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- Vegetables
- Whole grain
CARBOHYDRATES - Nuts, seeds, dry beans
- The most abundant form of bioorganic - Peas and lentils
molecule
- Largest part of a healthy diet
- Main source of energy BIOCHEMICALLY IMPORATNT MONOSACCHRIDES
- About 75% of a plant’s dry mass
- Six monosaccharides the are especially
- Plants produce carbohydrates from CO2 and
important in metabolic process
H2O during photosynthesis.
- CO2 + H2O + energy (sun) carbohydrates
and O2

Three types:

- Sugars
- Starches
- Fiber

Sugars: Simple carbohydrates

- Digested quickly
- Monosaccharide
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose CYCLIC FORMS OF MONOSACCHARIDES
- Disaccharide
- Sucrose
- Lactose
- Maltose
Sugars in food:
- Apples
- Strawberries
- Oranges
- carrots
- Beets
- Milk

Starches: Complex Carbohydrates

- Requires more work for body to digest

- Polysaccharide

Starches in food:

- Grain or grass seed

- Peas
- Corn
- Beans
- Winter squash
- Potatoes Haworth projection formulas

- The "edge-on" cyclic forms of

Dietary Fiber
- Helps digestive system works properly
- Protect body from heart disease and cancer
- Teens need 26-38 dietary fiber a day
- Adults 19-38
Fiber in Foods:
monosaccharides are represented by
Haworth projection formulas.
- The oxygen of the ring is in the upper right
(6-membered rings) or top (5-membered
rings).
- The a- or B-label is determined by the
position of the OH on the hemiacetal carbon
with respect to the CH₂OH group; same side
of ring: B; opposite sides of ring: a.

- Only in plant sources

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- trioses enter the glycolytic pathway at the
triose phosphate level
-

TRIOSE
- a monosaccharide, or simple sugar,
containing three carbon atoms.
- Monosaccharides are the simpliest form of
carbohydrates.
- Trioses are important metabolites in cellular
respiration

Two naturally occurring trioses are: PENTOSE

- pentose is a monosaccharide with five
 aldotriose (glyceraldehyde) and
carbon atoms.
 ketotriose (dihydroxyacetone)
- their molecular weight is 150.13 g/mol.

 Aldotriose glyceraldehyde
Pentoses are separated into two groups:
- It contains both and aldehyde (an aldose)
and the three carbons (a triose).
 Aldopentoses
- Glyceraldehyde (glyceral) is a triose
- is a pentose with a (potential) aldehyde
monosaccharide with chemical formula
group at one end.
c3h603.
- subclass of the pentoses which, in the linear
- One chiral center and therefore exists as
form, have the carbonyl at carbon 1
two different enantiomers with opposite
optical rotation.

 ketopentoses.
- Pentose having a single ketone group at the
2-position.
 ketotriose (dihydroxyacetone)
- The ketopentoses have instead the carbonyl
- is a ketottriose also known as glycerone
at positions 2 or 3
consisting of acetone bearing hydroxyl
-
substituents at position 1 and 3.

Important to maintain carbon

IMPORTANT OF TRIOSES
- Trioses, such as D-glyceraldehyde, have
been used extensively for the study of
stimulus-secretion coupling mechanisms in
pancreatic beta-cells.
homoeostasis, to provide precursors for
nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, to
provide reducing molecules for anabolism,
and to defeat oxidative stress.
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Tetrose - simple sugar with the molecular formula
C6H12O6
- monosaccharide sugars whose
- most abundant monosaccharide
molecules contain four carbon atoms.
- made by plants and most algae during
photosynthesis from water and carbon
dioxide
- stored as a polymer

- An aldose is a monosaccharide that

contains an aldehyde group (-CHO)
whereas a ketose is one that contains a
ketone (C=O).
- an aldotetrose is a tetrose with an
aldehyde group and therefore the
carbonyl group is located in position 1.
- A ketotetrose, in contrast, is a tetrose
with a ketone functional group located
in position 2.
 Galactose
- gives galactose different chemical and
biochemical properties to glucose
- nergy-providing nutrient
- basic substrate for the biosynthesis of many
macromolecules in the body

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
- Phosphoglucose isomerase is the second
enzyme, its role is to convert glucose 6-
phosphate into fructose 6-phosphate.
- the tetrose is an inhibitor of an enzyme
in the glycolysis pathway, preventing it
from proceeding onward. Mannose
difference between a tetrose and a pentose? - sugar monomer of the aldohexose series of
carbohydrates.
Tetrose - monosaccharide which has four - important in human metabolism, especially
carbons atoms is called tetrose in the glycosylation of certain proteins.
- It is a C-2 epimer of glucose.
Pentose - Is also a monosaccharide which has
five carbon atoms is called pentose.

HEXOSE
- is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with
sic carbon atoms.
- Molecular weight 180.156 g/mol
- Open chain or cyclic

Fructose
- fructose provides four calories per gram
- known as “fruit sugar”
- Fructose and glucose have the same
chemical formula (C6H12O6) but have
different molecular structures
- Fructose metabolism does not require
insulin and has a low impact on blood
glucose levels

 Glucose
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The hexoses glucose, galactose and fructose serve as

important dietary energy sources in animals