

Atoomictu-
Ironsachol takes place at once o doesnt happen
at all- lhuy do not occLUn_ pochally

Lrwelmeh
0)Abot-4 hansacion aborfs chongemade u
net yisbl&
b Como-T yanha
dhonConwnts hanacs TL
isibl

BEFORE X:S y :2
TansaChion T

Read X Read
CY)
X:X-1 Y: Y+l
Wrile CX ortte CY2
AETER Xy AER Y:3|
 Page No.
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abowe Jaus and ameunt diducded skora

XIS net addud b Y,4it hesuls in
Consistent data bose
lhinalare, ranachion Muat Cxecute enikrelu

Consistenay
Inte arihy mst be maintained so-that datababe Is
ConAistent belar and allen tu fasachon Tt
lens to otecnesS database

Belare TLand T X+Y= 5t2-t

Aten T and Tz2 Xt =L+3=*

lencedatababe is conbiStent
Iselatien
INs propenty enUneS Dulipl branbadion an CccLn
IndapendanHy 1rthatt intnenunce dhangaes ocauin4
a pantiauan ransachon wl net be Visibla wthaut
fo anu then_banba.chon unhLthaf ntialan_hange
In that anbachon ic OHtTen o mermon Oc has
been ommitecd

onaiden,
TL
Riad G Read2 X=2
2 Road CY) Read Lx); Y-3
3 X:XEY X: X12 Z=y
4Wite) WteCX
 Page No.
Date

I mplues til and T2 stas

w l l e +4=6
then L lol Compute- 5t3 =

whun in tact, TLsheuld be 243

5
C
D sheuld be 2t9=

Ihhs rsLuts in_databae inccAisfenay

Dunabuits
his propenty enAUNeS_tha dnce thfyanadin
has Conmpluted eeuienthi updales andd
madincahons to th databhe an stord and
LOrNten to disR _and thuy pasist even t a ustern
ailu OCLL Ih2oe updates nouD becama peapranen
and an_stotd In nen-velailu memaru