UNDERSTANDING) BREAKING DOWN WEAN AUDS AND BAJES REMEMBER, enn RUD png ni BALES DO NOT DISJOCIATE 1007., AND EVERY CAVE HAS A RENT evo 0 ° fo VONUANON = FAI x 700 FORMALLONCENTAATION:SCF) HOW MUCH OF A CHEMICAL SPELIES WE PUT INTO THE SOLUTION. THE TOTAL OF All FORMS RELATED 10 THE SPELIES TLE CARTS CIMTIAL, CHANGE, Eguitiorium) t: Foamat (CONCENTRATIONS CHANGE, IMPACTED WN We THER ITS REACTANTS oR PROOUCTS. EXAMPLE e- CONCENTRATION AT EQUI DAUM FORMAN CHARGE oF HA= 010M WNAT ig ME CONCENTRATION OF HA AT equiti baum. a ASSUMPTION oO a= 4 JE THE E 4unorAUM gua to é Xx MERTON IF WE CAN ASSUME HRT na qoina, Quem impact THe roumnl Lt 010M om c “x TK € 010M -X x Wa = CHtICA = ASSUMPTION = x? cHAld OW 1.9K 1075 = 7 UNENTEATION GF HA = (0.10m - 1.3x107>m) = 13x10 3M, AT Equilibrium 6 Sie pHs log Hr a= ~1eqtisnioOma = 2.88 a sa AWM PHON) ‘fe WONYLATION = Wasp oe) x100 = VSTo to.10m Qaoosies-in- me. MEMBRANED)2ASS RUD AND Ren LEM \S PHAND i Seca & AUTDPROTONSIS OF WATER + WE ARE GOING TO REFER TO KW TO HELP US BUILD OR © H20 + H20 = Hz0"+ OH Mu)= CqulibeIUM CONSTANT FOR HzO Mw= CHz0*I 00H" NEUTRAL CONDINONS AND 25°C THE equibutam CONSTANT HUD = 1.0% 10-14 MEUTRA) LONDINONS MEAN ria THE (ONCENTRANONS OF cHzo'd (CHT3) AND COH-A ARE Equa ALIDIC (CONDITIONS: WHEN THE (ONDINONS OF CHT is GREATER THAN Con-2 BANC LONDITIONS © WHEN THE LONDITIONS GF Cor"2 IS GREATER THAN CHtl WO AND Wb ARE RELATED WIT AW. Ra ate Wha = cHracA-a/cHAa » + AHO 2 Met OH” Kos cHAatoH-a/ CAD ha x Kb = Kw. H20 — tr oH” AW THE [ANGER THE “WWAIUC” THE STIONGER THE IMPACT. LEX: LARGER WA THE STRONGER THE ACID) VAQKE WE CHAD REDEFINE THEM Witt THE p FUN CON p= -logf H2077 HE STARE & THE pons -togcon-a PU smonaed me phos ptt pO = 14 BECAUSE THE MAGNITUDES Ka, Hib, PAD. Hw ARE JO pX=-log X NDE QITANDING THE P FUNCTON. PX=-logX = X= 10 PXBINARY AND OXOACIDS UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENT TYPES GF RUDS. OXORUIDS ARE pups | THAT CONTAIN, OXYGEN, WW THIS CASE WE ARE FOCUSING Gut Com PONENTS: THAT WIN WERNEN THE O=rl GOND. THE WEN RE BONO Me entice me MNOIEUIE IS TO BE DEPROTONATED - HENCE moge ALI LNDUCTINE EFCC mow errecr on" euwnte ow etecreon DENCITN (EIECTED NEG ARVIN) over RaNTANE | GEAIN \MPORTANT TO THE AUDIC STGENGTH OF JOME CKORLIDS. THE MORE EIECTRONEGATIVE| Theleiement orton AS BONDED to THE WEARER THE OR BOND will, HENCE STZONGER VARGER THE WA WAIME THE STRONGER THE At H-o-cl H-o-L va: 3.0 K10°8 23x10" ee OXYGEN ANOTHER INTEREINNG PONT IS: THE mote | (ea BONES TD THE CENTRAL ATOM ~ THE UTONGER TH @ $0 oo MP e HOLIO,, HOCIOs ha: &Ox 108 treo 1x 108 has xi OTe Qo ies- IN - THE. MEM BRANEBINARY ANDO OxXOACIDS UNDERCTANDING TWO DIFFEZENT TYPES GF ALIDS. 02 HYDRAUOS ANE CERTAIN CoOmPCUNDS \ R: ACIDS (Hx AD WHICH HYDROGEN IS COMBINED WITH Becton, fipamgta ic aren RUD STRENGTH _~ sane’ PERIOD, ALIDIN NCBERIES, Ai BEND M0 IN GfE THE TNORDGEN MARINE IT MORE ACIDIC, BD 2 WITHIN BLAREAP AUDITY INCRERIES AS BEND STRENGTH L DECRERSES (BEND wehcret Sacueen y : BOND VIZENGTH DEMENES DOWN THE GROUP bur VIABILITY barry (ONjUGATE BAJE ICRERSES 4,5 (HENLE WHY HyS Af MORE ALIDIC THAN 1,0) y) BOMD EMERAY HF BOAD 6s AyImol na es + HCL GON 431 Ky) mot © an ° at HOr BOND 3 hs/mot HE BOND = 240 Hs / mot REFERENE FoR (COVAIENT BONDING. @rooptes-in ME_ MEMBRANEAUTOIONIZATION oF 11,0 @D=-2 & H20(4) H,0(2) Hz0* dl JETS ANAINE TWO DEFINITIONS OF ALIDY AND BES M DECRIBE Qabeeenes OF WATER AND How iT CAN ACT AS BOTH THE AUD AND A ree Ha0 CAN ACT AL AML ACID DN DONATING A PROTON (BLeNcTED) fA BANE OONATING ONE CET OF IIS IONE PAIRS TO a pupron (lewis), s DD AMER WS AMPHDTERIC® Havina HE IN ACIO AND BD he CONSTANT EATANOING THE EquillORIMM EXPRESSION FOR H20 + 70 == H307 + "oH * REMEMBER: AN eEquilibRiUM EXPRESSION DOES NOT FACTOR IN PUZE WQuos. =e AW = CHz0TIC OHD ota AT NEUTRAL LONDINONS LeH=7) AND 25°C AW= 1OKIO , So THis TENS THAT AT NEWTZAL ONDIONS) - ' os Ww = CHZ07IC OHI (0x 104) = 1.0 107) (1.9.x 10°F), THW Will SET THE FUNDAMENTAN TO HEIP Us UNDERSTAND pH, Na AND Kb vAWES rons + HYDRONIUM HYDROXIDE 10N ON Ss @poooies-in-THE-MeEMBRANEBETWEEN STRONG AND WERK AUDS + BES = & D NHS AN ME UNIT AGADHIC WE WOKED RT THE AUID/ GAVE REACNON BETWEEN Nils AND bout DID YOU NOTICE “HOW IT HAJ WRITTEN WITH THE Eguitibmium cimbc? THUS 2° Ae Doo w IenaNG, neat STRONG VERSUS WEACKOACIDS AAD EAVES ene teeta ROOUT STRONG An — °° Denies Tenn encroas = ao Me Pacvarius ie BETWEEN RERCTANTS RAD PRODUCTS. ‘oniey + L—>) AU AND BES * duit REFER To THE FACT CHF Wit nor @€ So/ 60 Hike THIS) ATRT WHEN THE uD oe ONCE REACTS 1007. Paoowcrs, OF RERCTANTS \S TURNING INTD PRODUCTS. STRONG WEAN au nade BASES C ACIOS 1. HYDAOGHIOMIC (HU) 2. WYDROBRONLC tier) REAGANTS. 3. WYDROIODIC CHT) 4. NITRIC LIN 5. SUVEURIE LHA6Q,) tionsc (Hace) 7. peacntonic (HE0, 3 é€ é 3 z REACTION candtucceecccnaners BASES: AN JUDIE METAL HYDROXIDE Cares) STM GRITS SUCHE LO NABH, KOH, LOCH, 1 CACO), AND MORE Had NOTHUNIG TD OO WHERER BE HARMFUL, DUT REFERS 1D OWN AR fle GE THE RUD OR BAVE wil FORM PRODUCTS. THIS IS WHEE WE BUI EguilibRiuM REIATONSniPS, AUD IONILATION: (Ka GAVE IONIZATION HACag) eae LN oF cag) + A104) Btagh T H,0(2) & CHa) OH7ag) Ka> CHeoC AL] Wo: CBHtAC ons} THA tel @osvpies- IN -HE_ MEMBRANELEIWIG ACIDS* BRSES LEW DEFINITION FOR ALIDY AND RAVES -| ee on s ES Sa -~& ® one aun i AUo an eRe Je Lents DEFINITION! FOR AUDS AND. MC THE mosr. Ru BAKES SINCE THE FOCUS is vGN DEFINITION sickest rs! AW AUD: FlEcTUoR! Prue ALERT. MIREIGHOUT HE REACTION THE ens RUD Wit ACCEPT A ELECTRON PI A ORIE® FleLrMeN RIB DONOR. THMNGHGAT THE REACRON mE BROMITED-LOWRY # ene Waitt DON: are eecuoN PRUR TD ENE A AREHENIUS 7 . Hele nyo: —> Gr + Hgo* AUD BASE On. (Nj. AUD EXAMPLE | EXAMPIE #2 HON + CaN, SS ONT Fr CHgnttgt eXAMPIE #3 Hs04 (ag) + HONE, lag) SF COg-Cag) + HONS! Cag) Sf ® oH EXAMPIE #4 Hon 22 oN eS Psu peopled. IN-THE- MEMBRANEBAGNSTED - LOWRY CEFINITION A MORE DETAIIED DEFINITION FOR AIDS AND BRES: THE AQGHENIUS DEFININON FoR RUDS AND BASES HAVE LIMITATIONS EXnmtble Norn BRUES MATE HNOHOXIDE THAT INEY CAM DONAIE TOME SOMTION, THE B2DNSTED ~ ITH SAND B20) LOWRY DEFINITION FoR AUD! BASES, NHs(ag) OPENS THE Doow FoR A BROADER DEFMITION COM: TO THE ARQHENIUS DEFINITION. foe wT ss DEFINITION WE CaN EXPLAIN HOW LANAMONIAD CAM ALT AS A BALE - WITH THIS. DEFININGN WE ARE GOING TO EXPLORE BOTH UOATE BASES AND CONUAATE ALIDS. = & @ | Bagussred Nttstaqy W000) ub MHLy (ag) sOH"(ag) BAS DEFINITE ALS SBaetseg, Me Ae a mNEWE THAT DIBARES A PROTON TO ANOTHER MoIELUIE INTHE SoIUTIGN, WE Cag) SET CaR) + HM C0g) A enMwiteD= LOWRY BASE 18 A SUOSTAMLE THRT AULEPIS A PROTON FROM THE OMIANNG swoSIANCE Nig tag) + Hig) NAY tag) = ®& & op @ooooies-in-HE.MEMBnANEAUB AND BASE NOTES UNDERSTANDING THE ARRHENIUS DEFINITION OF AIDS AND BASES & &® = &@® @& 42,000) 4,008) on” (ag) Hg0" Cag) THE AMZHENIUS DEFINITION OF ALIDS AND BRVES Wh WIUAUY ARRHENIUS THE FIRST CIAMFICATION OF ACIDS BALD BASES YOU will 1EARN. — GOIWA BALK TD UNDERCTANDING PRELIPITATION RERCTIONS AND HOW CERTAIN COMPGUADS WIA TERACTIN WATER. AUS AUORDING TD THE AREHEAIUS DEFIMINON OF ACIDS : AY AUO 16 A COMPCUND THAT ANQEASES THE CONCENTRANON OF HW DAONIUM. LHa0*) (OR NOTED AS HTS HORT HAND). BN ERY EXAMPIE DF AN ‘a AQQHENIUS ACID AE STRONG MARY RUS SUCH AS HI, Her HT ag) TITHE ARRHENIUS OEFININON OF BAVES: A BAVE WS SOMETHING THAT E (ONCENTRATION OF HYDROXIDE IN SHUN. SOME EXAMBIES + OF RACHENIUS BASES + 7 - INOWOE Naor, KOH, AND e- 3 @ H- No[ond” Nat ug) “0H tag) @ovootes-in.-THE_MEMBRANEA\BS BS FREE EE FREE ENERG FREE ENE RGY ¢ {A sere FUNCTION THAT COMBINES oe me ee NTROPY INTO AVINGIE VAIUE THAT MEPREJENTS THE FREE ENERH GIBBS FREE ENERGY HEIPY ws UNDEMITAND THE JPENTANCOUS HOW OF THE TLERU nou ENDERGONIC BG ANSTEM = BHSYSTEM - TAS 6vSTEM +iF bas PoOsITWE THEN THE REACTION {AE MOT JPONTANEGUS Tequires ENERGY BAIS O THEN ane REACTION AT HAND "Oy iar EQuilibaium a 1704 14 NEMRTVE Qquals A NEGATIVE VALUE THEN THE REACT ONTANEOUS NOT Hecoina eeacwuneur STANDARD FREE ENERGY © Ba° = SnG° prooucts - F na’ reactants ENoEgGOML: DA>O REACTION W Nov JPONTANEOUS ENERGY W AbJOrbED. EXENGONIC: Ba 0 - REACTION WN SPomANECUS EQuitioea Pate @uilibRUM THIS HELPS SHOW THE fala eee. DIFFEREN € between - 4° AND B4 FO wk fie) nn aii uM ? . x Hone ECON eREons a) nalel ofl REACTANT EQUIlibQUM eranouas FRVOREO EXERGONIC Barco i 3 3 i 3 3 => Keg—_paobucrs = ' WIRES FREE EMERY Q@voovies-1n_ME- MEMBRANETHERMODYNAMICS BIDCHEMINTRY: REIATIONUHIP CF THERMODYNAMICS ANID ENZYMES FIQJT LAI OF THERMODYNAMICS: ENERGY CAN NOT BE — (REATED OR DESTROYED - BUT TRANSFERRED £0 THE TOTAY CHINE AMOUNT OF ENERGY IN THE UNWERSE WS LONSTANT. BE STEM = Q rw = THERMAL ENEQGY EXCHANGE Ws CAPRUTY 10 BO WORK. SUMMUNDINGS BE UNIVERSE > Repeal + DE SURROUNDINGS TEMPERATURE: SNE BE WYSTEM= -BE umivel PRESSURE =: SEN urs re wy/ moe gue. | ENTHAIPYLH): THE (UM OF THE INTERNAL ENERGY oF THE asreae Pus eee oR OF OF me PRESSURE NO KRINEINUTIER = (€} 444 fern rev Car) rev SNSTEM ey): WS THE HEAT OST OR Bur AT CONSTANT PRECSUQE: ENTaineo Mneniimoe Dea e . = ot Pave + Pay) om DoUN! Fee FROM ITS (ON STITMENTS IN THEIR STANDARD AH ENTHAIPY = HEAT OF "t i THE SISTEM BHO EACTION * Fn Hig (onsoucEs) ~ Fn Hig (QERCTANTS SEND LAW OF THERMO DYNAMIC | IM A (IOSED ee 3 2. PB: 1SYN ROCESS THAT JTARTS IN ONE EQuilibaium 7 TRANSFE@ASE ENDS IN ANOTHER Will G0 IN che Dimecrion. inet AUSES THE ENTQOPY OF THE SYSTEM INCQERJES. ENTROPN CS): 8 sine FUNCTION THAT LY perenaed TO WN THE “STATE OF DI ENTOONY 1 THE MERUED STATIN PROSMEINIY OF ENERGY GITEAOUTION IN A UYSTEM AT LONSTANT PREVSURE = BS sueemmoinas = = C OH) WsTEM TEMPERRTURE TANDARD ENTROPY 3 OF THE RERCNON: OS%xn= Dad prooucrs ~ Las teactAanrs fl IN ORDER 1D POWER THE REACNON IF THE MODUCN HAVE A deCRERME IN OVERALL REACTION ENCROEY SENIOR Ie Nee be Qdoootes-in- HE. MEMBRANE ENERGY MI/MOLEEQUILIBUUM STRESS /A (ONCENTRANONM A AN THIS EXAMIPIE THE (OMENTERTION OF Malay WA) INC@EASED AFTER THE EQUI DRIUM WAS RIRERON AHI eQuilibaium TMOGQUITS TOTHIS CRESS DY FRVDMINA THE FORWARD a = TION AUD UsiG UP THE NEWN RODEO HC) . THE OPPOSITE TANG WOALD BE TRUE IF A CERTAIN, RERCANIT/ 3H2q) | NG) znilig(q) «PRODUCT 4S. DECEASED, THIS AS HOW THE EQUI BRUM OF A REACTION, 1S CHANGED WITH THE INCREASE (On DECEEASE) OF EITHER THE PRODUCT! OR REACTANTS Crh] INCREASE PRESULE CHANGE PRESJURE . senemeena: WHEN IT (OMEN 1D VOLUME : omnes PRESURE CRANGEN AND. WIS (MOACT To EQUITLDTIMM ONE THING TO CONMIDER WTAE NUMBER OF MMECALES IH THE RERCIANT ANID WIMEN PRESSURE ES IME DECREASES AnaRAuNe sncnenags (yoluane oanenses) TMOLECUIES WIN BE FAVORED. 2NH3 (4) CONCENTRATION. cemene 01D EQUI ORIUM, STATE | WHEN PRESURE DELREAIES (yDMMME INDEALES) EQuarorium wilt FADE THE CIDE oF THE REACTION WITHTHE MONT GAY MOECWIES, TEMPERARARE CHANGE PRESSURE INCREASE @® a WHOS 11 OMES TD TEMPER AULE IMPACTING EQUIDWUM WE NEED Na) TIREAT “HEAT” AL A REACTANT OR PRODUCT. AND AFTER DANG THIC WE will TREAT IF THE CAME. WAY WE DO 1D INCLENE OR, DEERE IM CONCENTRATIONS, EXOTHERMIC RERCTIONS: HEAT PRODUCT a 2 8+ [HEAT Me ENDOHEOMIC REACTIONS : emer O1 EQuilibeium STATE HEAT GEACTANT, comme NEN EQUIDRIUM STATE. a+ [REARS @ wormme NEW EQUILDIUM STATE EXAMPLE INCZERJE OF TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION, ° Q@voo0es-- THE. MEMBRANEPROPERNES OF CQuiliBUUM LEN CHEM NFOGRAPHIC: REF AT EQUI BEAU REACTION QUOTIENT ssa gument.o comes some rem, ; THETAME WAY ne EQUIMLEENI ConeTAAT: ao @® — a@ eee = peace? Hag) Taq) THE @ pa GOO, MEN Sr nas IME REACNON Q@=& EQuINLeCRUM 1 Orn OG PaoouLrs FAYDRED trlq) REACTANTS FRYDRED EQuHiBRiUM T24) © CONCENTRATION: Time OME way ty gepmes + TNE MARR RANO OF PaoduLr CvER © TH ARE THEE AP EQUI BCIUM, cl RinAoaeo AIL DE Beaten MAE eS um Ogee Her AWAY MEAN 60:60. 934 puonuere nee nau} 22 RENNER S Mic NBER COOTER Taio mE Panoucrs @ RencraMTs (spqurAMe cus) rm REACTANTS TO PRODUCTS LOPONTANEOUS ) Ar EOUIDRIUM BG =O REVERSIBIE RERCNOW ENERAENCS BG= FREE ENERGY AT ANY momeENT BAP> STAOALD FREE ENEZ AN DEAL AA IAW BSGUTE TEMPERATURE (NEIVIN) PRODUCTS AND REACTANTS. MON EQuilibaiuM DA: BAe ATING AT EQuili pum © oae+ arin rue be seaGants, bae =~ erinteg FREE ENERGY @oseores- ui. me_nems RaneCHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM wien nasa Meanie ketene acacia (PRODUCTS 1D RERCTANTS: — = Beane & THE REAcnoal = = couilienum paaon THe Conccnitannen GFA dacuc mses WHILE & INCREASES YET AT A CERTAIN FOWARD PROGRESS: R= ACAI — TIME CONENTRATION Wail PLATEAU, REVERSE PROACESE: R=kKCB] HENLE EQUITIBMIAM, ,EOUNGAUM AT EQuINBMUM: WCAI- NCBI = mee came REVERSE aA Se caer enre => couinerum wrnow CONCENTEANGN, AT t§ MOT THAT REACHES SOP Bul THE RATE GF THE TWO REACTIONS Oo TIME ARE MATCHED, 8 3 z 2 3 = 3 EXAMPLE © “CONSTANT heq A MOAR NANO oF PRODUCTS cveR @. + @ = = REAGHNTS AT EOUITI DRUM aAt ve =eC+ aD Neq= Pocoucts EQuili Baum 4° DeAcrANS CORCIANT GON agen cee (aq) Kr pg? taas b wt Tere. aacee (COEFFICIENTS eq HAS No UNUTS, Weq= EXAMPIE: Neg = CNHa cH,>CN,1 TIME @ovonces.n-THE. MEMBRANEKINET! ETICS..R AATE LAW Genenal nate eq: Re KCAI™LBI = REACTION CONSTANT Tras BATE @DER FIRST ORDER iS ncenreanon Finstenpen: @: UAT OF fh ME: Rae IW, NACAI~-ne «EAT HAIPMFE: 72 0.698 = © _nencrind anre CONCENTRANON © = TIME ZenomnoRvER: 2 KCAI® UnTeor ns USEC) INT. QAEIAW: CAT ® ~Ke FCATE HAIF=leE tyge CRIe/AK SHELF-LIFE car SRE uaa @ovovies-w-THE-MEMBeANE 1aTlo NEMICAL Ty a8 ON SHIPS =oD SECOND ORDER ence mrannen ume Seno mpeR: 2+ KLAI* unnrsere Una cee) WNT AATEIAW! 4 = Kee cna Eni WAM: bz HP CAIL Arrnenus EQ. hae es -ga | nK= ae in = a Ea: ACTWANEN ENcQay R? AAS CONNTANT. T= TempenaTuee Az FREQUENCY AJM MMERJE THE TeEmpERA URE WEUGHI BY 10°C THE RATE UN AEUGHIY osUbIE. ‘7 Temp, ~ REACTS Witt wal nErIVANOM, ENERGIES ARE Slow AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT. PNUTHER RELANONTHIP: we Slat)INTEGRATED RATE LAW (HE MUSTRN INFOGRAPHICS: INTEARATED BATE CANS a RELATIONSHIP e © X TIME e ‘Oo -@ THE DIFFERENTIAL GATE IAW: BCAI/OT = K = oO (CAN BE INTEGRATED IN RESPECT 1 TIME TO HEIP Us BUD A REIRNOVICHIP BETWEEN A GIVEN TIME BND (ONCENTEATION. EQUATIONS aa ExAMPIE* oO ERS WR cearain TIME 1G UN FIND tri QELAWE IN (ROER TD HAVE A_ VINER AMOUNT OF CAD THROUAHAIT AN EIARIED TELRTIONUENP Dat WEEN, TIME AND AMGUNT OF TIME LONCENTRATION WE HAVE TD ATER. THE EQUANON FOR DIFFERENT RATE ORDERS. ZEROTH ORDER: Dirf.RATE = BCA =k Bt INT. QATE* CAT, = - Kt + LA a SPE: - a _FuacT onDeR: DIFF GATEIAN 2: -6CAQ=KEAT Be WIT RARE: IncAds -KL+ INCA, 5 5 a -k fo (ONLENTRATION nmME ° TIME cea ‘setwno oaver . DIFF RATELAW @= -sCAl= KCAT kK ot UNDERSTANDING TIE IST BATE = 1 = ner Aa cede ‘Iona CRI RENCHON ORDER. ° Qooooes. 01 THE- MEMBRANEARATE LAW + EQUATION CHEMI ITON INFOARAPHIC: BATE LAW AND EQUANEN EXAMPIE - REACTIONS. <ée AATE LAW THE DATE UAW: matdemancal nelAnonyHie DATWEEN (ONLENTRANON oF THE REACTANTS AND THE RATE oF THE REACTION eA EQUANON: R= WCAI"LEI”™ a : 2 ° K= geacnon UMTANT a SS Na te eee Se Reacnon. VRRIADIES: M ANAN SHOW THE IMPACT EACH LEACTANT WI HAVE ON THE VERN RATE ce THE RERCHON. NEED TD BE FOUND EXPEQIMENTAIY, ‘eOsTH oROER FIRST GROER SECOND ROER LenoTH DER =~ KCAI” iF THE LoncenTeanons CHANGES Cline doUDiEs) THE SVEGAN PALE DEEL NOT CHANGE. wuts FOR: (Mi sec) RHCAI FIRST CROER MERAY IF CAI doubles THEN THE @Afe DaUDIES Fiair oRDER ‘ Renna sHP. uniTserny : (1) sec) REACTION RATE 8 3 z = 3 = 3 ° ° CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION SELOND ORDER REACTION RATE B= ACAI send oRDER MEANS THATIF THE ONCENTRANON DOwUbIes THEN THE CVERAN RATE Will QUAD RUDI EN, KK? REATON CHIP: UsursrorMe ('/m-cec) CONCENTRANEN @vovotes-iIN-THE- MEMeRANE Examples: unimaccuiAR GATE = KCAL BimaeMiAR Rare = KCAL BIMMEGALAR RAT = KCAITOI TeEnMncCMAR ATE KCAICE]CCIey tat ION EN ENERGETICS EXOTHERMIC+ ENDOTHER MIC: ruaatcasam wee Es ~ nana @-@D—- 6-0 ©o0 DEney, pRoQUETS- CERCIAALTS Ea gev ts eercrn TORNSITION STATE enenay 7ma) REACTION ENERUENCS CROTHER MIG: senen eqns ee PRODULTS ARE IOWER ENERGY THAN REACIARIS. () ENrHatey, REACTANTS => PaoDUETS + ENERGY 0-@+Q:."« Te ENODOTHERMIC --6 CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT THE peers nA AlaHee Neen THAd te BEAC a REQUIRE ENERAN ineUT. ENERGY + REACTANTS => PRODUETS oo-@ a 6 ae emeany + ea @ veovies ww ME. MEMBRANE ry z 4 elCOUISION MODEL* ENERGETICS CHEMISTRY INFOGRAPHIC: (OWISION MODEL* EteRaencs OWUSIONS CHEMIE TNEEE 15 Oaen Te Fond & papouct TURUMAET R GLEMUCAL SERCTION TH WACToWiBe faup THe counsiON THis De IN THE (OTrect OPIEN TATION AMO WITH THE Tainiteum MOUNT 0 F ENERGY TO DRIVE THE REACTION FoowAao. e2 @ ~ o:@-@ NOTENGUAH ENERGY THE ENERGY REQUIRED TH OVE THE sees FOWARD W CANED THE ENERGY OF RCWWATI THU W WHY UOLCeM TRANS oonTWeN mencts ACTION RATE AHIGHER (ONLENTRA TON Unt WMRERSE THE WNLHOOO oF EPFECME CONWENS ORIENTATION INCH EXAMPIE > EVEN wate THE (ORLET, ae OF ENERGY THE REACTION Will NOT MBN THe CMENTATEW H loubect. Bur ers AY THAT Tie gencrisn any IADOE WHEN THE ewe vibe w wr Ov ENERGY 7 i 3 Tine @ooootes.n-me-menenaneGHEMIGAL. JSINETICS RATE rete, ()—-6¢ EQUATION: motte = concenrenTiON Aa ) « (MUNDER ae tine REACTION: A—>'B MOARITY CMPCL/L) IMPALES BATE CECAUSE "THe HIGNEU THE CONCEHTEATIONS THE CHORE MOLECES ALE (UIDINE TY RATE sistem eisron a URE WICREMES THE RATE SURLANOINAS IRAEAY ine Concesv@nnon tnchence S tae RATE INCLERIING SURFACE AUER INCREASES THE GATE GUN GF A CATAWWOT TIME Aencrnaite one oF OsAPPCEANLE PRODUCTI: RATE cr APPEARANCE a>® LATE OF RERCIONT A: =: UNIQUE RATE OF A Te A: =peaa Que RATE OF RATE Ur APPEAAANKE @: (BEET umque RATE OF 6 S Time exameue #2 UMqUe BARE OF A REACTION aA+ ge = 4c unique REACTION ARIE: Qooootes-in THE MEMBRANELREA\ ABS 2 nA sz SURROUNDING S EQUATION “ VET WI ANAINZE Gue GAY EQUATIONS: We CONSTANT rH Nis (9) Peessuce Bovies law: PvE K volume CHAQIES IAW: Vet TemPecnmee: nc AVOUAORO'S IAW: Ve ne K NOIUME WV): describes THE CONTAINER PRESSURE LO) THE FORLE THE GAS MNECUIES ARE EXERTING ON THE (ONTRINER WA MeANURE OF HOw MUCH (neivial) — RINENC ENERGY THAT W THE ENERGY CUBIS — OF MOTI Ag I THE SISTEM. WWELES CN) * AMOUNT CF GAS. Por MASSES: THE 1OERL GAY law ars a mete EQUATIONS Bae JER: PV=n s eae THE IDEAL GAS law ( ALO TNPAIRERCAL ASsuMenon TH oe THERE BRE No INIERMMNECUIAR FoncET. THATIHEN AEE AME PONT MAES. ny PN = ney UNIVERSAL GAY CONTANT? Je, YoU cuoose, @ meme! waits: 0.0821 L- ATM TH Oe Qa (Ont via rove THAN N@U’ Wave @ 6 eRe PARED TO CONVERT all THER UNITS LAT, MO and PWN SINCE THE VALUe Of RoW CONSTANT PROPORTIONAIM: OF THE AAS law EQUATION. Pu=R SINCE WE HAI nT pt ROPE RY WECAW Ounto.. Pie = Pave mew Tz DEVIATIONS nivresccas us ster gername MPERATUBE AND HIAH DENSITY. eve THE More THE compre sco HO ner FAQOR d&Mntes Fi THE eas WIN ACE Whe’ A (real a\-qas entO LESS IDEAL @owores mime. memReanea CHEMISTAN INFOURE BOYLE LAW & @ J SHOUS THE BEIANONCHIP BETWEEN PRESSURE AND Mag) Yuceamomas YOIUME Br CONTA Fembca antes (uerHeaanc GUDITIONS) even Sunice, oat AIWANS AIM AGNe PNOTHER RELATION SHIP: Pas = OaNa, Pressuce 0 EIA = ABCHUTE ZERO CHARIES tA Ww #2069) 0219) Te MPERANIRE HAS w@ BE HELA SHOWS THE REIATONS HHP BETWEEN HEWN Coe 218.6 VOIUME AMO TEMPERATURE vat Consteatr pREsRE fAvoueadrols 1aW: AT A CONITAMT T AND P. EQUAL PAATS oF VOLUME CONTA EQUAL NUMBER OF MES oa v y Tempennmge Cn) DANTONS CAW Pry? Pet Pate: Pao TemPcaAmuee x To FIND TorAl pressuee QAM LUSSACS IAW BR REIATIONTHIP We CARL GAY WUSALS Lad HEIRS us AIATE PRESSURE RMD TEMPERATURE AT LONNTANT VOLUME. BUND FRUM THES WS Qovon.es-int-TME-MEMBRANEWINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY CHEMISTRY INFOGRROMIC = WINETIC MOLECUIAR THEORY CF GASES SCHARAUERNNGS OF GAVES. . THEN ARE EASY TD CompRESS 2.THEN EXPAND To Fill THEIR CONTAINERS FUNDAMENTALS OF AMT: FUNDAMENTALS CF WINETIC MOLEGMAR THEORY ASSUMPTION: |. THE VOMIME OCCUPIED bY THE MOLEGUIES OF THE GAS 16 néqubIE @ e WMPAREO To THE VOIUME GF THE GAS ITSEIF PONT. cMEM: MASS 2. THE MRECUIES OF AN IDEA! GAS HAYENO ANRACTWE OR REPUISWE Fences BETWEEN On ERC CTHER 6 THe CON TAIRER C® THE MALELUES ARE IM LONTANT RANDTM MOTION, FONOING NEWTONS Ni, tH Nits laws s CF MUTION. a f 4 THE COWISIONS ARE PERFECIN ELACNC- TaTAL MINENC ENEREY AS (ONSERVED AND THE COMSIONS PRE GAORT LOMPAZED 1 THE TIME BETWEEN Conisions. fers 1 5. THE AVERAGE WINETIC EMERAN OF THE GAS MOEWIES 1S DIREGIN PROPERTIONAL 1 THE ABSoiuTE TEMPERATURE. Ta>T, N. HOF MOLEWMIES Hor MREGNES Seen (is) HL Corores- i-THE MEMBRANEMOLES T CONCENTRATION CHEMACIRY INFOGRAPHIC: MOLE FRACTION, MOVARITY, + MOLALITY, ae + MOLARITY @> “> @ o an wr cA MOIRRITY 1s ONE, 1F NOT, THE MosT wionarion! 20 IMPORTANT CONCENTRATION CRIGUA TION: SPHERE MOLAR ITY HEIPS US UNDER STI i THE NUMBER CF MRES OF SAUTE D PER TER 6F SOUTH . enes-ge sense EQ: ee NS iaunen esn i. ALUuae THE MORGIY OF A Perle) + PREPARED bY DINOVING |. ery QOSEQU HCL IN 26.@mt WATER VS GHC ( Leiner |) = 4 20x10* mois HEI. (soured Se.A4b GHC 2.B Me 20 (te = 2BxIO7 L HZO ( smuTion) tooo me, MoLAQITY = (4284 ot mas Hel) = OM HO 2.6BXIOZL HAO Cvoj na @ MOLALITY ™ & = WHEAT COMES TO _— THE CALCULATIONS | ARE AE puree AT FOMMED ARCUND MHEI CF YUE TO Hilqramys oF JOUT Ors. EQ: m gases @ooootes -1-Tre- MEMBRANEINTERMOLECUIAR, FORCES CHEMISTRY INFOGRAPHIC: INTERMWLECAIAR minnamnaetalenerentes Fons WT UNA, MOLECULE | vontic some, fo METRIC vn BETWEEN WIEN . THESE For mourtuley These rons IMPACT FACTORS WME CUEERCE TENTION AND BOUINGPOINT LONDON - DISPERSION, @ REY. Ting cuter npc wien a acu EY Ste nun nena Se a ie cae coe N~ INDUCED Oi Hom pasa Le te Ste @u 6" @® ea = woseD ipae 6» @® wy owen a Nar TMEM: TH Wil (AWE THE ELEM DENSITY To move, DIPOLE - INDUCED BIPGLE TE samen LE = tt ‘rane ampncr von 1, O\ Deane Bur witrt banne cove} mcleduies. ¢f 1@® @—INTERMOLECUIAR FORCES CHEMISTRY INFOGRAPHIC: INTERMULECAIAR FORCES. es Fontes Pn MONEE : (OAL eT. mek NOEFBINC INTERMALECUIRG FORCES: FORLES BETWEEN MMOLELUIES . THESE FOr CUIGS THESe FORGES IMPACT FACTOR! IME CUETACE TENTION AND BOUINGPONT IoN-ION PERMANENT- PEQMANENT: OIPOLE-DIPALE Cina nL ee A. 9 PARTIAL PARTIAL owek - on ests INTERACNON a ‘ ni THATS Oe ein TON- DIPOLE ' emo wearer Reva INTER MNEWUAR FORLES ARE FORCES BETWEEN NT CHARAES ten ALO PARTIAL CHARGES FQOM —e uN est Pours waoeeeuces, @ uw @ @ st PARTIAL CHARGES os @ G eallar Arn tYy Faom "“@ DIPOLE - DIPOLE H- = STRONGER VERSION OF DIPQLE- DIRE INTERACTIONS HW BOUDED To 0,4, F AND AIMACED @ A 0,N/AND FIN ANGTHER MOVECUE s+ Prarie -enenae i. St ONOF)-H NU OM, 0.8) st @vooor€s-in_ THE-MEMeRANEee a CHENG REACTION: [CATION (ANION Ch cag) Agnes cand Nachcag Aga Nanog (aq) oP : @o SewsTIEN LAZO} @o + oF TIAL IAC EQUATION: OANA al HE a THAT PRE CASSOWED. VERSUS THE sOUDS em? + oO “” O ow —->@o., Of, ea Ag lag) + Mog imp F watlegy + cn tagd Again + Not vagy + NO; 04) {PECRTOR IOUS: tens THAT APPEAR OM BETH LIOES OF THE RERCTION Toe Leto OD NUT PALCIPATE IM THE ECACIIORL @ Siup OE wey NET IONIC EQUATION: REMCVING SPECIAITR: IOS AND SHOWING THE CHEMICAL REALTION S *@y On — > Qo» fg! gh “2 Agacs) WNEREUTING FAD: IF THE NET (OIC EQUATION Is OH"CAg) FH*CaQ) > HHz0 CE) TS A NueT@AITANGN EACNEN @. 0. — @. ona) or Hy0 Le) DoOOLES-IN-THE- MEMBRANEPRECIPITATION REACTIONS CIEMISTEN IMFOGRAPHIC: PRECIPITATION REACTIONS . S37 ANSUFIDES ARE INSQUWDIE ExtePT THOSE OF Nat, WY, NHS AND THOSE OF THE PIna\NE EARTHS. AM SAUTS GF J6DIUM LOR, POTASSIUM ION ARID AMMONUUM IONS @ eo @ Aue WeIUBiC BesIWes’ come UNcoMMEN! OMe Not ne Ny THE RAN OF TWD SQUGIE FALIETS > PRODUCING A INSauvIE PASDUG THAT PRECIPITATES. AGN0g (aq) 1 act Lag) > AgChis) + Manos (aq) 8 @&-— ‘@ 0 ‘@f eo SOURLE IN SOUBIE sono Aqueous Aqueous Q@oovvies-n-ME- MEMGRANEGENERAL SOLUBINTY RULES HEmistay Me cena TY RULES. All NITRATES ARE SMUbIE. All ALETATES ARE CUBE (AG H3O, ONIN A LITE) Caz0r AMI CHIDRIDES, BROMIDES, ANIO ODES ARE SEWDIE IN SOUTIOA BESIDES Ag*, Ph*, AND Ha? au, ANCA Oa AME UNUDLE EACEPT THOSE OF Ba2*, Pt, Sop AN CARBOUAIES AND PHOMPHAIES ARE INVOWeLE EXCEPT a THOSE GF NAF, KY AND NH4+ Poy - Ai WYDROKIDES ARE WILAUDEEXCEOT THOLE SE NON AND KY @ " 2H RALD Catt WYORDKIDES ARE OMIY SIGITY IOUBIE. 0 G@ooootes- inl. THE. MEMBRANEPERCENT COMPOSITION Y% CHE MLSTILY INFOURAPTUC: PERCENT (0 MPOLITION /- MOLECULAR MAGS JETS CALCUIATE THE MOLECULAR MA OF SUIFURIC RUD: H2SQ,, MOLEGUAR: SUIFUR 32.065 g/mol WEIGHT oe ge e* MOLEWAR = OKN GENS (ss aaa ai mar) x4 ECUIAG. : HYDROGEN (1.008 I/mor) x a atta © wala (.e5sime) STRONG RUD . + Ne MOLECUIRG WEIGHT UF SuIFURC: 48.014 9/ma “ RUD PERCENT COMPOSITION Z% THE PERCENT BY MASS C¥ EACH EIEMEMT PRESENT INA MREUULE Meomrouren= (mai general) #00 oe, . 7 sueue iM SulFUmC — RUO. SuiFUe* 32.065 9/ mol x 00 = SUIFURIC AUD: 16.019 9/ mar 32.09 /. @poovies iN-THE- MEMBRANESTOICHIOMETRY CHEMLSTHY INFOURAPHIC: ¢ro1 cHLOMETaN SuBSUUPTS: Teuc tHe» cr z OF AION oF EACH COEFFICIENTS: Tent THe number OF MOLECULES COMOLES) B® @: 20 202 MOLECULAR MASS MOLECUIAR MAN: iT CAMUIRTED AY OF THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS UF cree ATOM, Jeienenr mminipnieD ON ITS CUBSEMIPTS IN THE LUIAR FORMUIG oO MOLAR MASS Na: 354527 9/mol ~O MAAR MAN CA: 72.98909/mo1 “O Nacl: 6844269 inet MOLES 12 am near ow LEC pA, WEIGHT CAM INFUENCE CONVERS 101 AVOGADRO'S NUMBER: 1 moLe = &.02 x 107? Aroms/ MOLECULES 02K IO maecures og ines oe Bet Lot Ne Nac. 3.U4 grams nact (a )( 68426 guams} \ Vmot Nac! 3.AgeamsDIPOLE DIPOLE INTERACTIONS OURADHIC DIPLLE-DIPLE WTERLACIONS a Mn 2». 20 1" 20 so Rau 2. Meow i Ag @doooies-In-THE-MEM RANEeS METHANOL Cents. 1i-THE- MEMBRANECOVALENT BONDING TOTAL: & CARBOUS 2@ INFOAQAPHIC: (ULENT BONDING CARBO O1MIDE ee oe sated ee COD e No DIPNE MoMENT Q@doovteu. W-THEe- MEMBRANEMETALLIC CHAGACTER | METALS METAW TEND ® 10SE 27 mre Non METALS VOWIOUIZATION ENERGIES rm META DIDS \OW ELECTRONEGATIMNES NON- METALS HIGH ELECTION AFFINITY HIGH ELECTRONEAANVITY, @DoDoptej_IN-THE- MEMBRANEELECTRON AFFINITN T i v0 marmot Na $3 WI/mol " + ENG ii Ore ——} 3) oesney, nana ‘alo ELECFaON AFFUALITY a WHEN THIS PROCES e € WAPPENS Teste GQUUP 1 CHAIOGENS) FIUORINE -326 nIVmor CHLORINE + 244 FT /mot BROMINE | ~ 324 AT/ mor Rb 47 n7/mot @oopoes.tm THE. me MeRAAEve RADIUS TRENDS NC TABIE TRENDS: ATOMIC RADIUS eu. @ dooples- IN-THE. MEMBRANE1 TONIZATION ENERGY PEQIUDICTABIE TRENDS : IMITATION ENERGY THE MINIMUM AMOUNT OF ENERAY NEEDED T REMOVE ) 1251.1 HI/ mol AN ELECTRON VONIZATION ENERGY AlMAli METALS AINALi EARTH METALS cq er srssnanressey) re a 44ent/ma Nat I Na SODIUM ION sooium @ poooces-iN-THE-meEM BRANEELECTRO NEGATIVITY PERIODIC TRENDS: ELECTROMEARTWITY eS THE ANRALION @ GHARED ELECTRONS nthe OP e ®@ Nowpoine. GQ @dooLEs-IN-THE_ memMBRANE