Chemical Bonding

Valence electrons are the electrons involved Difference of Ionic and Covalent
in forming bonds to form compounds. Bonds based on their properties

metals have low electronegativity and

nonmetals have high electronegativity
because this property is important in the
formation of compounds. The nature of the
interaction between the atoms is determined
by their electronegativity.

Electronegativity is a measure of the

tendency of an atom to attract electrons, the
higher its value, the higher its tendency to
attract electrons

Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms

together to make compounds or molecules.
It is the link between the atoms in a
molecule. Chemical bonds are formed when
valence electrons, the electrons in an atom's
outermost electronic "shell," interact. These
bonds include both strong intramolecular
interactions, such as covalent and ionic
bonds.

Atoms with the largest electronegativity

differences (such as metals bonding with
nonmetals), the bonding interaction is called
ionic

Once the electrons have been transferred to

the non-metal, both the metal and the non-
metal are considered to be ions. The two
oppositely charged ions attract each other to
form an ionic compound.

There are two types of covalent bonds: the

polar bonds and the nonpolar covalent
bonds. If the electronegativity difference is
equal to 0.4, it results to a nonpolar covalent
bond. If the electronegativity difference is
less than 1.9 and more than 0.4, polar
covalent is formed.
 KARAPATAN NG ISANG TAO
Ang karapatan ay tumutukoy sa mga
prinsipyo na nagsisilbing gabay sa mga
pananaw ng tao na may kinalaman sa kung
papaano niya itrato ang kanyang kapuwa at
sa kanyang dignidad bilang tao. Ito ay
itinuturing na kapangyarihang moral
sapagkat ang paggamit ng mga karapatan
ay may kakayahang magdulot
kaligayahan, kapayapaan, at pagkakaisa.
Karapatang magpakasal o magkaroon
ng pamilya  Tungkulin na
pangalagaan ang pamilya
Halimbawa: Pagiging isang mabuting
halimbawa sa mga anak, pag-iwas sa
eskandalo na magiging sanhi sa
pagsira ng pangalan ng pamilya at
ng
pagsasabuhay ng mga birtud bilang
isang pamilya.

Ang pagkilala sa mga patas at hindi maaalis

Karapatan sa pananampalataya 
na karapatan ng bawat tao sa buong mundo
Tungkulin na igalang ang ibang
na pinakikilos nang may kalayaan,
relihiyon o paraan ng pagsamba ng
katarungan at kapayapaan ay
nangangailangan ng patas na pagbibigay- iba
halaga sa karapatan at tungkulin upang
makabuo ng batayang moral kung saan Karapatang maghanapbuhay 
lahat ng lalake at babae ay mamumuhay ng Tungkulin maghanapbuhay ng
mapayapa at makakamit ang kanilang marangal  Tungkulin ng bawat isa na
kaganapan bilang tao. Ito ang dahilan kung magpunyagi sa trabaho o hanapbuhay
bakit binuo rin ng United Nations ang at magpakita ng kahusayan sa
Pangkalahatang Pagpapahayag ng anumang gawain.
Tungkulin ng Tao o Universal Declaration
of Human Rights noong 1997 Karapatang pumunta sa ibang lugar 
Tungkulin na igalang ang mga
pribadong boundary, kaakibat ng
Karapatang mabuhay  karapatang ito na kilalanin ang
Tungkulin ang pangalagaan ang sarili o limitasyon ng sariling kalayaan at
pangalagaan ng mga magulang ang mga pribadong espasyo ng kapuwa. 
anak.
Tungkulin na sumunod sa mga batas
na pinapairal ng ibang lugar o bansa
Karapatan magkaroon ng pribadong ari-
arian 
Tungkulin na gawing na gawing legal ang
pagaari, mapayabong ang mga ito at
gamitin upang tulungan ang kapuwa at
paunlarin ang pamayanan.
Halimbawa: Pagtulong sa mga nasalanta ng
baha sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng
pagkain, damit o pera, mga bagay na tunay
nilang kailangan.
MUSIC OF THE
PERIOD (1750-1820)
Composers of the Classical Period
FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN (1732-1809)
Franz Joseph Haydn is one of the most popular
composers of the classical period. His brilliance
in music helped him become a famous
personality and raised his social status. He was
hired by rich patrons and eventually became a
musical director for the Esterhazy family for 30
years. His music reflects his character and
personality: mainly calm, balanced, serious but
with touches of humor.
He was able to compose over 100
symphonies and developed them into long
forms for a large orchestra.
He was named, “Father of the Symphony”
although he excelled in every music genre of
the period.
Most of his symphonies have nicknames
such as the “Surprise Symphony”, “The
Clock”, and “The Military”.
He also wrote chamber piano music and
choral works
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART (1756- 1791)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a child prodigy
and the most amazing genius in musical history
( At age five, he was already playing the violin
and the harpsichord; at six, he was recognized as
an exceptional pianist and, at seven, he was
already composing excellent music. At age
thirteen, he had written sonatas, concertos,
symphonies, religious works, and operas and
operettas.)
He composed wonderful concertos, symphonies
and opera such as ;
“The Marriage of Figaro” (1786),
“Don Giovanni (1789)
“The Magic Flute”
Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
Symphony No. 40 in G Major
Sonata No. 11 in A Major K311.
CLASSICAL
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827)
Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in
Bonn, Germany to a family of musicians
and studied music at an early age. He was
the composer who bridged the late
Classical era and the early Romantic era.
He was a talented pianist and composer.
His famous compositions include 32
piano sonatas, 21 set of variations, 9
symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 16
string quartets and choral music.
His works include the “Missa Solemnis”
(1818-1823) and opera “Fidelio” (1805). His
known symphonies are: Symphony No. 3
(Eroica), No. 5, No. 6 (Pastoral), No. 9
(Choral), which adds voices to the
orchestra.
He began to go deaf in 1796 but this
did not become a hindrance. He
continued composing through the
help of an assistant and hearing
gadget. Some of his famous
compositions were made when he was
deaf.
Characteristics of Beethoven’s works:
➢ His music veered toward larger
orchestras.
➢ Sound was centered on the violas and
lower registers of the violins and cellos to
give his music a darker mood.
➢ All themes in a piece are tied together
by one motif.
➢ He developed musical themes and
motifs extensively by means of
modulation
➢ He used more brass instruments and
dynamics
Mga Konsepto at mga Salik
na Nakaaapekto sa Demand
A. Konsepto ng Demand
Kahulugan ng Demand
Ang demand ay tumutukoy sa dami ng
produkto at serbisyong nais at kayang bilhin ng
mamimili sa iba’t ibang presyo sa isang takdang
panahon.
Ang Batas ng Demand
Ayon sa Batas ng Demand, kapag mababa ang
presyo, mataas ang demand. Kapag mataas ang
presyo, mababa ang demand. Ang ceteris
paribus ay nagangahulugang ipinagpalagay na
ang presyo lamang ang salik na nakaaapekto sa
pagbabago ng quantity demanded, habang ang
ibang salik ay hindi nagbabago o nakaaapekto
rito
May tatlong pamamaraan sa pagpapakita ng
konsepto ng demand.
1. Iskedyul ng Demand (Demand Schedule).
Ang demand schedule ay isang talaan na
nagpapakita ng inverse (di- tuwiran) na ugnayan
ng presyo at quantity demanded
2. Kurba ng Demand (Demand Curve).
Ang demand curve ay isang grapikong
paglalarawan ng d-tuwirang ugnayan ng presyo
at quantity demanded.
3. Demand Function. Ang demand function ay
isang matematikong pamamaraan na
nagpapakita ng magkasalungat na ugnayan ng
presyo at quantity demanded. Maari itong
ipakita sa equation na: Qd = f (P)
Ang Qd o quantity demanded ang tumatayong
dependent variable, at ang presyo (P) naman ang
independent variable. Ibig sabihin, nakabatay
ang Qd sa pagbabago ng presyo. Ang presyo ang
nakapagpapabago sa dami ng handa at kayang
bilhin ng mga mamimili.
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827)
Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in
Bonn, Germany to a family of musicians
and studied music at an early age. He was
the composer who bridged the late
Classical era and the early Romantic era.
He was a talented pianist and composer.
His famous compositions include 32
piano sonatas, 21 set of variations, 9
symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 16
string quartets and choral music.
His works include the “Missa Solemnis”
(1818-1823) and opera “Fidelio” (1805). His
known symphonies are: Symphony No. 3
(Eroica), No. 5, No. 6 (Pastoral), No. 9
(Choral), which adds voices to the
orchestra.
He began to go deaf in 1796 but this
did not become a hindrance. He
continued composing through the
help of an assistant and hearing
gadget. Some of his famous
compositions were made when he was
deaf.
Characteristics of Beethoven’s works:
➢ His music veered toward larger
orchestras.
➢ Sound was centered on the violas and
lower registers of the violins and cellos to
give his music a darker mood.
➢ All themes in a piece are tied together
by one motif.
➢ He developed musical themes and
motifs extensively by means of
modulation
➢ He used more brass instruments and
dynamics