ASSESSMENT OF URBAN HOUSING PROBLEM IN SOME SELECTED

KEBELES OF DEBRE BIRHAN TOWN, NORTH SHEWA ZONE.

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

BY:-

NAME ID N O

1. Damot Leykun --------------------------------------------------------------------112/06

2.Mikiyas Kebede -------------------------------------------- -------------------- ---

2785/07

3.Tadesse Zelelew ------------------------------------ ------------------------------

2939/07

4.Teklu Abebaw------------------------------------I ----------------------------------

3125/07
ADVISOR:- GETAHUN.A(MSC)
June, 2017
DEBRE BIRHAN, ETHIOPIA

II
 DEBERE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCAINCE AND HUMANITY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

A SENIOR ESSAY RESEARCH ONASSESSMENT OF URBAN HOUSING PROBLEM IN

SOME SELECTED KEBELES OF DEBRE BIRHAN TOWN , NORTH SHEWA ZONE THAT
SUBMITTED TO DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE BACHELOR DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.

APPROVED BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS SIGNATURE DATE

------------------------------------------ ---------------- ----/----/-----

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

------------------------------------------ ----------------- ----/---/-----

ADVISOR

------------------------------------------ ------------------- ----/---/------

EXAMINER

----------------------------------------------- --------------------- ----/----/----

I
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and for most we would like to thanks our Almighty GOD and who give the ability,
willingness and opportunity in our success of life.

Next, we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude and respect to our advisor, Mr. Getahun .A
for his valuable comments in reviewing, improving, reading and correcting this paper for the
beginning to the end.

We also take this opportunity to express our gratitude and indebtedness to our family who
brought up ours with the best character and support everything from birth to this remarkable
stage, and they help financially and morally not only during conducting this paper, but also in
our stay at the campus.

II
 ACRONMYS AND ABBREVATION

CSA- Central Statistical Agency

DBAO- Debre birhan administration office

DBTA- Debre birhan town administration

DBTAO- Debre birhan town administration office

DBTM- Debre birhan town municipality

DBTMO-Debre birhan town municipality office

GIS-Geographical information system

NGO- Nongovernmental Organization

SPSS- Statistical Package for Social science

UDP- Urban development policy

UN- United Nation

UNCHS- United Nations center for Human Settlement (Habitat)

UNESCAP- United Nation Economic and Social Commission for Asia for the Pacific

III
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content page

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................................................…..........II
ACRONYM................................................................................................................................................III
LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................................................... VII
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................IX
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION.……………………………………………………………...………….........................1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY........................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the problem.........................................................................................................................2

1.3 Objective of the study..............................................................................................................................3

1.3.1 General objective..................................................................................................................................3

1.3.2 Specific objective..................................................................................................................................3

1.4 Research question....................................................................................................................................4

1.5 Significant of the study............................................................................................................................4

1.6 Scope of the study....................................................................................................................................4

1.7 Limitation of the study.............................................................................................................................5

1.8 Organization of the study.........................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO

2. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE........................................................................................6

2.1 Concept of housing over view.................................................................................................................6

2.2 Provision of affordable housing problem in third world counties………………………………...…....6

2.3 Global approaches to housing provision for peoples...............................................................................7

2.4 Type of housing.......................................................................................................................................8

2.5 Characteristic of housing……………………………………………………….………..……..............8

2.6 Efforts to solve the problem housing in developing countries…………….………….………...…........9

2.7 Urban housing problem in Ethiopia……………………………………………………..…...................9

2.8 Housing policy issues in Ethiopia………………………..………………………………....................10

2.8.1 Housing policies implemented in pre 1991.........................................................................................10

2.8.2 Housing policies implemented in post 1991.......................................................................................11

IV
 CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………….……………………............11

3.1 Description of the study area……………………………………………………..………..……….....11

3.1.1 Location…………………………………………………………………..........................................11

3.1.2 Topography and climate condition………………………………………..………...………............12

3.1.3 Population and Demographic characteristics…………………………………………......................12

3.1.4 socio-economic characteristics…………………………………………………...............................12

3.2 Research Method……………………………………………………………...………………………13

3.2.1 Research Design.................................................................................................................................13

3.2.2 Source of the data...............................................................................................................................13

3.5 Sample size and sample procedure........................................................................................................14

3.2.4 Method of data collection…………………………………………………...…................................15

1 Data collection procedures.................................................................................................................15

2 Data collection instrument……………………………………………………..……......................16

3.2.5 Methods of data analysis……………………………………………….……..................................17

CHAPTER FOUR

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………………….…......................18

4.1 Socio- demographic characteristics of the respondents………………………………………….........18

4.1.1 Characteristic of the respondent by age…………………………………………….………….........18

4.1.2 Sex composition of the respondent.....................................................................................................19

4.1.3 Family size of the respondents………………………………………………………........................19

4.1.4 Educational background of the respondents………………………………...………….…...............20

4.2 Characteristics of housing units at Debre brihan town..........................................................................20

4.2.1 General characteristic of housing…………………………..………………………...……..….........20

4.2.2 Housing demand and supply……………………………………………………………...…............21

4.3 General Housing provision for urban residents at Debre brihan town.................................................21

4.3.1 condition on housing supply for urban resident…………………………………...……...................22

4.3.2 Housing supply from kebele administration and private owner .......................................................22

V
4.3.2.1 Access of housing supply by kebele administration…………….…………...……………………22

4.3.2.2 Supply of house by private owner…………………….…………………………...…………........23

4.4 Factors responsible for Low housing supply for urban resident............................................................23

4.5 Impacts of Low housing supply for urban resident at Debre brihan town…….....................................25

4.6 Responsible bodies for supply of housing…………………………….................................................26

4.6.1 Participation of private owner in housing construction………………………..…………................26

4.7 The vulnerable groups by housing shortage..........................................................................................27

CHAPTER FIVE

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...................................................................................28

5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………..……………...............................28

5.2 Recommendation...................................................................................................................................30

6. Reference……………………………………………………………...……………..............................31

7.Appendix……………………………………………………………………...……................................33

VI
 LIST OF TABLES Page

Table 4.1. Age and marital status of the respondents...............................................................18

Table 4.2 sex of respondents..…………………………………………………………….……...19

Table 4.3. Family size of the respondents……………………………..........................................19

Table 4.4 educational background ………………………………………………………………20

Table 4.5. housing demand and supply………………….……………………..…......................21

Table 4.6 household condition of the respondents……………………………………………….22

Table 4.7. Housing supply for urban respondent by kebele administration………………...…..22

Table 4.8. Respondent on house supply for urban residents by private owners............................23

Table 4.9. Respondents on factors responsible for low housing supply........................................24

Table 4.10. Respondents on impact of inadequate housing for urban respondents.......................25

Table 4.11 homeless respondents towards housing policy………………………………………26

Table 4.12 the vulnerable group by shortage housing…………………………………………...27

VII
 LIST OF FIGURES Page

Figure 3.1. Map of the study area..................................................................................................11

ABSTRACT
VIII
This study has been conducted at Debre Brihan town of Semin Shewa Zone of Amhara Regional State of
Ethiopia with the general objective of assessing the overall housing problem and challenges in Debre
Brihan Town. The specific objectives of the study were to assess the challenges on the urban housing
ownership in the Town, to assess the impacts of housing problem on the urban residents in the town and
to obtain indicators of housing conditions in which the population live in the Town. In order to carry out
the stated objectives of the research, both primary and secondary data were collected from 100 sample
households in both kebele 07 and 09and analyzed through descriptive stastics such as percentage,
frequency, barographs and etc. Result of the study show that Debre Brihan town was faced with the
problem of inadequate housing for urban residents. On the average, 67.9% of the total population in the
town not has access to enough housing. As the result, majority of the residents were forced to live in
privately rented residential units. This is for the course of some factors such that financial constraints,
lack of raw material resources, lack of enough open space and imbalance of housing demands and
supplies. Therefore, it was recommended that responsible bodies should pay attention to the issue in
order to improve housing problems in the town. It is important to design the program of construction
condominium house, contracting unplanned housing (slum and squatter), and to recognize strategy that
should be the issue of social and economic development of rural areas.

Key words:-urban housing problem, housing policy and housing unit.

IX
 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Urbanization is a development phenomenon that comes about with the development of a

country’s economy in general and industrialization in particular. It follows that the rate of
urbanization is considered to be one of the indicators of a country’s economic development. The
rate of urbanization is directly related to the demand for houses. It is expected that as a country
becomes more urban, more house were needed to accommodate the increasing population in
urban centers. However, does not support this in the acceleration in urbanization is not
accompanied by problem of shortage of housing (un-habitat, 2002).

Housing is also a great importance to their household owners in both to develop or/and
developing economies, because it is the largest fixed capital investment that households makes
both in developed and developing countries (malpezzi,2000).The united nations states that every
citizen of the world is entitled to be sheltered. Thus, more than one billion of the world’s city’s
residents live in inadequate housing, mostly in the sprawling slums and squatter settlements in
developing countries (UNCHS, 2001).

Africa is the fastest urbanizing continents in the world and then by the next 2030 “Africa’s
collective population will more than 50 percent urban”(Adeboyejo,2007). Apart from multi-
storey building, traffic jams and street beggars, one of the central “faces” of Africa’s rapid
urbanization in most if not all of large cities is “ non- standard, poor-quality housing” which
results for the coming of “urban slums or squatters” were spread all over areas (Crenshaw and
Kasarda, 1999).

Ethiopia is characterized by high stage of urbanization even by African standard, where only
16% of populations live in urban area. Despite this, it has recorded a relatively high growth rate
of urban population (4% annually), double that of rural areas (CSA, 2007).

However, urban centers in Ethiopia are characterized by massive housing problem around 70-90
percent of urban population are living in substandard housing, low economic activities, high

1
growing population, inadequate upgrading, etc (UN habitat, 2008). To reduce the problem the
government has implement the project.

According to Aberham (2007) shortage of housing is one of the major problems that call for
immediate action. Even the majority of houses in Ethiopia are below quality standard and lack of
adequate space. Inadequate accessibility of water supply, electricity, clean water is affect lives
and health of people living in urban houses.

Debre Brihan is one of the towns in Ethiopia where inadequate urban housing were practiced. In
this town the urban dwellings, university offices workers, municipality offices, kebel
administration workers, extension students, college students and street vendors etc; were having
inadequate housing due to wood shortage, lack of tenure, lack of financial income and others.
Thus, investigation of currently existing housing challenges and major factors that affects these
services was believed to be important in order to gain better understanding about these and issues
related to urban housing at Debre Birhan town. Therefore, the researchers were intended to
understand the nature of problems related to inadequate urban housing for urban residents
particularly in the study areas.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Housing is one of the three basic necessities of human being without which referring not only a
physical shelter we live in but it includes other facilities that are essential for human being. The
actual trend of urbanization in African countries was currently associated with urban housing
problem. This phenomenon is an indicator of the change from a rural based economy to
urbanization and as such it linked to growth and development but it also brings huge problems
like shortage of housing (Martin, 2008).

Ethiopia is one of the poorly developed country which characterized by housing shortage and
poor urban housing infrastructure, especially for those living in urban areas. These problems are
caused by low per capital income, low investment in housing, rapid growth of slums and
squatters, massive urbanization, rising cost of building materials, low income of urban dwellers
to afford descent and standard housing, low investment or scarcity of financial resource,
inadequate housing development and low supply serviced residential plot (Yewoinshet, 2007).

2
Debre Birhan is one of the Amhara region states, which was providing inadequate urban housing
due to its fast growing population. Therefore, the housing projects under taken in the town which
expected to minimize its high cost of town payment and repayment of loans over a specified
time. As result in this towns were showed for constrictions for condominium housing supplying
and affordability of kebele house in Debre birhan town (DBTAO, 2008).

However, it seems that there were a little study which has been done on problem of adequate
housing supply in the study areas in general and the challenges for urban residents in particular.
Thus, the researcher were tried to investigate currently existing housing problem and identify
factors that constraints provision practices at Debre Birhan town. So the contribution of assessing
the housing problem in Debre Birhan town was relevant to increase the awareness of people to
built housing in this town, improve the standardize of people to create a suited environment, and
to improve good construction of house. This is to give clear information and insight to
stakeholders about present urban housing shortages and to propose some recommendation that
might indicate the ways to improve the overall existing challenges of urban housing in the town.

1.3. Objective of the Study

3.1.1 General objective

The general objective of this study is to assess the overall housing problem and challenges in
Debre birhan town.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objective of this study are:-

 To assess the challenges of urban housing ownership in Debre birhan town.

 To assess the impacts of housing problems on the community.
 To obtain indicators of housing conditions in which the population live.

3
1.4 Research Questions

This study tried to answers the following question:

 What are the currently existing urban housing problems in Debre birhan town?
 What are the major causes of urban housing problem?
 What are the facilities of housing in Debre birhan town?

1.5. Significance of Study

The study may have various significances for different stakeholders in general and particularly
for residents of Debre birhan town. It contributes a better practical understanding about currently
existing urban housing at Debre birhan town.

Previously urban housing problem was not given which attention, so the study were expected to
relevant information about on the weak sides of urban land and the housing policy of Ethiopia to
eliminating the shelter problem of the town.

It also gives some guide line information to policy makers, town municipality and different
stakeholders about the existing housing problems in the town. In addition, it invites individual,
communities, investigator to develop awareness about the currently existing problem associated
with urban housing provision.

1.6. Scope of the Study

The scope of the study were delaminated assessing the current urban housing problem on urban
residents in the case of Debre birhan town. Also, it was focused on examining major
characteristics of housing and the current urban housing problems in the town and the key factors
that constraint on urban residents and its consequences. This area were selected because of
reducing personal and financial cost of resident’s in the town. This study covered the two
kebele’s of the town.

4
1.7 Limitation of the study

The limitation of the study includes lack of willingness respondents or respondent bias,
insufficient time and budget, unavailability of local research for further references and well
documented evidences in the town municipality and kebele administration. In addition, some
respondents were also thinks that the results of this study was only used for the investigator and
only worked for personal benefits. So by using the existed budget and time; the adequate data
was collected effectively and efficiently.

1.8 Organization of the Study

This study has consists of five chapters. The first chapter deals with introductory part which
include: background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, significance
of the study, scope of the study, limitation of the study and organization of the study. The second
chapter addressed the review of related literature to topic of the study. The third chapter deals
with the research methodology with the research design, source of the data, target population and
sampling techniques and tools of data collection. The fourth chapter deals with data presentation,
analysis and interpretation. The last chapter addresses conclusion and recommendation of the
study and reference are includes.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Concept of Housing Overview

Housing is one of most sense is a human built dwelling walls floor and roof and it is important
for the physical survival of human beings. It also one of the human basic needs which provide
shelter against precipitation, wind, heat, intruding human and when occupied as a routine
dwelling for human and house is called a homes. Furthermore, adequate housing has a vital
important for social welfare and for the development process of a given country as a whole
(Olayiwola, et al.,2005:1). In line with this, Habitat (2006:13-18) speculates that settlements in
which people live and work provide economic, social and physical environments which
facilitates or hinder the ability of people to generate and increase income.

According to John and Daniel (2007:137-139), adequate housing stimulates both physical and
economic improvement of the population. It can be mainly due to the fact that where we live
affects so much for our daily lives. Besides, the cost of housing is large in the household budget.
It can summarize that owning housing is fulfilling ones basic need and right as well. In addition,
good housing condition improves the health and the productivity of the in habitats and there by
contributes to their well being and also to the broader economic and social development of the
society and the nation at large.

2.2 Provision of Affordable Housing Problem in Third World Countries

The most serious problem to limited supply, the shortages of its aggravated by the high growth
rate of urban population and by stagnation in the construction of residential house; this lead
demand for shelter and another urban surface service, but urban resource not enough to meet the
demand for such service. They surpassed city centre and engulfed large areas, moving the
periphery of urban settlements with land scarcity developing to a major issue; people began to
occupy land that was unfit for habitation, thus exposing them to environmentally vulnerable and
hazardous areas (Buckley & Kalarickal, 2006).

6
With public housing schemes labeled less than successful especially in the area of addressing
poverty, the academic community called for greater dwellers control in the production of housing
, In addition governments of the developing world began to expert pressure on the World Bank
to offer loans for infrastructure and housing provision projects. The world began to agree to be
involved, if countries made a major transition away from public housing towards a very
approach. The alternative approach that it advocate to replace social housing was self help and
mechanism for delivery were the provision of sites and service and in site slums upgrading
(Pugh,2006).

However, there are at least three distinct types of poor urban dwellers in developing cities. They
are the homeless, the street sleepers, a population that are to be found renting accommodations in
slums and tenement and there are squatters and occupants of slum areas (Olayiwola, et al.,
2005:1-7).

Moreover, residents who live in slums and squatters are usually unable to afford even the most
minimal housing provision by the formal land and housing markets with basic services. People
also face vast barriers in accessing legal housing and land because of difficulty of the
bureaucracy (HABITAT & UNESCAP, 2008:4-5).

2.3 Global Approaches to Housing Provision for People

The way in which housing problem for the people has been approaches over time is difficult to
generalize, due to the diversity of approaches taken by various city as they seek to manage urban
growth. This diversity can be due to differing cities or contexts as noted in the quote below it
about the directions. Nonetheless, at global level, the evolution of dominant trends is evident and
it can provide valuable lessons for development actors, who are attempting combat the
intensifying demand for adequate shelter. When two governments appear to have similar housing
policies, they probably arise from different motives and many have very different implication for
their citizens ( Hardoy &Satterthwaite, 1997).

7
2.4 Types of Housing

There are different types housing these include house apartment, building hotels, motels and
mobile home (tellers) mobile home can be moved place to place, cities have more apartment
building than to small towns and sub urban areas, which have mostly single family home, in a
broader sense housing includes problems city planning and community service that provide good
living condition (Abreham, 2007:27-53).

2.5 Characteristics of Housing

The long life span or durability of housing and its restriction to affixed paint makes it affixed
capital asset. It is firmly fixed to ground so that it cannot displayed far a day and then moved to
the other trade in developing countries house comprise the largest party of homes hold wealth, no
single commodity is a costly and housing owning to it cost is not something that is used up and
discard event through it becomes specially un desirable and deuteron through again it is given or
sold to the lower income groups, as result of this housing is not need fresh. Housing which is the
most durable expensive and immobile of assets can be conceived in to two different ways as
losing stock in which is affixed capital assets accumulated over a long period of time, for
propose human habitat (we live the considered stock site Encyclopedia”B” 2003).

2.6Efforts to Solve the Problem of Urban Housing in Developing Countries

Many proposals for solving the problem of housing shortages in urban areas of the developing
countries were seen to focus on four strategies, the provision of public or subsidized housing,
urban renewal, the establishment of new towns and disposal of the economic activities. Although
public housing program has been proposed to be the major way of alleviating the problem of
urban housing in developing countries, it has been totally inadequate (Abrams, 1999).

Dobele (1997) says that the problem of housing shortage in urban area of developing countries
could only be solved dwellers are able to construct their own houses and, according to him, this
could be achieved through the provision of easy accesses to housing land for the needy
individuals. Considering these facts, as claimed by Suzanami,et al.,(2002), urban housing
program in developing countries are change “from an emphasis on construction of public

8
housing to an emphasis on sites and service in urban fringe areas to utilize people’s self help
capabilities” and thereby to provide easy to accesses urban housing land.

2.7 Urban Housing Problem in Ethiopia

The population and housing census of 2007 results shows that Ethiopia’s urban population
constitutes about 16 percent of the total population (CSA, 2008:21-25). This shows that Ethiopia
has low urban population ratio than most developing countries. Even with this low level of
urbanization, most urban centre suffer from a variety of urban problems including inadequate
infrastructure, housing and services, high unemployment and weak institutional mechanism for
good urban governance and sustainable urban development (Tegegne &Mulat, 2005:60-63).

As the housing supply remains at low growth rate, housing demand in Addis Ababa has been
increasing due to high population growth, migration to the city from all over the country and the
deterioration of the existing housing stock sub sequent to poor maintenance. In addition, other
factors that aggravate the demand for housing include progressively increasing the demand for
housing, lack of alternative investment and speculation (World Bank, 2009:2).

Generally, Ethiopia housing problem could be summarized into four categories; the shortage of
housing, the overcrowding and poor quality of housing unit which is especially reflected in the
centre where owner of the houses is mostly the government, low infrastructure development and
limited affordability of the houses mainly due to very low household income. Despite the
prevalence of the problem, different measures have been pursued to tackle the problem in the
countries (Tsion, 2007:219).

2.8 Housing Policy Issues in Ethiopia

2.8.1 Housing Policies Implemented In Pre-1991

The housing sector has been subjected to a variety of policy interventions in the past years in
Ethiopia. In the pre 1975 period, housing market operated in free market principles. Landlords
leased urban land and construction residential houses to tenants, and there was no restriction with
regard to the selling and buying of houses. Through the government had little involvement in the
housing sector, due to the housing shortage it was expected to provide low cost housing without

9
taking the role of the private sector which was at that time mainly catering for medium and high
income groups (Tilahun, 1997:117).

Following the 1974 revolution, the Derg, nationalized all urban land and extra houses by
proclamation and was directly involved in the supply of housing. Due to low public sector
production of housing, the Dreg organized and supervised housing cooperatives to respond to
housing requirements. To encourage the development of the cooperative system, it intervened
with a wide range of incentives including allocation of land without charge for the construction
of owner-occupied housing units, subsidizing building materials and mortgage loans below the
market rate where also provided on subsided basis to cooperatives (Martha, 2006:20).

2.8.2 Housing Policies Implemented In Post-1991

After the Derg, the economic policy of the transitional government of Ethiopia was issued in
November 1993. Article 8 of this policy defines the role of the government with respect to urban
land and houses, point out the need to expand and strengthen the participation of private
investors in the areas of urban development, housing and construction; provides provisions,
security of ownership and the right to sale, rent, bequeath, etc. the house, allows the participation
of private capital in the construction of house and encourage and supports the construction of
cooperative house (Solomon, 1994:288).

In addition, a consolidation Urban Development Policy (UDP) was formulated and approved by
the council of ministers of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in 2005. Urban housing
development is identified as a key pillar in the priority intervention areas of the government’s
Urban Development Policy (MOWUD, 2008:2).

Therefore, for conductive/standardized and public health life, inadequate housing should be one
of a vital component of public services and should be take priority. This is the same is true for
urban residents of Debre Birhan town in adequate and affordable housing for their health life like
other urban centre of developing countries. Despite its importance, this service is not adequately
recognizes at the town and should be again attention. There is also lack of implementation of
government policy in this specific area (Debre Birhan town municipality, 2017).

10
 Chapter Three
3. Research Methodology
3.1Description of The Study Area
3.1.1 Location
Debre birhan town is found in north shewa zone of Amhara regional state of Ethiopia. It is
located 130kms in north eastern side of Addis Ababa and 271kms in the south west of the Wollo
Dessie. Astronomically Debre birhan town has 9⁰38′- 9⁰41′N and 9.68⁰N and 39⁰ 30′-39⁰s 32 ′ E
Latitude and longitude respectively, with an elevation of 2840meters above sea level. And also,
it is the administrative center of semen Shewa zone (CSA, 2009 reports).

Source: - Ethio-GIS, SPSS ( 2017)

Figure: 3.1 map of the study area

11
3.1.2 Topography and Climatic Condition

Debre birhan town has cold and windy climatic condition and has good supply of clean water.
The town has favorable and cool climate climatic condition with mean annual temperature varies
from -2.4⁰c to 27⁰c.This can be categorized with Woina-dega agro-climatic zone of Ethiopia.
The town falls in summer and spring seasons rainfall region of Ethiopia, which experience low
temperature and rain fall between June to September and little rain fall at the end of March.

3.1.3 Population and Demographic Characteristics

The population of town is growing from time to times as result of the variable such as: birth,
immigration, and emigration. The town is small; the house hold size of the town has averagely
four member’s families with average growth rate 2.01% per year. The total house hold number in
two kebeles of the town is 5,265. The total population of the study area is estimated about 13,960
from these 5,265 number of people has a house owner and 8,897 number of the people no their
own house or 88% as no house ( Population Censes of DBT, 2009 reports).

Those fastest population growths have an implication in socioeconomic conditions of the town.
Objectively, rapid population growth is affected public education, health, food employment, and
the quality of environmental factor at large or medium and other includes shops, transport,
labors. And, results to forces to live on the streets exposed as for high expenses and create
political conflicts (Population Censes of DBT, 2009 reports).

3.1.4 Socio-Economic Characteristics

The study area, Debre birhan town is a home for almost all major ethnic groups in the country
and the Amharic ethnic group with the majority. Debre birhan town contained the zone
governor’s office, associated administrative buildings, and some local security facilities.

There was all weather road connection and telephone line to each kebele of the town. The major
market day is Saturday. Trade center is on crops, livestock, seeds and food stuff. Most of the
commercial buildings are drinking establishments (Debre Birhan Town Municipality, 2008).

12
3.2 Research Methods
3.2.1 Research Design

In order to conduct our study, we have been used both quantitative and qualitative method
approach to study the current existing housing problem in the town. It may be tried to achieved
its objective predominantly use planned quantitative method, and support by qualitative method
to fill the gaps. The researchers use the quantitative part to assess the shortage of housing at
Debre birhan town. Whereas, the qualitative part use interview and field observation, which used
to assess the problem collected from target or sample population. These design also used to
describe analysis and interpret the nature of the problem under the study area based on data
collected from primarily and secondary source.

3.2.2 Source of The Data

The researchers have been used both primary and secondary data source to conduct the research.

1 Primary Data Source

The primary data source ware generated from homeless respondents that has selected from two
kebeles of the town dwellers in all age groups greater than 15 and also concerns to kebele
administration and municipal office workers of the town by using open and closed ended
questionnaires for sample respondent. These questionnaire were completed by homeless
residents (shortage of houses) from the selected sample populations, and the questionnaire ware
filled the respondents read by their own, otherwise if it was necessary the researcher were be
read the questionnaire for them and administer it. And the researchers were observed the areas of
town which has the slums and squatters settlements as the best instrument.

2 Secondary Data Source

When we used secondary data source such as town Municipalities office, written materials,
published or unpublished source of the data and different books, kebele administration guidelines
ware used to provide additional information where appropriate. In addition to this variety of
book, websites and literature related to the research problem are also substantiated and elaborate
the finding of the study.
13
 3.2.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique

A non-probability sampling techniques were used to select the sample population. That means
the selection of the study area in the town from kebele Administrators, town municipalities and
the respondents from sample population were used for interviews and question nary based on
purposive sampling techniques.

According to CSA (2009) report, Debre Birhan town has total population of 97,845 and the
households were 22,554.The study areas are namely Kebele 07 and Kebele 09 with total
population of 5,265 and 8,897, households of 2,786 and 2,479 and also 2,241and 6,656 homeless
residents respectively. The two Kebele of the town were purposively selected as the study area
because of different livelihood standards of the urban dwellers. To achieve the objective of the
study different sampling techniques were formed for collecting primary data.

The first sample is 72 households who were selected from the household’s lists of the
municipality by purposive sampling techniques and then filled the questionnaires about housing
problem in this town. In addition to this 14 interviewee such as 4 from municipalities office
workers; 7 from some selected urban residents and 3 from kebele administration workers were
interviewed. Generally, 72 for questionnaires and 14 for interviews totally 86 samples were used
for the study. The numbers of respondents from two kebele were proportional to their total
households.

To determine the sample size the investigators used the formula purposed by Kotharis (2004).

As follows:-

n= Z2.P.Q.N/E2 (N-1) + Z2.P. Q Where, n = sample size

Z= values of standard variation at 95% confidence interval (1.96)

P = sample proportion (0.06). Q= 1-p

E = the estimate should be within 5% of the true value.

N = the total homeless population.

14
Therefore, using the above formula, sample size (n) was calculated as follows

n= (1.96)2(0.94) (0.06) (8897)/(0.05)2(8897-1) + (1.96)2(0.94) (0.06)

n=1927.67953728/22.45666624

n = 86

In order to determine the number of respondents to be selected at each kebele proportionally, the
researcher used the formula; n÷ N, to determine a common multiplying factor k.

Where, N = Total number of homeless population at the 2 Kebeles

n = Total sample size and

k= common multiplying factor determined by the above formula

Therefore, k = 86÷ 8897= 0.0096

Then multiplying each sample Kebele population by 0.0096 has given the following results.

Kebele 07 = 2241 x 0.0096= 21.66(22)

Kebele 09 = 6656x 0.0096 = 64.33 (64)

Total =86

3.2.4 Method of Data Collection

1 Data Collection Procedures

The researchers have been used both primary and secondary data source to conduct the research.
The primary data source ware generated from homeless respondents that has selected from two
kebeles of the town dwellers. When we used secondary data source such as town Municipalities
office, written materials, published or unpublished source of the data and different books, kebele
administration guidelines etc. To collect information on currently existing urban housing
problem and to know factors affect the respondents in the town, questionnaires were distributed
to 100 respondents by use purposive sampling technique to select for households in two kebeles

15
of the town. The questionnaires were distributed for researchers with the help of some field
assistants.

Besides, the relevant information was collected from municipality offices, kebele administration
and some selected urban respondents through interviews. And, regarding the secondary data
published or unpublished documents were review in the research.

2 Data Collection Instruments

Questionnaires
To collect information from households use to structured questionnaires, such as closed and open
ended questions have been used to obtain relevant information for the study. The questionnaires
were first prepared in English languages and then translated to Amharic languages, and finally
distribute to all 86 respondents.
Interview

Interview was made to gather information from the town municipality workers, kebele
administrators and some selected urban residents. The researcher were purposively select 14
samples for interview concerning about current shortage of housing in urban residents in the case
of Debre Birhan town.

Field-Observation

Observation method is the most commonly used method, and under this method the information
is sought by way investigator’s own direct observation with asking for the respondents. The
information obtained under this method relates to what is currently housing, it is not complicated
to either the past behavior or future intentions (Kothari, 2004). It was employed to observe
adequate housing problem for sample households and institutional capacity of kebele
administration and inadequate housing for urban residents in order to gat existing reality on the
ground by taking photos if necessary.

16
 3.2.5 Methods of Data Analysis

The data that were collected from different sources are processed, analyzed and interpreted by
using statistical tools. But before analyzing and interpreting; data editing, coding, and
verification was under taken for the 86 sample households surveyed. Data were also checked for
their complication, inconsistencies, missing data etc. Moreover, after checking the collected data,
more advanced statistics analysis a computer program statistical package for social science
(SPSS version-20) and micro soft office Excel-2007 were employed.

The qualitative data which was collected and gathered through interviews and field observation.
And then analyze and interpret by using descriptive statistical analysis like percentage,
frequency, bar-graph were used. In the qualitative data, the existing problems organized and
analysis thematically by making summaries of the respondent’s views.

Finally, conclusion and recommendation were formulated based on findings of the study.

17
 CHAPTER FOUR
2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This section contains two basic parts such as the general characteristics of respondents and
analysis and interpretation of data collected through questionnaires, interview, document analysis
(reviewed data) and observation.
4.1. Socio – Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

The Socio–demographic characteristics of the respondent was presented below description for
the socio demographic characteristics of the target population gives some information about
sex, age, educational status and family size of the respondents.

4.1.1. Characteristics of the Respondents by Age

Table 4.1. Age of the respondents and marital status.

No Age Frequency Percentage(%) Marital status Frequency Percentage(%)

1 15-25 31 36.04 Single 37 43
2 26-35 23 27.79 Married 26 30
3 26-50 18 21 Divorced 15 18
4 50 above 14 16 Widowed 8 9
Total 86 100 Total 86 100
Source: survey, 2017

The above table indicates that out of 86 respondents, 31(30.04%) were aged between 15- 25
years, 23 (27%) were aged between 26-35 year, 18(20.93%) were aged between 36-50 years.
While 14 (16.27%) were aged above 5 years. The highest proportion of the residents was within
the age of 15-25 years followed by age of 26-35. Thus, they have even high potential for high
population growth which has direct impacts on the effect of in adequate houses because these
age group required or demand houses for various purpose on the other hand; out of the total
sample resident 37(43%) were single, and 26(30%) were marred, 15(18%) were divorced and
8(9%) were widowed with regarding marital status the respondents.

18
4.1.2. Sex Composition of Respondents
Table 4.2. Sex of respondent
No Sex respondent Frequency Percentage(%)
1 Male 39 39 45.35
2 Female 47 47 54.65
Total 86 86 100
Source: field survey, 2017

The table indicates that, out of the total 39(45.35%) were males while 47(54.65%) were female.
Therefore, this large number of females had their own impact on adequate housing in the town.
Thus if there is not adequate housing supply they would affected by consequence of housing
shortage. Also they might be created or formed shortage of housing supply; on the other hands
there is no adequate housing supply.

4.1.3. Family size of the respondents

Table: 4.3. Family size of the respondents
No Size of the house hold Frequency Percentage (%)
1 1 5 5.8
2 2 14 16.2
3 3 21 24
4 4 10 12
5 5 36 42
Total 86 100
Source: Field survey, 2017

Table 4.3. Indicates that out of the total respondents, 36 (42%) households of five family,
21(24%) were from household of three family, 14(16.2%) were from household of two family,
10(12%) were from household of four family and 5(5.8%) were from household of one families.
Therefore, this large family size had their own impact on adequate housing in the town. Thus if
there after housing they would affected by the consequence of housing shortage also they might

19
be created of forced live on the strict, political and socio economic crisis and it exposed as for
high expenses.

4.1.4. Educational Background of the Respondents

Table 4.4 educational backgrounds of respondents
No Level of education Frequency Percentage (%)
1 Illiterate 5 5.8
2 Primary school 2 2.3
3 Secondary school 13 15.12
4 Diploma and certificate 41 47.67
5 Degree and above 25 29.3
Total 86 100
Source: field survey 2017.

Table 4.4 indicate that the educational status of total respondents 41(47.67%) had diploma and
certificate, 13 (15.12%) had completed secondary school, 25 (29.3%) has first degree and above
5(5.8) has illiterate. Therefore, this high number of diploma and degree live in the town has
affected by shortage of housing.

4.2. Characteristics of Housing Units at Debre Birhan Town.

4.2.1 General Characteristics of Housing

The housing characteristics including its physical quality and facilities that it offers are also
significant conditions. As it is clearly observation the wall of some houses of Debre Birhan town
ware made of wood and mud, which could be less durable material while majors are
constructed to cement which could be consider as large durable or long period of time as far as
the age of existing house were considered much of these houses were needs to not
reconstruct after few years.

20
4.2.2. Housing Demand And Supply

As a rate of urbanization increase, housing demand in a specific areas were also increases.
Similarly, housing demand and supply in Debre Birhan town is presented in table 4.5. Therefore,
it is possible to establish a reliable estimation on the nature of deficiency or shortage of this basic
need for urban residents in the town.

Table 4.5. Respondents on housing demand and supply

No Supply of houses Responses Frequenc Percentage(%)

y
1 Are they enough housing supply Yes 18 20.9
in the town? No 68 79.1
Total 86 100
2 Is there any accessibility of Yes 26 30.23
kebele’s houses to your No 60 69.71
occupation? Total 86 100
Source field survey 2017

The above table 4.5 shows that 68 (79.1%) of the population were no enough housing supply in
Debere berhan town. And also, 60 (69.7%) of the population were no any accessibility of kebele
house in their occupation. So, Most resident of town are also forced to live in the rented house,
the information obtained during filled observation also reveals that there is shortage kebele
house so that many residents lived in the rented house.

4.3 General Housing Provision for Urban Residents at Debre Birhan Town

Housing is one of the most essential needs of human beings next to water, food, cloth ( pau; et
al, 2000:17). Thus housing supply for human beings is one the essential element for urban
residents similarly housing supply at Debre birhan town was also the basic issues in providing
for urban resident. However, in many towns of Ethiopia, housing supply was once of the major
challenges. As to Zelalem (2007:205) housing shortage is one of the main problems that the
country faces in all almost urban areas.
21
4.3.1 The Condition of Household on Urban Residents in Town

Table 4.6. Household of the residents in the town

No Item Responses Frequency Percentage(%)

1 In which area To periphery from the town 15 17.5
of the town you To the core of the town 44 51.2
live? To the middle of the town 27 31.3
Total s 86 100
Source: field survey, 2017

The above table 4.6 shows that, out of the total respondents 44(51.2%) of the population were
given their response they live in the center of the town. And 27 (31.3%) of the respondents were
live in the middle area of the town. Therefore, high population of the town live in core of the
town and middle part of the town and it was high complication of housing problem in the town.

In field observation most of the urban residents in the town did not possessed enough open
space adequate water supply and others. This may force urban residents to move from their
present residence place of they get a chance to move.

4.3.2 Housing Supply from Kebele Administration and from Private Owner
4.3.2.1 Access of Housing by Kebele Administration

Table 4.7. Housing supply for urban residents by kebele administration.

N Item Responses Frequency Percentage (%)

o
1 How do you provide Very access 2 2.3
houses from kebele Access 4 4.5
administration Low access 18 21.2
/municipality? No 62 72
Total 86 100
Source: filed survey 2017

Table 4.7 shows that out of total sample respondents, 62(72%) and 18(21.2%) of the sample
homeless ware not given their responses as there are low housing supply of the urban residents
22
by kebele administration. However, some of the respondents or only 2.3 percent were given
their response were given the houses from kebele administration that were different from
majority responses. Therefore, Most resident of town are also forced to live in the rented house,
the information obtained during filled observation also reveals that there is shortage kebele
house so that many residents lived in the rented house.

4.3.2.2 The Supply of House by Private Owner

The supply of the private owner was not fulfilled for all urban residents this town private owners
were also took part in supply of housing for urban residents. Even as information obtained from
sample home less the majority of residents were lived in the private owner house.

Table 4.8. Respondent on house supply for urban residents by private owners.

Item Responses Frequency Percentage (%)

No
1 How do you provide house Very access 62 72
by private owners?
Access 18 21.2
Low access 4 4.5
No 2 2.3
Total 86 100
Source: field survey, 2017

The survey result in Table 4.8 reveals that 72% of sample homeless as there are high supplies
for urban residents were carried out by private owners, whereas, only few respondents or only
2.3% indicate as there are low housing supply for urban residents by private owners. As a result,
conducted with house provision by private owners confirmed that as majority house were took
place by private owners. As a result, the grater urban residents were too exposed for high
expenses, forces to live on the streets, economic crisis and to create political conflicts.

23
4.4 Factors Which Affect Housing Supply in the Town.

In is difficult to list all factors responsible for low or in adequate housing supply in the town;
major factors were identified were related to financial constraints, lack of raw material resources,
lack of enough open space.

Table 4.9. Respondents on factors responsible for low housing supply.

No Item Responses Frequency Percentage

(%)
1 What are the major factors Lack of raw material 22 25.5
to build their own housing in
resources
this town?
Financial constraint 64 74.5
Total 86 100
Source: field survey, 2017

1. Lack of Raw Material Resources

As it is show in the Table 4.9 out of total respondents, 22(25.5%)of the respondents were
answered that from the major reasons behind low or inadequate housing supply for urban
residents at Debre Birhan town is due to lack of raw materials of resources like money, cement,
wood, stone and so on.

As information obtained during interview with some selected homeless residents, there was lack
of raw materials resources in addition to shortage of finance in this town. The study also found
that lack of raw material resources, makes it difficult to provide adequate housing in the town
since there are scarcity of different raw materials for construction of houses for urban residents
as it was confirmed by respondents.

2. Financial Constraints

As it indicate on the table 4.9 out of the total respondents, 64 (74.5%) of sample households
were respond their answer that one of the major reasons behind inadequate housing for urban
resident in the town is due to financial constraints.

24
Housing demand in debre birhan town has been increasing due to high population growth and
migration to the town from surrounding rural areas. This was mainly because of different factors
as it was revealed by kebele administration and municipality during field survey. In addition to
this housing demand is increasing from time to time while housing supply is decreasing as
comparison between applicant and supplier at debre birhan town.

4.5 Impacts of Low Housing Supply for Urban Residents in the Town

Table 4.10. Respondents on impact of inadequate housing for urban residents

No Response Frequency Percent (%)

1 Is there lack of Yes 81 94.2
housing supply for
No 5 5.8
urban resident have
its own impact? Total 86 100

2 What is the impact Forced individual to live on the 14 16.2

of low or inadequate street
housing supply for It exposed individual for high 12 13.9
urban resident? expenses
Crates political conflict of 16 18.6
individual
It affect socio-economic life of 44 51.3
individuals
Total 86 100
Source: field survey, 2017

As indicates the survey results shown in the table 4.10 out of the total 86 homeless residents
the majority of respondents 81(94.2%) report that in adequate housing for urban residents have
it s own impacts. In addition to this 12(13.9%) of the respondents were exposed individual for
high expense, 10(18.6%) of respondents answered that he major impact of low housing were
forced residents to live on street, and 44 (51.3%) of respondents were answered the impact is
socio - economic life of individuals.
25
4.6 Responsible Bodies for Supply of Housing

Comprehensive of urban housing police is very crucial for solving housing problem does hosing
sector of the kebele 07/09 lack of comprehensiveness of urban policy.

Table 4.11 the response of homeless residents towards housing policy

No Item Response Frequency Percentage(%)

1 Urban policy No, lack urban policy 34 39.53
Yes, lack urban policy 52 60.47
Total 86 100
Source: survey data 2017

The above table indicates that response of homeless towards urban housing policy which
52(60.47%) of the homeless residents respond that there is a problem of urban housing policy.
They responded that problem of housing is aggravated by the stagnation in the construction of
residential houses and lack of encouragement and in accessibility of bodies, on the other hand
34(39.53%) of homeless residents side that there is no problem of urban housing policy. But the
problem enumerates from high natural increase and rural–urban migration associated with
limited supply of houses.

4.6.1 Participation of Private Sector in Housing Construction

The respondents said that the private sectors are not fully participation in the construction house
of house in the town. Generally and this policy affect the private public to construct houses in
everywhere and also due to lack of financial incomes, lack open space, lack of material
resource and imbalance housing demand and supply due to this there is construct their own
houses.

26
4.7 The Vulnerable Age Groups by Housing Shortage

Table 4.12. The vulnerable group of the population by shortage of housing units.

No Age group Frequency Percentage (%)

15-25 11 12.79
25-35 45 52.33
36-50 22 25.58
Above 51 8 9.3
Total 86 100
Source:- field survey, 2017

As it is depend in the above table the respondents 45 (52.33%) and 22(25.58%) age group are
vulnerable by shortage of housing. As the household respondents 11(12.79%) and 8(9.3%) age
group of moderately affected by shortage of housing. Housing construction and acquiring
facilities are too difficult for the low income group. As people said that even if the problem of
income is eliminated as a result high population of the town is vulnerable for housing challenge
in the town.

27
 CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
The recent trends of the world urbanization have clearly shown that the fastest growth rate of
urban population in developing countries. This rapid rate of urban population growth required
houses to live. Similarly, in many urban canter of Ethiopia, there were imbalance housing
demand and supplies, even through; this study has been concluded to the assessment of current
urban housing challenges on the urban residents at Debre Dirhan town. Urban housing problem
in Debre birhan was aggravated day to day with in the city’s housing problem. This is mainly
due to imbalance housing demand and supply as the rate of urbanization is increase in this town.

The result of the study in general show that there is inadequate housing supply Debre Birhan
town was caused for each urban residents, therefore, this urban houses were existing below
standard, and quality level. According to the result of the study about 93 percent of the
respondents evaluate that there were low housing supply in the town. Because of this low
housing provision manly urban residents were challenged by impacts of housing shortage. As the
result majority of the residents went to move from the current residence if they get better chance.
Thus, majority of the house were provided by private owner with high prices.

Major identified problems responsible for inadequate housings in the town were financial
constraints, lack of raw material resource, lack of open space and imbalance housing demands
and supply.

Financial constraints or shortage of capital is one of the main constraints that face the town’s
Keble admisntration and municipality in access of adequate housing services for its urban
residents. And a low financials also was aggravated for local respondents to constrict your own
houses. Generally inadequate housing in this town has its own impacts on urban residents.
Among the impact resulted from inadequate housing supply the main impacts identified were; it
forced individual to live on street, it exposed residents for highs expenses, and generally affects
socio- economic life of the residents.

28
Besides high birth rate of natural increase and growing rural urban population in the town, rural–
urban migration is also another impact of housing because the relationship between rural and
urban population cannot expected to be normal their material difference are accentuated by sharp
difference of attitude and values.

According to the result of this study, the majority urban residents were forced to like in the
rented house due to shortage of your own house. However, the prices of rented houses were very
high and affect socio – economic life of the residents and the residents were exported to expenses
high costs for houses per months.

Hence, it can be concluded that there was in adequate or low housing supply in the town and the
existing houses were also not completely in standard level. This indicates that municipality office
and Keble administration could not provide and municipality house in the town. Due to this the
residents were challenged by impacts of housing shortage. Even if some residents were want to
move from their current residences if they get better chance. Therefore, the study for wards the
following recommendation to alleviate the existing challenges housing supply in this town.

To alleviate this in adequate housing require responsible bodies that makes efforts to solve this
problem. Hence, inadequate or low adequate of housing in the town was solved by cooperation
of kebele administration and municipality office and private owner to gather with
participation of community as whole.

29
5.2 Recommendations

Based on findings of the study the researchers tries to recommended below which help to
improve the housing condition of the urban house of kebele 07 and09 and greatly help to solve
current urban housing problems.

 Many of the problems identified with related to financial constraints, and lack of attention.
So, it need adequate emphasis and should take priority that includes adequate allocation of
budget and controlling unplanned growth of urbanization.
 As it starting now, the cooperative house (condominium) the government and the local
admisntration should be continues to build more hours in order to solve the shortage of
housing in the town.
 The government should reduce the rate of rural – urban migration by equitable distribution
of government expenditure on public service so that it is possible to narrow the disparity
between urban and rural communities and which intern led to reduce land pressure in the
town.
 The government and other NGO, charity organization should improve the quality and scope
of service delivery in the rural and urban areas.
 The government should create conductive urban policy that would initiate for the
constructional housing market.

30
 REFERENCE

Abrams,c., (1999). Man’s struggle for shelter in an urbanizing world, The MIT press,
Massachusetts.

AbrehamTefaye, (2007), Problem and prospect of housing development in Ethiopia. Property

management, Addis Ababa: Pp27-53.

Barke,M., (2001).The third world. Diversity, change and interdependence: conceptual

frameworks in geography 2nd ed. Long man, Singapore publishers Ltd, Singapore.

Bucky,R &Kalarickal. , J.,(2006). Thirty years of World Bank shelter lending, what have we
learned? The World Bank, Washington DC.

Crenshaw,E and Karsarda, J.,(1999). Third world urbanizations: dimensions, theories and
determinants. Annual review of sociology: Pp 467-501.

CSA, (2007). National Statistics Report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

CSA (2009), summery and statistical report of 2007 population and housing census: population
size by age and sex. Addis Ababa : population census commission.

Debre birhan municipality, (2008). Debre birhan town administrative plan .Debre birhan, semen
shewa zone of Amhara regional state, Ethiopia.

Habitat and UNESCAP, (2008). Housing the poor in Asia cities, low income housing:
approaches to help the urban poor find adequate accommodation, Kenya.

Habitat, (2001). Housing finance manual for developing countries: methodology for designing
housing finance institutions. Nairobi, Kenya.

Habitat, (2006). Developing strategy for incorporate activities for the generation of income and
employment within human settlement. Report of an expert group meeting, Nairobi, Kenya.

John, F and Daniel, P., (2007). Urban Economic & Real Estate: theory and policy. Blank well
publishing Ltd, USA.

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Kothari, C.R., (2004). Research methodology: methods and techniques, second revised edition.
New International Publisher.University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (India).

Malpezzi, S., (2000). Housing in Glewwe.P. and Grush.M. world bank, designing household
survey questionnaires for developing countries, Africa.

Martin Adams, (2008). Tenure security, livelihood and sustainable land use in Southern Africa,
paper presented at the SARPN conference on land reform and poverty alleviation in Southern
Africa.

Olayiwola, Adeleye & Ogushakin, (2005). Public housing delivery in Nigeria: problem of urban
housing problem, Obaferi Awalawa University.

Pugh, C., (2006). The idea of enablement in housing sector development. The political economy
of housing for developing countries: Pp 357-371.

Suzanami, H., Kindokoro, T. etal..(2002). Improving land access for the poor in Asian mega
cities. Regional development dialogue.Vol.13, no. 1.Pp 453.United Nation Center for regional
development Nagoya.

Tegegne G/Egziabher &Mulat Demeke, (2005). Micro enterprise performance in small towns,
Amhara, region: implication for local economic development. Shaker publishing , Netherland.

UNCHS, (2001). cities in a Globalizing World: Global report on human settlement,

2001.Nairobi, Kenya.

UN-HABITAT, (2002). Housing for the poor.Policies and constraints in developing countries.
Nairobi, Kenya.

World Bank, (2009). The employment creation effects of Addis Ababa Integrated housing
program: report No. 47648 poverty reduction and economic management unit ( AFTP2),Water
and urban development unit (AFTU1),world bank institute, Addis Ababa.

Yewoinshet Meazah, (2007). Integrated housing development programs for urban housing
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32
Appendix

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERISTY

COLLAGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONTAL STUDIES
This is the Questionnaires that tries to assess the urban housing problems on residents at Debre birhan
town for sample households.
Dear resident, I would like to inform you we are 3rdyear Graduate students in Geography and
environmental studies program in Debre Birhan University. But, we are doing a graduate research paper
for "Urban Housing Problem in Debre Brihan Town kebel 07&09". so, I want to collect information about
this idea. As a resident of this town your views or ideas that you will be provided for used to a very vital
for the success of the study. And, this questionnaire is for academic purpose only; I would like to say your
genuine response is secrets. So I kindly respect you to fill this questionnaire without hesitation to all the
necessary information.

Part 1. For the illstrated14 questionnaires choose the correct answer. And circle the letters.

1. Sex… A. male B. Female

2. Age…….… A.15-25 B.26-35 C36-50 D. above 50

3. Marital status…….A. single B. married C. windowed D. divorced

4. Kebele…………. A. 07 kebele B. 09 kebele

5. Family size (how many members are there in your family?)A.2 B. 3 C.4 D. others.......

6. Level of education

A. Illiterate B. Primary education (1-8) C. Secondary education (9-12)

D. Diploma E. Degree & above f. Others..................

7. Are they have enough houses for urban residents in this town? A. Yes B. No

8. If your answer No in question number 7, how do you evaluate this shortage housing in this town? A.
Very high B. High C. Moderate D. Low

9.What is the house that you are living now is rented?......

33
A. Rented from private owner B. Rented from government/kebele C. Others ...

10. What is your monthly payment for house rent?

A. <100 birr B. 101-250 C. 251-400 D.401-600 E. 601-900 F. >900

11. Length of year of the residents lives in the town? A.1-2years B. 3-5years C.5-10year D. >10years

12. What are your principle reasons to live in this rented house for more than a year?

A. To be close to place of work C. To have income due to rent others

B. To be close to parents or friends D. lack of your own houses

13. What are the main reasons to build your own housing in this town?

A. Financial constraints C. lack of raw material resource

B. lack of enough open space D. Imbalance housing demand and supply E. all answer

14. Which things are the results of in adequate of housing for the resident of the town?

A. Forced to live street C. It creates political conflicts.

B. It exposed us for high expenses D. It affects the socio-economic life of individual E. All

Part 2. Read the following question in detailed and write the necessary information on the blank spaces.

15. What are the major impacts of housing challenge on you and other resident in this town?

.......................................................................................................................................................................

16. Do you have any other ideas regarding to this issues? ..........................................................................

17. According to your attitude who are responsible bodies to solve housing problem on urban dwellers in
debre birhan town?...........................................................................................................................................

18. What is the kebel administrators or/and the society to formulates the planning policy to solve this
shortage of housing in this town?....................................................................................................................

For all your corporation and dedication we thank you in advanced.

34