Assignment Cover Page

Programme Course Code and Title

Master of Business Administration (MBA) BMBA1043 Business Information System

Student’s name / student’s id Lecturer’s name

Andrew Ooi Oon Theong / ID#0204732 Dr Jasmine Phan

Date issued Submission Deadline Indicative Weighting

Week 3 – 28 September 2022 Week 6 – 25 October 2022 30%

Assignment title Assignment 1: Analysis of Business information systems.

This assessment assesses the following course learning outcomes

# as in Learning Outcome
Course
Guide
CLO1: Identify the different components that comprise business information systems and the
interrelationships between these components.

Student’s declaration

I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own and research sources are fully
acknowledged.

Student’s signature: Date: 24 Oct 2022

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….….………………….….3

2.0 INTRODUCTION ….…………………………………………………………………………………... 3

3.0 OVERVIEW UIPATH (RPA)……………………………………………………………………………4

4.0 ACCOUNTS PAYABLE PAIN POINTS……….………………………………………………………5

5.0 AUTOMATE AP INVOICING PROCESS………………………………………………………...…...6

6.0 ANALYSIS...….…………...………….………………………………………………………………….7

7.0 BUSINESS BENEFITS OF UIPATH RPA………………………………….…….………………......8

8.0 SUCCESS STORIES……………………………………………………………………………………9

REFERENCES….………………….……………………………………………………………………….10

APPENDIX TURNITIN ATTACHMENT………………………………………………………………......13

MARKING RUBICS…………………………………………………………………………………………15

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 1.0 ABSTRACT

With recent trend of digitalization, many companies, corporations as well as SME are jumping on to the
automation bandwagon to digitalize their Business Information System and processes. Robotic process
automation also known as ‘’RPA’’ is a software robot technology that is becoming not only a trend but more of
a necessity for todays successful organization in order for them to scale and to gain competitive advantage
over their rivals. This version of Office Automation System (OAS) is getting more and more popular with more
CIO’s are turning to robotic process automation, AI & Machine Learning and the RPA industry is growing like
never before. McKinsey had estimated that by automating business tasks, it would be able to help the
company achieve a potential Return of Investment (ROI) by between 30-200% within the very first year alone.
This research purpose is to introduce to the reader the Business Information System and to identify the
different BIS components as well as the interrelationships between these BIS components. This report will also
be looking at the business benefits of deploying RPA by automating accounts payable invoicing process using
UiPath. Lastly, we will be covering a real-life success stories from one of UiPath customer, Clariant, which had
deployed RPA automation in their business and how RPA help Clariant to scale up their business, cut cost and
improve their company bottom line.
Keywords - Robotic Process Automation (RPA), Automation, Business process automation, Software
robots, Digitisation, UiPath Studio, Information systems (IS), Business Information System (BIS),
Office Automation System (OAS)

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Businesses are using information system and technology to better respond to a rapidly changing customer
demand and improve their competitive edge. Information system such as business application, databases,
web services, networks are example of Information System tools that allow the business to monitor
profitability, manage inventory, improve their business operations, to better understand the market and help
the company to make better informed decision.
According to Bocij et al. (2019) Business information system examined the concept of information, decision
making and system theory. This are the interrelated components that work together to carry out input
processing, output, storage and control system that convert data into meaningful information to help
coordination, forecasting and decision-making process. This conveys to the importance of information or data
that converts the ‘raw data’ into quality and meaningful ‘information’ that can be used to derive insights
(Talagala, 2022)
Office automation system (OAS) refers to varied computer system and software used to collect, store,
manipulate as well as relay office information to accomplish a given basic task. The key objective of office
automation is to help optimizing and automate manual office procedures and processes. Some of the key
example of Office automation system are the Words processing, voicemail, email, video -conferencing
solutions i.e (Zoom, Slack or Teams), workflow management system as well as other office multimedia
systems.
Automation has been around and the automation story had been recorded in human history and dated back
more than 5,000 years ago from the ancient Mayans invention of automating water for their crops and
plantation to Henry Ford automation on the automotive assembly line (Carroll et al., 2018)
Office automation seem to be a popular term in 1970s and 1980s as they bring in tremendous advantages for
the business by eliminating the need of a large staff, automation can get tasks completed faster, business can
operate 24x7 reduces backlog and ultimately reducing cost. According to Ricoh website (Coining Office
Automation acronym, 2022) Ricoh back then launched the RIFAX 600s, as the world first high-speed office
facsimile machine and in 1977 Ricoh become the first company to coined the acronym ‘Office Automation’ and
followed up with the invention of other office automation support devices which includes the computers, optical
filing systems and laser printers in 1980s’. Like it or not technology now defines our world and are now
becoming the way our businesses operate today (Zarowin, 2000).

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Figure 1.0
Evolution of Digitalization / Automation

Note: (Quindazzi, 2018) Retrieved from Twitter: The evolution #digitization: #ERP > #eCommerce > #Mobile
self-service > #RPA > #AI #IPA. via @MikeQuindazzi (#Robotic Process #Automation #ArtificialIntelligence)
https://twitter.com/mikequindazzi/status/979660311258157056)

3.0 OVERVIEW UIPATH (RPA)

UiPath. Inc (NYSE: PATH) is a leading enterprise automation software company founded by Daniel Dines and
Marius Tirca in 2005. UI Path has a humble beginning, the company started with only 10 workers, in a
cramped apartment in Bucharest, Romania and now had becoming one of the biggest players in software
automation company globally. UiPath had recently been recognized in Deloitte’s Technology Fast 500
(Businesswire, 2019). Acording to UiPath company website, the business help to provides insights, uncover
efficiencies and making their customer business transformation in an effective and cost-efficient manner by
automating their processes. UiPath Headquarter in New York, United State and the business have strong
presence in more than 40+ countries globally. The idea behind the business was to essentially creating digital
robots or codes to carry out repetitive tasks and putting them into a spreadsheet or accounting software or
processing insurance claim without having the company to change their legacy IT systems. This save
employees and the businesses tremendous time so that they can focus on more important tasks. The first
UiPath Enterprise Desktop automation product line was launched in 2013.
UiPath deploys Robotic Process Automation (RPA) which easily transform and automate routine business
processes. According to Bichler & Heinzl (2018) RPA is the automation of service task that reproduce the
works human do. This would free up their employee’s manual, boring, repetitive tasks by removing mundane
tasks so as they can focus more on more important tasks which also indirectly making the organization
become more agile, flexible, profitable and become more responsive. This would also increase employee’s
engagement, staff retention, productivity and job satisfaction by removing all those manual works to be
process by RPA robots. UiPath uses a variety of methods to transform tedious tasks into automated Robotic
processes. This Robot would be able to perform tasks such as logging into application, copy & paste data,

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searching for variables, opening emails, filling up forms among others. Key features of UiPath includes the
drag and drop functions,

record and playback, Inbuilt activities in UiPath, advanced scrapping options from webpages. We can create
smart robot with UiPath with simple steps visual canvas even non-IT background folks can also create and
built up simple robots. UiPath offers high security auto login functionality that ensure automation process to
run in complete privacy. The application in UiPath RPA Robot can be seen across different industries and
segments, namely Sales, Banking, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Property, Insurance, Retails, Telco and many
more.
Almost all of the Fortune 500 Companies are adopting RPA to automate their tasks, and study found that
nearly 50% of businesses around the world will increase RPA adoption post Covid-19 (Lafrate, 2020). In term
of business objective by adopting RPA it would improve company bottom line, increase business productivity
and efficiency. RPA had becoming a business staple by drastically reduces human efforts and according to
Gartner insight by 2023, worldwide spending on RPA will cross $3 billion USD (Gartner, 2022). For the sake of
scoping down into this assignment work, we would be highlighting on how UiPath automation (RPA) help in
accelerating Finance & Accounting, by automating accounts payable invoicing process.

Figure 2.0
UiPath Business Automation Platform Reviews

Note: https://www.g2.com/products/uipath-business-automation-platform/reviews

4.0 ACCOUNTS PAYABLE PAIN POINTS

Optimizing accounts payable functions and processes had been very difficult for many companies as this
process tend to very manual, involving different system such as EDI, paper invoice, email, own legacy ERP
system, hence many corporations simply outsource their AP function to reduce cost. The underlining
challenges to AP functions would be the non-standard invoicing received from their suppliers, invoices can
arrive in paper documents, hardcopy (Mail), fax documents, pdf email, EDI invoicing. The way the invoice
layout coming from different vendors and countries also create an issue where this unstructured data would
need to be manually transferred and key in by the accounts payable officer into the company ERP system –
namely SAP, and Oracle. As all this step involved a manual data entry, hence it might sometimes create issue
where company may had paid duplicate invoices or payment, variety of human errors and also with missing
out payment on certain might result in shipment hold. Companies are looking into automating this process to
ensure no invoice lost or been paid twice, reduced human intervention on this payment process, save invoice
processing time and eliminate late payments to suppliers.

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Figure 3.0
Accounts Payable Challenges, with highlighted in light blue are those exasperated by COVID-19

Note: Payable Survey, Levvel Research 2021 retrieved: https://www.levvel.io/resource-library/access/2021-

payables-insight-report

5.0 AUTOMATE AP INVOICING PROCESS

Using UiPath Studio, user can trigger the RPA process from command prompt that enables end to end invoice
process. RPA step will start by the Robot perform the first step by initially login in to the system and fetching
the login credentials to open up the ERP system as well as log in to the email server. Then the robot will start
to scan the downloaded invoice folder and start fetching and to look for the first invoice, and then the next
invoice in the folder. The robot will read and extracted key fields and important ‘pre-set’ data out from the
invoice pdf such as the supplier name, vendor number, product name, PO number, invoice date, invoice
amount, currency, country, ship to ship from information and tax amounts. Once all that is done, there will be a
data validation process where the robot will need to check if the pre-set conditions were met, for example if
this customer were registered in or been configured in their Mater Data system. The robot also checks whether
the tax code is valid and so on. Let say, if product code is valid, with approved clipped limit, then the invoice
can then book in and registered into the ERP system. On successful insertion, the invoice will be moved to
‘’Processed Invoice’’ folder, and if any of the checks fail, the particular invoice will be sent to into ‘’Failed
Invoice’’ folder and the process will be repeated where the Robot will pick up and process the next invoices in
queue until it processed all the invoices in the folder. If there is any discrepancies or amount of a high clip limit
that requires another authorisation it will sent a dedicated email to the responsible person highlighting these
differences and asking what to do either to continue post this invoice or reject and to be sent back to vendor.
Once the invoice was posted using appropriate transaction code the invoice will be posted and paid in

6
accordance to the the assigned payment term stored in system. When there are no more invoices to process
the RPA robot will prompt to log off the ERP system and the process will stop there.

Figure 4.0
Architectural Process Flow: Automating AP Invoicing Process using UiPath

Note: Automating the SAP Accounts Payable Process with UiPath | (Automation Zone, 2019), retrieved
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8n7QyEwZL6k&t=45s

6.0 ANALYSIS

Primary component of Business Information Systems includes the hardware, software, data, procedures
(design, development, documentation) and people.
For Hardware, in order to initiate UiPath Studio RPA Robot, user would actually to have a Laptop or Desktop,
with minimum 4GB RAM, with Minimum CPU of 2 x 1.8GHz 32-bit (x86) and the software is compatible with
Windows 8,1 or Windows 10. For UiPath Studio is a Software that user can download with a 60 days free trial.
There is split into two version where Studio which is meant for RPA developers to built advanced automation
or specialized developers to build test automations. Or the StudioX which is meant for normal developers or
end user that want to test out or automate simple RPA tasks. For the Free 60 Days trial, user will be getting
one StudioX (1 license), and Studio (1 license). After the free trial the cost for UiPath Studio License will cost
around $1,000 to $3,000 annually. UiPath target research organization, consulting companies, system
integrators, technology consultants, Enterprise users but generally anyone or even simple user with no IT
background would be the person who user and target audience for UiPath. Because it is so simple to use,
even people with no programming knowledge or even a Finance officer would be able to use UiPath to
generate a simple RPA Robot. For this AP Invoicing automation, the user in this context would be either the
Accounts Payable Officer or the Company IT Specialist or Company RPA System Analyst. The design of the
AP Invoicing process allows the user to visually plan and design the various automation process and steps by
using the diagram, using drag & drop functionality. The UiPath Studio is the GUI dashboard that allow the user
to design and built the automation workflow that the Robot will then take up to execute the designed steps or
activities as described in the steps. User do not need to have any advanced programming knowledge, only
basic knowledge and logical skill is needed to carry out the RPA design.
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There are 3 components for UiPath RPA Platform, UiPath Studio is an advanced tool that enable the user to
design automation process in a visual manner, using drag and drop functionality, then UiPath Robot will
execute the processes built in Studio, just like the step human do (its just that now this step was executed by
Robots),

UiPath Orchestrator is a web application that enable the user to deploy, schedule and monitor the Robots and
processes.
UiPath fall under the Operations Information System (OIS) as UiPath is a system that supports an organization
business activity. In the OIS, this software is further supported by Office Automation System (OAS) where it
assists the user in managing the administrative functions in an office environment. Office Automation System
generally refers to the uses of integrated computer and communication system to support routine clerical office
tasks by enabling automation and increase efficiency (JunHua, 2011). In that sense, UiPath would be
categories under Office Automation System (OAS) due to the fact that it enables automating manual tasks,
lessening work load, ensuring tasks to be completed in a more efficient and effective manner and ultimately
increase the productivity of office workers.

7.0 BUSINESS BENEFITS OF UIPATH (RPA)

UiPath had proven to help many businesses increase their productivity. Company productivity would be
increase by cutting out manual work and replaced them by RPA Robot. RPA Robot can operate 24x7 where
the RPA Robot can do more work with lesser time compared to human. A single RPA Robot can replace at 5
or more full time human. Business nowadays tend to automate routine, repetitive, boring tasks to robot that
would also free up their manpower to attend to more important task, like attending to the customer. In term of
cost, UiPath is proven to be cost effective as it has minimal operating cost. UiPath also help company to
streamline their Order to Cash process, help in term of faster and speedier processing time, and also the
accuracy rate that is close to 100% that help speed up the entire business activities. This would also improve
compliance; this robot is closely monitored where they execute reliably hence reducing any business risk or
errors. In term of looking at the numbers taken, approximately 42% of works in Finance can be automated,
which would result in improving the accounts payable cycle time, their accuracy, compliance as well as
supplier experience (Plaschke et al., 2018)
Based on the UiPath Infographic, RPA can help to drive down as much as 60% in Financial Services, able to
deliver a 100% improved data accuracy, enhanced employee satisfaction and employee retention. RPA
Reports would be able to help more than 55% of the senior managers in better decision making (UiPath
Infographic, 2022)
Figure 5.0
Balance Score Card for RPA Automation

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Note: (Gilmurrray, 2021) retrieved: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-you-need-sell-rpa-intelligent-
automation-your-how-gilmurray-/

8.0 SUCCESS STORIES

Clariant is a leading specialty chemical company headquarter in Switzerland and have offices in more than 50
countries. Their core business is in care chemical, natural resources and plastics & coatings.
Clariant Global Business Service Hub employs 880 colleagues which supports 53 countries worldwide.
Clariant Global Business Service have their shared service presence in Shared Service Centre (SSC) in Lodz
(Poland), Mumbai (India) and Dalian (China). In year 2018, Clariant recorded revenue of CHF 6.6B Swiss
Franc. Their Finance or so call Global Business Hub mainly comprises of the backend, finance and support
operations play a critical role in the success of Clariant. The company realized that in order for them to
compete and continue to be a market leader they would have to automate their key processes, adopt to
advancement in technology to help the company grow and to digitalize their core operations activities.
By implementing UiPath Enterprise RPA platform Clariant had been able to cut down on its operations costs,
save time, money and materials in its shipping and invoicing processes. The business had been looking for
ways to streamline, digitalize and automate their mundane logistic management and invoices process. Clariant
saw an opportunity in robotic process automation (RPA) technology and they decided to go with UiPath. Been
in line with their business objective and with the support of Senior Managers they first look into what are the
existing repetitive transactional processes that Clariant especially in their account payable processes where
there is an opportunity to automate invoice processing. In their logistic side or business, the RPA automation
help Clariant’s stakeholder received shipment notification, updated on the status and the robot be able to
automating parts of their delivery process, prevent shipment delays and keep everyone informed of the latest
delivery status.
With UiPath RPA Robot coming to replace their process, the Global Business Service was able to eliminate
40,000 printouts per quarter that translate to almost 50% of the invoice processing in Clariant is now become
fully automated. To put into a better perspective in Clariant Accounts Payable functions, processes more than
800,000 invoices annually which was carried out mainly by their 80 Accounts Payable Officer. After the buy in
pilot stage, 2,500 Clariant invoices was now processed automatically per month without any human
interventions, resulting in a 10% improvement in term of productivity gain. Before going for RPA, Clariant
account payable officer have to input each invoice into SAP, by downloading and extracting about a dozen
fields per invoice which includes company name, company code, address, vendor number, amount, country
code, tax code, tax amount, rate, quantity, price, products and input this manually into SAP to be process.
Then another employee would verify this information against the purchase order to ensure they match. The
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verifier would check also the tax code and legal requirement, tax rate, shipment origin, destination and also the
material or the product or services itself. This manual process is time consuming and require careful tiresome
work. With this nature where a lot of transferring field and data, by copy and paste from original pdf invoices to
SAP field, errors will likely to occur.
With UiPath platform that now automate all the above steps. Clariant employees do not need to enter any
details as the RPA Robot will eventually open email, extract pdf invoice, transferring the field into SAP system
and sent email once this process is complete. Clariant had since able to cut out time savings and had since
able to save up 0.8 full-time (FTE) of their accounts payable task, and resulting in at least 10% overall gain
productivity. With the deployment of RPA, Clariant has been able to scale up their operations, safe time,
money while ensuring the processes was carried up in a more accurate manner, increasing their efficiency and
effectiveness for their Global Business Service. Based on the 2018 success story in RPA Deployment in their
Shared Service hub, Clariant will now be expanding the UiPath RPA to other regions, sectors and Business
Units. Robotics had definitely changed their way of life in Clariant and they are planning to scale the value of
RPA by adding in cognitive technologies, AI and chatbots to their robots in the near future (Reports Clariant,
2019)

Word Counts: 4,264 Words

REFERENCES

Automating the SAP Accounts Payable Process with UiPath | Automation Zone. (2019, August 7).

[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8n7QyEwZL6k

Bichler, M., & Heinzl, A. (2018). Robotic Process Automation. Business &Amp; Information Systems

Engineering, 60(4), 269–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-018-0542-4

Carroll, R., Finch, G., Hance, M., Moye, C., Perkins, M., & Williams, B. (2018). The evolution of

process automation. IBM. https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/institute-business-value/report/

ibvprocessautomation

Coining Office Automation acronym. (n.d.). Ricoh.com. Retrieved October 7, 2022, from

https://www.ricoh.com/about/history/1970_1984

Gartner: Worldwide RPA Software Spending to Reach >.9 Billion in 2022. (2022, October 1). Gartner.

https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2022-08-1-rpa-forecast-2022-2q22-press-release

Gilmurray, K. (2021, February 9). Why you need to ’sell’ RPA and Intelligent Automation to your

business, and how to keep the right kind of attention needed to succeed - Part 1 of 4.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-you-need-sell-rpa-intelligent-automation-your-how-gilmurray-/

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 Greasley, A., & Bocij, S. H. P. (2018). Business Information Systems: Technology, Development and

Management for the Modern Business (6th edition). Pearson Education UK.

How automation has affected jobs through the ages. (2020, September 4). World Economic Forum.

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/short-history-jobs-automation/

Integrated Report 2019 - How does artificial intelligence help? (2019). In Clariant. Clariant.

https://reports.clariant.com/

Intellectual Capital - Clariant Integrated Report 2019. (n.d.). Clariant. Retrieved October 1, 2022, from

https://reports.clariant.com/2019/integrated-report/multicapital-review/performance/intellectual-capital.html

JunHua, H. (2011). Research the office automation system software based on workflow technology.

2011 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Communication Software and Networks.

https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsn.2011.6013749

Lafrate, T. (2020, July 28). Forrester: The Future of Work – A Pandemic Spotlight. Business Wire.

https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200728005136/en/Study-Finds-Nearly-50-of-Businesses-

Around-the-World-Will-Increase-Robotic-Process-Automation-Adoption-due-to-COVID-19

Major Bottoms Jr. (2021). Levvel Research’s new 2021 Payables Insight. Levvel & Endava.

https://www.levvel.io/resource-library/2021-payables-insight-report

Plaschke, F., Seth, I., & Whiteman, R. (2018, February 9). Bots, algorithms, and the future of the

finance function. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-

finance/our-insights/bots-algorithms-and-the-future-of-the-finance-function

Quindazzi, M. (2018, March 30). The evolution #digitization. Twitter.

https://twitter.com/mikequindazzi/status/979660311258157056

Ribeiro, J., Lima, R., Eckhardt, T., & Paiva, S. (2021). Robotic Process Automation and Artificial

Intelligence in Industry 4.0 – A Literature review. Procedia Computer Science, 181, 51–58.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.104

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 Talagala, N. (2022, March 2). Data as The New Oil Is Not Enough: Four Principles For Avoiding Data

Fires. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/nishatalagala/2022/03/02/data-as-the-new-oil-is-not-enough-four-

principles-for-avoiding-data-fires/?sh=4a35a3cc208b

The next acronym you need to know about: RPA (robotic process automation). (2020, February 13).

McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-next-acronym-

you-need-to-know-about-rpa

UiPath Business Automation Platform Reviews. (2022). In g2.com.

https://www.g2.com/products/uipath-business-automation-platform/reviews

UiPath Inc. (n.d.). Robotic Process Automation ( RPA ) for every Industry. Retrieved October 7, 2022,

from https://www.uipath.com/automation/rpa-essentials

UiPath Ranks No. 1 Fastest Growing Company in North America on Deloitte’s 2019 Technology Fast

500. (2019, November 7). Business Wire.

https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191107005073/en/UiPath-Ranks-No.-1-Fastest-Growing-

Company-in-North-America-on-Deloitte%E2%80%99s-2019-Technology-Fast-500

What is a software robot? | UiPath. (n.d.). UiPath.com. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from

https://www.uipath.com/resources/automation-demo/what-is-a-software-robot

Zarowin, S. (2000). Technology for the new millennium. Journal of Accountancy; New York, 189(4),

22–28.

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APPENDIXES

13
14
15

LEARNING OUTCOME MARKING CRITERIA
Fail
(0-49)
Weak or no introduction of the
topic. Purpose of the writing is
unclear or missing. Topics
1. Introduction
(20%) were not addressed properly.
CLO 1 : Explain different components that comprise business information systems and the interrelationships between these components.
Failed to provide a level of
information that answers the
2. Quality of analysis of
question. Statements are
knowledge question
internally contradictory without
(20%)
explanation.
Information provided has little
3.Quality of information or nothing to do with the
(20%) question.
The report writing does not
meet the criteria for the
assignment (too short or
incomplete, too long, and/or
4. Style of Writing
completely off-topic).
(20%)
Reference section is missing.
Some sources are not
accurately documented.
Diagrams and illustrations are
not accurate OR do not add to
5. Sources the reader’s understanding of
(10%) the topic. Missing or no
citation and major flaws on the
format.
6. Citation Missing or no citation and
(10%) major flaws on the format.
[ BMBA1043 Business Information System ]
MARKING RUBRIC
ASSIGNMENT [1]: Weightage (30%)
3rd Class
(50-59)
Basic introduction that states topic
but lacks interest. One or more
topics were not addressed.
Statements are sometimes on
target and sometimes off center.
Segments of the writing hang
together but other parts are unclear
or contradictory with no good
resolution.
Information clearly relates to the
main topic. Points are insufficiently
developed. Analysis is weak
Many ideas require clarification
and/or are off-topic or have
marginal relevance to the
assignment. Many grammatical
and/or spellings errors throughout
the paper. The paper is very
challenging to read due to poor
writing flow. Improper reference
section
All sources (information and
graphics) are accurately
documented, but many are not in
the desired format. Some diagrams
and illustrations are not accurate
OR do not add to the reader’s
understanding of the topic. Very
minimal amount of cited works, with
incorrect format.
Very minimal amount of cited works,
with incorrect format.
SCALE
2nd Lower Class
(60-69)
Adequate introduction and states
the topic. All topics are addressed,
and most questions answered with
1 sentence about each.
Statements are on target and
sometimes off center but with
minimal explanation.
Information clearly relates to the
main topic. Points are made, but
analysis is minimal
Ideas are stated clearly and are
related to the topic, with only
adequate grammatical and/or
spelling errors. Reference section
with minor flaws
All sources (information and
graphics) are documented, but an
adequate amount is not in desired
format. Diagrams and illustrations
are neat and accurate and
sometimes add to the reader's
understanding of the topic.
Adequate amount cited works, both
text and visual, are done in the
correct format. Inconsistencies
evident
Adequate amount cited works, both
text and visual, are done in the
correct format. Inconsistencies
evident.
16
2nd Upper Class
(70-79)
Proficient introduction that is
interesting and states topic. All
topics/questions are addressed
and most questions answered
with at least 2 sentences about
each.
Most statements are at the best
level of information that answers
the question. Statements are
usually mutually supporting and
follow from one another.
Information clearly relates to the
main topic. Points and analysis
are made and related to the
topic.
Most ideas are stated clearly
and are related to the topic, with
only minor grammatical and/or
spelling errors. Reference
section is in minimal
All sources (information and
graphics) are accurately
documented, but a few are not
in the desired format.
Diagrams and illustrations are
accurate and add to the reader's
understanding of the topic. All,
both text and visual, are done
with minimal errors on the
format.
All, both text and visual, are
done with minimal errors on the
format.
1st Class YOUR MARKS/COMMENTS
(80-100)
Exceptional introduction that grabs
interest of reader and states topic.
All topics/questions are addressed
and all questions answered with at
least 2 sentences about each.
Statements are at the best level of
information that answer the
question. Statements are mutually
supporting and follow from one
another.
Information clearly relates to the
main topic. Points are clearly made.
Analysis is sophisticated
Writing is clear and relevant, with no
grammatical and/or spelling errors –
polished and professional.
Reference section properly
formatted.
All sources (information and
graphics) are accurately
documented in the desired format.
Diagrams and illustrations are neat,
accurate and add to the reader’s
understanding of the topic. All cited
works, both text and visual, are
done in the correct format with no
errors.
All cited works, both text and visual,
are done in the correct format with
no errors.
Total (100%)