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    This document provides information about the Indian Engineering Services Examination, including: 1. It is a national level competitive examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission for recruitment to various engineering posts under the Government of India. 2. The examination consists of a preliminary screening test, a main written examination, and a personality test. 3. Successful candidates are recruited to one of the engineering services, including the Indian Railway Service of Engineers, Indian Defence Estates Service, Central Engineering Service, etc.

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    This document provides information about the Indian Engineering Services Examination, including: 1. It is a national level competitive examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission for recruitment to various engineering posts under the Government of India. 2. The examination consists of a preliminary screening test, a main written examination, and a personality test. 3. Successful candidates are recruited to one of the engineering services, including the Indian Railway Service of Engineers, Indian Defence Estates Service, Central Engineering Service, etc.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    57 views271 pages

    Envi Engineering

    Uploaded by

    pic2 madh
    This document provides information about the Indian Engineering Services Examination, including: 1. It is a national level competitive examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission for recruitment to various engineering posts under the Government of India. 2. The examination consists of a preliminary screening test, a main written examination, and a personality test. 3. Successful candidates are recruited to one of the engineering services, including the Indian Railway Service of Engineers, Indian Defence Estates Service, Central Engineering Service, etc.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 271

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    i) ln Boylis +urU;Jrn.]tr & Nephtomrlu mJnq6 l-,.{.rbr'dtJy \j


    D
    . rn€oour:e d b1 colour tn okhin3 I chnfque. e Gj

    ru:., lhese mzthodE il!d:!_<Lg:{: c*^ olso bc /.t


    \.J

    n-reosLrrel "-g!
    *r, +f,*,-*.lhod.- o.. l.*A;f uoed for }esf,'1g r-6
    .(a

    ,.U
    l()o t er suppt t 95 .
    / of ..
    {_
    ,;

    \
    f:'-

    . (,:;:::

    Page 10 of 271
    -l I
    I
    'v1 I :
    I
    I ::q)
    .r.
    I 1;a
    \i
    ru rn +hia nrerhoql co)ow procrured in irre
    ..;'. '
    . lest ,ond sL-,.)ord
    somplc. clrr. b, *n.r'
    lubjecli66 ii: fru,ce ol Jr€hi ,,, ""f J-"f.250v
    ''r JF ttre colow, produced in lesl s6.nple is oojne os *n, j'"i so Hi
    ,,,olqndord,,s.arnp.le,.:ih.r-.t lr'bid'f ol Iesl-
    sarnpls.,:a,.u;;Q as
    ',
    :
    .
    ,
    1"1
    :..

    ,:{
    ,:, ir> To improve eFhciency oF lesl, lhe r'nlen51l, of
    .*,:_i r-s noleC
    -t",r: ;r,sf eod oI inlen5sty' ol coJo* b/ p.Io.r:no pholonralers
    behinJ
    *he srirttples- ".
    '-.
    i: v) Jn Buvlis
    t\ t:1lf;*- jnl,-nsiF/, i" meqsL*ed
    ,.l5nl rl io *.o"*.d-;';#i in direchon
    ..?

    2 gf , in'idui.r, pfi, l,Sl-,i ,r:h*igr


    al: h rhe iirechol o-r i',,a-,. ,.1. r,sir i;-;ii.I*,.:rl,'#n'?.
    N?hoiomdgt is bqged lcn srolJtrrrna p_1T-?1,_l_q ,. ;-.^',.'
    p-r.r,";l.io A , ..,
    _-
    - sor Jrb
    - '*-a r- ,.--r. L_,r,.f
    melt. ,s 'basoJ on sbi6,pho;;Tlb=hl-, , ,

    ,.,_ _:.*,.7 15 exprg55.,_J Ir)


    rs obhin ed b7 odding , , ,..,j ol Fo rr{1cez 1slor,"t*d r,*Lt;trtr_
    'CHexarinel'nflgr1r-
    **rc.rnrne ) as bose
    ffi?7o"
    lrrro, i*"1.& -p ;I-: :'lre.
    i--1"-..t oF ElI .ffi.*.

    Accylubie Lrnii 'b, J-L{rb,d,lY


    I NTU
    &use by, rle.Han i)'o!u. /,:limil fo NIU
    :

    5. Glou r :,
    I

    ,,
    I True - due lo Ds
    colour _

    Aptroreni colouu- d;;lE 55 +'Ds


    r) (olour in
    )h e,.ruo{ e, hao psTcholog,.col
    .\1
    nroIe. qeethoh coIly . drl+pleosing- "flr".ls a rnokes- Ihe
    foloured - ,^toler connol b. u,sed
    :

    r)
    : h, _osh .
    rll ) Sorne coiour (a c.rhPou'#rr
    |o h.* Corii ;'^t:::, -:3y-" ne^-
    #siriq cqncer)

    Page 11 of 271
    Ir) 5offie colOur Cuuotnq.t cornpornd, 't! .{tqgeg __q}.lla.r,xl
    '' chlorrne, i6 __-_
    shono.j-_ er!ti"l-,,srl i t p;iil..-;;{gl*d *'
    os
    reo cn on-
    -
    a;jon
    v) $ome colo94,go.-using OrS*16 cDmpor.r,ds reo cI' j|
    ,ur cl-,lorirr e
    ' t0 induce lusFe' B odour, I,lq. plrpn",l
    ___-:: ,
    .L..vr.
    .

    6-ot * crz i-*-) u.,


    :l
    )
    ,l
    \,- @'ot'*
    ,.1

    ::
    :l

    I-l i.) The inlensih of in th, leul sampls 1's meas.,.riJ or)
    colou.r
    .qrqr-r T?tli:,s 'ir;;;lr; ;.i' ,Ir.;
    i :;il",;;,
    .l
    I
    rhe' bos,'=s
    :j
    [esl- so'npl. i?- cor.poref ,u,fh the coloJ
    ,rf s;a^dql d oaa/'e.'!''
    T"nlonrtJ er r,uhile' trrties' ln ruhr'ch s*^rrr-le s osp..of re.llj -*r,
    i'' ,.

    rril Th .
    :"1
    ,'s exprs5s.J i n q l""d-r.l
    ensi l-y oF ''colouv.
    *';;,-'";'i"'
    uni+ ,n: hich {:
    rs obl-uined b7 oddlis : qg gl ,prohnu,r, i;-;, .-

    i'; r!l:-gFtoHlgl-q-rq!'.g--l a--

    rai=';j ls Lnon--,n fr; ."


    r;) 'th esh'ne g
    oP coro,rr 'shou rJ be don e ,,irhin 7 z hours
    t
    irl* or *hc t":
    6ottecHon oF sor,-plrs.G5 .h.*i;i"o^j:
    aT,irr, ijUffi;I -
    oil xrol., o'e c]ronged'
    -.f d*e *s sb.oqe{r- *hi.l,l jlot-'.*u,
    - -Y th;
    €,-
    6ho.ge in .r-,e .oigi, ''rolu \u('
    :,

    i':j:

    Accepluble lrrrril,,.' -' ,i!


    5 tcy, r'-:.
    Ccrurre' for rele cHon, volu zf l,rnil _ ZD lcl)
    as:
    i-:-
    I I
    :l ,<
    4. loste ond odou.r-:-
    r) losle & odouri in- -llale' mcl, come.fro.., drssolved
    ,\'.:

    ,ssolveJ og on ic 'm o-l l e.r ond


    J 9ases
    ,noTdig ooll,s eS. - e
    rotl en e-gj 5rnal I lo u:olcr, co. rnduces--bod HzS ind uce i(.j
    \-'

    losle rn uJol er. I


    €! .:
    tJ a.e secrr| 5 ..)iv
    1) A 5erlw'n yt p,a o,f oils ,uhi6f, in due es
    . t
    ba d lorlt t. :,:j t:-
    L
    i
    ,.n -ol ar. J
    (:-:' ,=
    v

    Page 12 of 271
    @

    2 Alkolirrrly:-
    Al kol,'nik rs mpq.sLire .
    ,l 1f j; 1uCIr,Jjl_/ oi
    pres enl in #€ i6,,.r5
    .t
    u.roler thot
    o,r" of rreul-r,'lis, lhe. Lt.ld,oniarn ion fH,) or
    :tr5,e .,5 rn
    tl.TalJ olso be,.Je[-,ned ?o6ure } obirltT ' ol i,J,ru, lo ,.,eurri'be
    I

    I :ocids. ...1 r. ,-.-...


    -'
    ,.
    I

    '-
    I
    :1
    ji
    , ., Alkolr'nr:Y. in-, rarole,r, rs due tc_ co3'-', H{o3-
    -lpo;, HSioa-,; H5*, '-or*-; Hs1
    ,:
    cofbonote Cco3--1. bcclub,onole cH{os} r!ar.9xy}l
    ron5 ore -ttgigr: consl,.I u bnis f .r*-:,
    ,1, conlribul e ,,AF"t,.l\. ond :
    :1 rnlnor ,- .
    r^esl ore
    i:
    -ii

    !
    --J

    :'l . H co; brcor bs16 i . 'ott oli,-,'/l-, .

    jl:)
    !.J 't:
    t':
    :-:
    NoL.e:-.]]'....:....,..l
    *I -- -For:',t,q-ll :ihe proch'col
    -* I.{ ,,,', ,L
    -' -"---f 'oue
    Burpaseg -,,, .,'.,i
    ro rntfrsr orkorini+.:r_u ,'
    ri
    congHluenls ron' be ,r.gl.alud. . '

    --i ,i

    -f-boa/",gfg!g is m,xed in ,rol." b, the u6e oF tvhtir*s


    rnsssh**r:,
    :i:
    * ri;-
    -1
    J
    -dgt,ss:rle. u i= tl",:.'_r:i,r-;!e.t st tokes
    'o5 rr PI-oTql5_ flrg_g,qtult of olso.e, **,;n
    _l
    +'l
    ,'l
    :I
    ;l___!;ff ;:r;;;
    ' i
    Alkolinr-}1 :in *oi"" tiu'
    '*3
    ,:1
    ,, pro,Juce"j. Jue Io cr.ions
    ohich
    .:l
    n .:'Y
    _,!. ,.:.f ,',,t?
    eral orrsin. ruhr.'ch .o/ be d.,. p:inl"'Ii."r6,.o1
    -:i
    v i-i
    iecomf?sihon oI ,ogrniq ,r*rl fu o,, j*,lo t,"+'r;r"**., .
    ],j
    'i
    .f rssolved'goseu ,r,* t(.r3'co, -
    v:] 'I
    -ole. H,5'elc) :..::
    4
    ::'
    rl
    ,,, l
    :1
    I
    i I i':'':'
    -,t
    HrCou .=: H cos-
    !-+ Ht
    v::
    ir

    -i I
    .1

    Page 13 of 271
    !fl
    -J
    ril
    4
    I i€:
    'ronq{
    l_lence iF olgoe fs prrsurl in ,.;rrltr.ils fH is in the r;(.:
    ,J oF I Lo.io. ]| , (,,,
    . .r,

    il ,Tlra PresQrrce oF o)lctrlinihT


    I
    rn ,uolu inrpcul.-bl..lt:Llggi fu |
    ,'ll; ,
    ii) The prlrne obj.ecl-ior: oF olkclunrl-7 ir-, ft leoclg,*-Hr. :j
    - i. r
    incrusiohoq.__ln*plp35_ ( thn process*
    .'
    oP depcsrhorl of yrects,in,1-
    , ;,
    in_ *-te pipe 'leoding tc the decreosed 'd,scho'.ged c- ryinq
    :::

    . '':. (.' t .J
    ' '( rr, r - - I l-

    !,. (,'-)

    i- €,.;
    l
    '- (.'
    .. €.,
    l

    I
    i-- ---_

    ,.. €,j

    I
    (i:
    i3 The olk=rlinr\ oF rvols .5o.rnple ,u t*.o*r_rred br'
    if_;,,-.,
    r'l u:ith o.U. ond Jeher-mrning ;Lh'e rtg|Ig3g,.,-*4,#]rl*";1,
    F+

    {-:.

    D
    (:.
    No'ol'moles
    _;
    , =%d
    *ble.ulcu ruShl t.
    _

    t Fluivolml r,uelghl : molcculov wdqhl


    6=

    - :-
    a

    Q;:

    t:

    No-of gm eluiroler,ls =
    : , i elui yo lcnl ,r:er3h+ -
    €

    r'a
    rorn \:
    , On e5 uLui rro I rl'l : one Srqrn.e?ui"olcnl oP *l ...
    7!
    {
    ,|

    onf th in q' ol-h u fhin5


    't ,J t:

    Page 14 of 271
    @

    ori I Srctrr) eluivolerrt in3 reocl.. r*h one r nm


    ol crnyl-le
    1u S
    e-quiv:r-rler,l oF ui1 'ollrz'r thing- to givr on e r:rI orn ,.i
    e1a'tiale.rl of
    re',u)[c,.n*. . ' .'i i ' : ; . ii
    .

    :2 Hl: I cur,..
    .---+ l)25o,1 . . -..
    . z ,nale L rnole i t mo)s
    z ltt, s{sry . ,58,s.1 , .-
    * 7 3'rn- a1. zJrn. e1, - L3n.27.
    :

    "j. A ruoie.r u,?-r,..gonloi.,s 2tDgrn ,f c*bonoJe,.


    t.:i

    tzzg-,f
    ii bi-co,bonole ions ond e 8*S^ of h7 droirJs iong . Find lhe
    -l .:6l[<ol.inflyo|",.1-}.uond'exPre55i+os.'.Cocd"

    5o

    l'?qla:riry of eci.rEu* ': I' of o:ol.s .

    d
    rr)
    .. fLt-j) - . : Jf '- yo-lu-Irt
    vo-lnrn E ol bCl
    e: OI
    :
    -!f7 Lll
    scl".in..
    Lli . \, $s-
    :

    * r:lorrnqlih ol soluhan
    ra'
    4'-
    : rnt-)
    Nole
    , ,Jl''.0'oz N H;504 'useJ. o5 :J,*l :bf ,
    'l-, ho"l ' ".#-ran'
    , ociJ u s'e dt cor'r6s gr:6| g
    y:
    I J^g oI c lkolini Fy os GCo" .
    !
    ,
    9
    o-oZ trl H.5O4 I *J, .ol, olkslio,'A ' os CCos
    I exro"q*-<g.rivolinl 5
    I
    s"",;'e- zY'c' Jtn'tY..,
    I
    )'

    Page 15 of 271
    'a
    . .:. .- r':'!+'

    (= t-
    ,1
    -y- the .elo+ive Xuqnl-'fi ee . oF olkolin
    . ..:
    e .speciql prpe enl in - tt ' f:'..,
    !.. t"*,,
    _';
    :

    ,J
    uuolu is pFl d"pendonf . C rrco; , CO;, O r+ -. \
    ).. F-:i
    I '+t'.t lr,
    "i,j t:3
    .,, , ^.: '-
    ,. .ta=- S;,
    lOornl :..
    -r:, ;: !

    6-02 N rl250+ .-f-


    , ,-.: (,.e :
    i.rt
    loo-P

    IoO-H ? 1i3
    -il 85.I*t t'; it:"@

    #.. e
    iw
    v
    '
    \ '- :,--jd' G j

    qo;lHEor*1ou- ( rHTlo)
    ,. +indr color,
    ]

    I, rt 8.5 - t0,17 f
    l

    'lt
    :tl'ii oran3a lfH
    iv ?:!" az-: !
    'i+qco.
    e
    €;
    p{g* r-t+. &.1-{D,
    J Cot i4;;-r 6 ;; e
    tY
    L .,, r{ ! rE::3
    +5 I
    ... ,1.
    I, .,r
    :l
    €:
    ::j tol* ol *da P
    , :' t1 a, rn.
    *:(. ''
    :
    e :

    :
    .,1
    :-.'tr:r:
    ::1

    :1 :' {rau "- ---'. ,


    E
    l 'it ,-.,.-.- : -:.. ,...-.t--
    ,i:l ----... ,.,. -f;?

    i) Converciqn of' cqrbonoLe', to, Li-co.bono{e rs e&serrfioltv' -.f; '=-e-:i


    cornpleteJ o.& ,,pt-l oF €-g . F"t,= *his respt.lonl hcqrbojole ,.t't. €
    " - ' 'l '' i :(n rc;7
    - -sbll
    I
    reguires
    -t q:idl .to grl Sqplpt.lely 'neuhiJizrd, Htnce we
    i.,_::.-- €E
    t-. -:

    ccn' 5o, bh ol holF oi 6'tohoIe alkolfru]j fs n6+n lizrd '"yh -,'il €


    I !:::'
    (.
    pB 8'7
    Cq---+ Ht li -H ros- -e
    ' :.:'-EF:
    HCor + H*
    --)
    H2 COj . ;
    :',t:.-.: E
    E
    ..:,

    rrt f'ltu:Irilisol-ion of l-ry.1-xyl coH-l rs o.lso ro.npl.]"J


    r'1,:
    '€
    .+rptD I'j:-l:
    s-5 . Ther"fote o[r l-r f'5 compl.le rgs-sI!_&_ I-'s*lf t\
    , t'i-,

    Page 16 of 271
    C

    -'

    uil volaln * o[' ocid used lor neul-ril fs oh'c., ol lhi= o lkoL-ni]:v
    is
    '',p' ml. : I
    I
    ,i*) rTdicc,l^or used in lulsiq5. oF irl-rolron is ghenolphlhelin.
    - :h is blsic: indicolol ruilh oolkilg ronJg ol yrr s.3 ip tD.6.
    JLig orrgirrollT c.rlo,.'rlessrond t*qu_-111i-o-gir.F',
    ( tmo'7 i'g 'yell;D L,-,,ilg ruo.hnq
    --=---- J' ..]
    ronqe.
    -----v--
    ' '4'

    ::.

    v) &torbonoi e olkoliniI cHc03--)'pres.nf_;., *ol,


    fr:rrqrn6lly
    presen{ ohd olso c.nvu{ ed Frorn corbono}e, orrco}irriy"
    '.ilo} n."r1;risaho
    s.5). complelety neuln'Ir'sed
    "l ,u 1s of 'ui- u-;', The+cfo,e
    l
    o iur 4.5, complel e' .o,JF,., corb onol. ;^; .I u'r.,ole
    olko,lrnif rs nlulr,lr'sed. rJotLrrne ci o'cj ;uJ"[,,for ,th. -
    ,,nuh-.liso!cnofFhiso.lkolinil-7ls.*,rni.:.-
    ' ',, | :
    -

    ,,,) I ndicab . risgd in -:"-4-.s,FS. lihah cn is ,*:".i+-,y! o.o1g e


    ?I , - 1l :
    ,

    3cidili:9:t"t1-*hich l''o,ks in 1H rqn,e ,i l * L,\rL.


    7
    ----:f i5 origias+I7 cTo:Fge I, coiu* onj lurns- inn y_.G
    -.lf
    rr-arking ron oe. :
    i; l

    V:-------'nl-- - ..
    i .. . 1 :
    .

    .J

    /= -, * l/z 7. + i'/? rtl l+1 .'

    :.
    Yf= at +r
    'o

    L\ i

    S r':'

    ! Page 17 of 271
    T
    ,,1

    r{
    il
    !9 -."
    {s 'rH :-
    o s csle whi.l, is used lo : oguJe lhe acidi)7
    rl
    I
    rS
    rH
    : ',
    .

    bos io \ or
    -Ihis o,o le uguies Fron^, 'o L-o l+. o? I t'..

    ^rolu. !
    f,t,-rr.l-rir,.o r,, .rs
    . .l' . lT' f,-rtl E-)

    )
    I
    The IH'] sho*ld be f:i,
    ,j Sr'nrilbrly, ,OH
    I = [O ]., J irl moles ltit
    t ,,.

    (:j

    'n:dler.' ! '
    -t
    .tbr 'oodic: '' .'
    .
    ! .:l:l
    Fr
    ,fH:,9. 1o7..
    ,:.1 t --a
    --=t
    .::1
    .s
    .i1
    Fo r bosic wo ILL'
    -- .
    fH =:"? [,q 14.
    ,_1
    .!,
    .i-I
    :l
    .
    L=
    1F, 1rr. rq* less, iI leods. ts corrosl'on. CInJ iF
    :

    ;I €?:
    ,l

    I
    I
    ;sl *o,e. i.J
    \:F
    'II

    leoJs to ifrq.us.bhHon'
    , sL a'hb., in' pPeslo"d @ 61
    '1
    Y,--,.-1|",
    i

    c hlorrn o fion' TJ

    -1-leasurerr', u*rl oF pFt L."


    t-t'
    r) Il a05ij-rernej'rl of rH ie dc,ne *1l-h J-he- h"lp of colort, (]..i
    i - a:-
    indicofur lrke .rphanclphH:re!ein,
    1., melhii..'. o,ooge - '".,,1,'.rnp{, Uue.
    *r . brcmoll^,y E-.i

    ,.,,,'
    1 B-ro'rnqlhy rnai , blue ,perks ,*. .f H f?-r-r,gt nfl 6 hc 7.$ j).2 E-,,

    .\,
    9ri$lnGi Col otI,r O,Oly,t g"d r'n-rn5 cdcurieos in ils ru_orFilg
    1

    €:.
    e,
    fql$ "' e
    il-) J[ 'biorno\rno] bl^u'e is used' ss indrtolo., t+,E ydp..trl usrd
    ht tn eosu'ems,-,| 'oF eH rg tno'{rn os ' Aquolcoog.' _--l--
    ;:::..

    t'
    jll rh'e- yH, oF:,r-:oler sornple con 'olso bz, r^nqo6*r.J ,wl+r.lhe, .:-l
    hrlp t,:'. ,a-

    polenl,o* melo- oloo' Fnopn os pH meLrr.using GlomeJ


    oF-l---_--- . (..
    e lechod es.
    e
    perrnis^siljie li'nil cou6e: fcr re.1erh5n ri
    't:
    (,
    rH less fhon 6-E
    t
    (
    14

    :] '' ,.t,tl ,
    .Y: Ir
    r.':'
    .f:'f,- ..
    .,-E
    -, @i

    Page 18 of 271
    I
    @
    f,
    rt
    il
    I
    fl
    1Q 4. 2oo ml somple oF r^,rlLl. hos inih,ol of . to . -3O
    F, 'rr, gf
    N .Hrs o, is
    ,reLuir
    1

    aoZ - ed . io H hole lhe


    t 1
    ,:j, o:
    ",1a
    ..t,
    I, # .;. - ;,;r,'*in,i:-fl: u3ho l*te
    .5o mple,
    yH

    ,i
    J

    I
    :')
    p H' of 8.5 . Gl'cr-rlole {Dl-.,l

    cblculota +he co,-,.. of


    *fl,,'i,
    I

    -rtg:/,t
    ,o
    "{rJb
    eC%.
    3
    "ir.ar,.""ll";::1"': ^: CO3.
    ta '
    :j
    ;:! G;ven'.
    ?+
    ft=.5O .r,l
    ji
    l!fl:
    I
    Jl rnl
    :

    --For 200 rnl snrnple, eo *l of o.oz r$ 4r-sao: i


    J ,q L:, useJ . lu neuln'iyse
    :
    .'1 l-{ coir coa-- and,, DH-.
    4
    .;.-
    aikalf,,ii7,
    -..1
    l
    :l Jml ,Trl. {{^ c-oz !
    .1
    tlQ. 1
    r.so. = l3'-of olkalini}y
    .l
    l
    Scrn o F-'o-oz.t.t, I as Gco,
    i
    I ursoo = bon.J
    I,,1

    \J -r-

    _]
    I

    D-.
    tor 2OO rn I
    I

    .:' {or' * },/c

    fFr = JO.
    ,
    tolr-] = Io-srnole /lil ,.
    -L
    : q

    lr
    =. 17 x to-Ig- lnl ,
    a
    5 = lg:1me!z! I 17Nro-q -1r
    lO'qm' e1u1"o lenl.
    = ,w
    )
    ,_ for-+-J, oll.olinr'! os L,o [U^ r ottg... a1u-i rrolqre! -
    - .t -..-
    to-l x (so>1ro-:)
    t-
    5 qg I L os, Cacq3
    I
    ' fou-J + ,/, fcor.-J s5 ty lt
    I
    rc%--j : ,oo rnJll i'
    I
    lc% -J otkoli"rY oJ. Glos :,09 *,?ll
    '.'t "
    r-rco" -1 ollcolini\ a5 Gtot. .
    1-
    = t5o - Cf ),- (Ioo)

    Page 19 of 271
    II
    fr
    7
    e
    ,a
    I t:'
    3 l- Hordness:- i:::::'l

    . HordneEs is lhe- con cenl,o'[io., o{ ,-rrl}y rolu,i ultons


    Ell \;,a

    '!: r.1:
    pres enl in ,uqler' ll may be it'tduce.J due rD col,. rlglt r-.'i 6't.r
    I:l (rf
    .etc. I-l eosure co^sf,luhnl s o rt Co & rtr. *r{^,i lc ilinoi conchfu,n
    - }s i.: t_;
    arz res| ol ,r,rlYvale,t *u.o"u,: '.u*ce fur oll prochcal p*pos'"u I ... t.:i r
    horrlness due lo lnlnor consl.ifuenle can. b.e neJle-cled- . .:, (::i
    'con be cliv,deJ
    ,Ho.dne,55 oF tlre wole. inFo fuo o5 E#

    t: Corbonole hstd rl?as .-


    \:j i

    :J
    :,J
    /,. Non:- corb.onole ho.J n€ss t--.
    .:
    .il l: '
    i):
    ;l
    ,
    J. C.orbonole ho.dness:.,', t-=:

    iH o, d r, e u.. Jue, ^
    ro' corgor-role Cca;:f .r*di,Lico.,Eonale IEE

    €Hc{ ) o!: mu.t\volenl calions. is' collrd ca, bo;-.ble hardn eo': e
    no rd n es5 is also knoron os f"mp o:w,l_.t",*a nc53 e
    lhis
    q5 'f i con be remgvrd
    ._l .,
    b'u.rTiIiio.
    ry 5irrlple
    .t
    lr:t r.tJOl Cr. "aa;gon.# Iin;.-:
    -l' ur
    (i,'-
    ,. C; Cl-l,foi)z ' l+' Aco€ J :

    : f
    .. :laS.C., G|),j+: t-!g,eo3 ' -. . ...
    .1,

    .,

    E,, ::z
    ..:,.'-----...656.Iu6!e)::.-. E.;
    H4 cGa + Cq Co.H)z :--*_ ' '

    .J
    er. ' ' tcci{l"i+ c"cuY'l
    €:
    tc'l.q,,*l:Cc}i)}---,36-olli,|*.'.o]in(0!},$ L.,:

    . ,.Clime)_ , .,.... * Eia

    C; CHcos), l'5"cor-r), -:-;?. ZC;Cori* r iiro . "' B;


    :

    - tr'.
    -
    :f rnole o F lirrr e ls P l.
    .t req urred I'Dr rernOrr a, of : ffu CO3 , onJ
    D
    t.-
    t:
    ? molt' oF' lime GCor+)z i5 reluiied'rul removol oi n, Cicar;. (.
    B
    E [:
    Z. NloFr- corbodole ho.dnesl: f:
    -

    l{ordrre3j due rhlorde, oulpha}e. nitrcle: o[ oll lhe


    mulh,roltn[ ol-rons is kno,on as non - corbono]e hordnes: or
    p'e..nontnt hardnesS os ii (on nol- bs rernoved h7 simple 6o i liog
    or oddiFion oF inr.
    Spe.rot,' f echniqu es 0r e us ed .fo, , l-. remov o I kn oron

    Page 20 of 271
    I-t
    i
    I

    -l .1
    ',
    ho,dness
    ]
    .j
    Jrnpocls "f :-

    1l
    I
    I
    i
    i1 leod g, +g inoeaseJ ccnsuJ-npl-ion of eorp lo lerser
    l
    ..: ._dru

    in u-ro}'ar leadE {o Inrrosibn :onJ incrusi-oho-


    I
    i

    u-) llordness -;";;;"r.'-t*:elgn


    \l
    I
    I

    i
    :t

    ro Hordness i., n,otr' ..,or.iE ;.-;;;


    ln F'ipqs
    .:],I
    1".

    : iv; l'Logneeiqnr h.o1dnea5 due to sulphole Cnr.sgrl rndures


    laxol-ive
    "\ elrae|. in the o:slar. hence ils conce.ntr.ho., r-d ti,.,-,irej
    ig thehordneos..of ',usi
    . ,.*'"ri*,.,,h Eo n3,
    *t rs exirgsse.l , Gf os
    of

    irr 1g/I lG"J, - *, E'*:l.of


    - tq.*;)-oP l.-Y' :J teco,
    Geo fmol'
    6+';' cso) +-.---i - l <t-.dl.ol r"c**
    . -Cao2 " - "t'r{' af ;GT-,4

    ,{Ygqhgrq
    solu l=bni
    j
    l
    :i--
    - I

    i\

    :):
    f,

    .J

    Page 21 of 271
    Oegree oP hord rrs55 Con lh e bos is ol Ca (tt^ )
    n{J .frr' l-{o.dn?55 o3 C"c03 Deg rgs of hord nios
    :]

    -
    _'_a,' o-s5 Soft r,r.:oltr
    'a' j
    _/i 56 - loo slghHy hq'd
    co
    \'l Iol - LOO el7 ho rd
    rnod erol
    Aol - 5oo ! -, ery horcl urqI,eI.

    l:j
    Thursdoy
    I *h
    ii { -rE J"Y . to)b
    il
    r:
    I HorJnrs's o.rd olkalr'niL,
    +l' :
    ........-....,.
    l
    .j Alko Jin i\. .

    Nof

    Haidnes5 .'.j . I
    \i--
    :.-

    €,.
    -.
    r) ll No olko!'nr\ is ub5'qr"i|' '1ri i+al11 ( r,lq AC7z. rrler.Co, i *h-rn r':l i::, ei '

    .
    -. --._"i -
    '..
    I.l' L,l
    .

    fr.i kalini'\I = -[orbsnoie hc,.dn..?6..(, Co fOs, Cof tsro3t :


    . ai_;

    ':-
    ta5io3- mJ rHco3): ) : /::-
    il'r No olkolr *tY apeenl 't<i nly '-Pll. _non- c.:ii6ono{e
    \j:

    iq
    . 'l -
    .',- . -, ,r.,.,*
    -..
    ki. d ntes
    -. is r::l',-:
    €:_!
    DreS€nI.
    I
    '

    ( (.1- ( faa-: - t:'


    ( cl- tc:r-'.
    co!ns I uo +N"{ _.---;> No
    { soa- r. C"lfk $ ;.:,1
    t,=
    r (r"o.' I u'o; I
    I r,rOO- q
    | ^,"r- ^.:..,€e
    t

    Tot"l ho r?ne s s '; Cc,rbotrole h.,rdn to 5 t hon-ca .tonq,I e


    €:
    t,'
    r5j
    hor dn
    -: 4tkclinrly + non (,
    calbono_l_e horJn655.
    1
    €
    I
    I
    €
    : .,
    (:'
    ,t
    I

    Page 22 of 271
    @
    lrnpoda oI Tosle & odow
    I

    Jl li"';;J,l,
    ":;:. ';:'ir,,,,::il:*" ^or be c',.i nc3 enic5
    . .: : -

    tYteai,-urrn*ij of Ifcrslg: S or],cL,r:- "


    arl "j *t!-'_.'nf odou, is rneosured in
    'l]l: l:t: sto-^J6,-3

    rl j.r"J.';.1:.^- ?*i, .^'u,in- fi.".*+.


    o:_,,r:,,?:;"j:T, o' ::?::'::''
    r.l w,fl oll'oy,,*1- i"r"*
    ho.dl -1 delecl.clblt.
    u:h,,ch'hste
    ;I;.;
    .1
    ,1 iil The leshng l""i,.q oad odow is done in
    i
    :i
    "f ih e opparolu:
    :I
    i) - - ,___-:_

    'l x) Th e tesHng of losl e ,dortr. sloulcJ he, dorid:


    \i *:nr, el norr.,ol
    .\
    l

    l 1 unpetoh,rr co,,difions-' o5 thgsia;[slp{gtsg_isrs


    r{
    .1 tt", e iiol_ojiqcl', ocli,yiif, e_ ir
    ToN = _f-^ol ,ol*nrg loHe" ,,..
    ;l ,']I3,?nr
    t*inil-roll@ qf rsu ir-rolLr
    tP
    l-rcg;1=51 e l,nril''' "q,;l;
    J'fo'Nl
    .fo,il C
    C ne drJi:*i'cn )
    Cuusg= fui'i_11e.hon valvul j,,.:r.l f
    = ibir:.
    i:

    & biotcJ-,icol qualii*


    o l.nosf doubles l*-,0
    -__
    n.

    I
    -
    --r:-8iomos6
    ,
    fls the process in hr'.h rn icro-
    oUon rch-.rs jn -. If)e
    t.l -
    7 I,U ^, Qrtce
    elomRooihon oF riu_deg,adoue, Prts
    B
    :^filS:^.::.eu :*
    C carbon, presen]-f r'n
    orgonrc .rno[]er
    og aai'c
    I [et]u
    of .^.tg-1 for micro . olgonrsrn5)
    #;";'" 5ow Ct
    I
    5

    Page 23 of 271
    Iil

    -,.1 "'
    [-or ,^rol 6ufpli €5 I *p ,roLrr. oh.o"-ld R ('.'
    ", lre
    rf=
    Jo'c
    CoLlse hr. r!-ie"l-,on
    rJ' ,,rlue L9,C. ,r c:
    q': €.':
    i ':...' s-::

    r-a-
    (- 1.; r
    Chemr*co I O pgg el_er__s ::
    t-J '
    ;
    ti
    I..:--
    '
    The Pororn et1u3 'ohich h elp s in d ei6,."n r ni19
    ,] .

    !
    -,1
    )l_t
    ah srnicu I , ih*o cl er o,
    luoli; ol ruc,.|e.r q, e f e rned ae C/r erni col" E.-,

    I.JO. pororn ei us .
    €..t

    c'. Fluo:rid el conlqhJ


    t

    .
    ?' z{lkolrnilv
    .t -t
    '7- cl-U o l., de conldil €:
    . .l'
    - 6-,PH 8. HeFolg
    t. .
    €;
    +, HorJ npss 9. bos e-G
    :. ' S,n}lho_g*, co,:Jeni .
    '::
    :,i-., 6r-i
    lJedneedgy'- f.l:'
    J, DTSsolved ,6;',:.|5 ;... lzm JutT 2cr1r..
    ll The
    "pptqxir",ole onoiTois oP os cc,- be. done b7 finJinq (;,
    I .f,}--re; eleqlricol
    . lBql_1h viiy ay
    .-1.-- ,s
    e
    (fl.clricol ron,j uc|.,',rr ly f ,esitfr,:i) -'r'i'r- p..-P ql -?iS;,,<..) x a.e = ti;
    \t"F
    l
    l

    Jcle,l disEoived sol rds in €;

    ii) Eiechicol resisiivr'\ rs mreo.5wed- I


    E?.

    a5 U-rpnfc tesler. n:hr.h rneoSures E


    eal
    CorrrrAcn lbns ptiso.,| in,lfie r.uoter,
    .5ool.:- a,\.
    t.;
    ''--5
    lii Th e obove Jtsf rs opproximoie l"sf q .:

    Iin woter. os,il does'no'L' ofco,-^rrl fo,


    e
    rrhich ore dissolved in ruoler buI 6ps noI
    e
    iorrn.

    | --
    : v

    Page 24 of 271
    -

    H
    7.

    !'
    I

    ,. .:,
    riil lI No olko\in;].7 iz preser,l in ^ole, C NoHtor . Nar(o3)
    non6Utbo.,olelro,Jrl?65;;oboenlin,,,,}e,

    !: t'
    Tclol hurdnesE = corL,sn;l€ hurcln rr,, ' :" . .
    ,

    ': ''

    ti.'
    1 Chloride corr}.tl
    '
    iy qhloride cenltni iq Freou-,} in hgh tpFc. i* l,*ro[u,,
    Jii
    ii
    :sro";ifi,
    :sg :
    .,::
    ouuaq ^if;'us t:

    t
    P.
    E) g'nteride conter-,{
    :
    in ,uoler con'[; del'urnined'b7
    '-. -.vv ul:.vr.It, <cI' Dl lih-qh-ns ;t c

    r.:ith sl..rndprd Nr,-J-


    ",j.
    l9r :; I

    Lbf gt .ile (rr'[' oo,


    o+ ) on
    tt5,
    9.: 11

    _p-ol"'stir.T .os
    ."s indieofer: :

    tF
    :.
    b

    Y A5r*c3 i k2C,O4 .= AgrGOqI


    .. '. I h I I ;

    .: K€ct bf0Wn
    .:. . .
    v , ,ace<riobie Iimil fb. chioriJe in ruc*ler :
    -

    i:'.
    al
    . e tOr re.:iect-ign r'a iu:.- = looo AYif
    LIJLJ
    rylt
    =-- :- : Loue P

    Nilrogen .o.,i.r.|
    \ :i
    ;
    ...
    I
    i> TFrel pre:sur-ce o[".n,h5e-, I r-i ruolu indicoiet
    r-t!-?lt:e- e{
    :i.. .

    rn Itt ioarinJo D _''


    lDrtT\-
    r/
    ..
    .J - 6rq6nic
    \-/ GJnn')oniq C AlburninoiJ I
    ,5
    n'l-r o[r cxJou- )
    )
    ) I

    >

    Page 25 of 271
    I
    I
    ,l
    I
    t:?
    I
    ,tj' FrE:z ornmo.ria :-
    I .:--

    I
    <t
    I rr e pres u-rL€. ofPn fre.e un-rrncr:io ir-i rucr.ler rncli1T,fq,, it-rr. i- e't'
    I receJll PolIuHon of ruqfer. . t',i
    lr ez o.m rn on lc) Cu n be r:ol.rloiecJ b7 .,s_f:f plq_
    I

    bii,.rq ri
    .l
    r.r'olu ond me05 urring Ihe- QlngLu-ll of r: n-,rnon io f:
    ..J
    ,J
    .U
    e lloh Sas libE,n lt,'i
    :l

    I
    br iirnpl cJ rsH
    'r" --t----'--"----- on .
    I

    ible li"n;l o[ &ee ,**u.,,'s ie


    Perrn,ss o-55
    Ei:
    3
    "=H {t
    couse for qiechbn vc,)u z f linil ,s o)eo o-tbi
    :ij
    :j
    ry )'l €:a
    3
    1
    -aqUo.t._,g*monio :- C Albu{r}iloi1 ) l: .,;
    )l
    ai e-.-
    :i
    :ri Qrn)Tt Or],)O In wolTr ln dicsles *ha
    I
    ,, .l:
    -preoeJ",ce
    of n''ftqgg) ln ihe ,uolu ,,bef6re the d ero,nfj€dg1t vl
    ,.!
    \:r'

    'orqonic
    -U rnollr 'ho? :sha'rted; .
    .
    .r,::

    'j : . -' I i:i: (.:-


    or5on++.gFnrnorrl,o.lt.}:,.,+.e'(onbE.co]culale,dls1otrg^.:
    boilrngth;bolled,ro}t,-i,o^.d,calculoi-inq"".i
    ue !ng O isH Ii ahon pro ce sS .
    t.

    f:'
    DurlftS ihip p.i:oca?i shgrs*^s.E"llfe*A-:,i:1.,lri:-€* F r.1,,i .,
    .:
    - i \ , ..- 6-.:
    (r"h56}L{n|ein^lo,.stnz}e)readoed?:CCI+,o-.'q-l:ezcio:,..!)
    :

    r--j
    L:i
    (,:; '

    .Nolte,' ' (::'

    .rj
    | {Le crmm0nt0' in in ' I r. ;v
    _t .i
    ':i
    ..'.'' ceni,.roa
    JV
    l-, Wifll
    ,J Or.t€frre fiffr,r1on., ,
    :!
    .1

    l
    t's known a5 -kid-& 0rnrn0nr a- $
    I .ll
    I ';,"t {.,
    i.l
    1
    i
    Kgeldho's cifftroonio con be cb I cu to I ed
    ' li7 "J d,'qj KYInC4 tr, (:
    ',1 ,l thz.onginol u.,o1.t eornpfB ond heohng ,y, slhu.bi noh_1g *-,r- (_
    e
    :1
    omrnonio So5 I, beiolt d ruhlch Cor rq5 ponds io S"+h hce oh A
    re
    I
    :
    .,,,-,: /-.
    i
    orqontc ornrnonl o. tr
    .l
    I
    -iJ .
    .C[:
    .,.

    l
    I
    I
    P.erqissible lirniI br ogo;'ic ornmohio is o.G mgll
    j
    .:ll t,t ollonic moHer be ol,erdf 'f,
    i1
    thUo, vol ue 15 . ^o/
    fiorg thon n'e e orn .rr on F
    deramy0r.e i 'c'
    'E
    ia voliLg
    ..i ) ;.';,' €
    : q
    a:r!:-

    Page 26 of 271
    \,T:
    ;:
    v'l
    {
    -! 1
    ,c

    I
    I
    6 N,l'ril e 6rriu-r- ) :
    I
    The pr'eernre ot'
    -t
    fr
    nrlrrlt ,n r

    n_,olr -' ir.rJr6")'"-Pgrtii


    ,1
    I

    , ',.-'.: ,f -P - . '-" il
    ller'.Hance is -,*'r',:-J-
    *l &Igq h;orri,
    der5q"-tts
    ,t I
    ond ii is re-1..-p-,,rg1tJgd E@:'
    : ' 1r1il-r le conl g,r | 1.,
    ,l wal ej csr, be d tl u,r.,fry,s:;
    -- :t
    r.okhing Ieehnr'qvz in ,*1hich
    ,1
    colour.,..;;;;, ;;",
    erffi
    :{
    :l
    .i
    acid ond Nq>li-,orni n s. (..
    I
    I

    :
    Accgrl-qble lirnii ofl niil le : o,.mgi I
    .rj
    \'1
    ...i
    .aI. .C cuuse
    : be.,-:-:- -' r'i
    ',. in
    ,-
    d icr:les . ,pres Ln ce _ o[. ;. ltrD-o{SoniSnrS
    in ,.:aler)
    :i
    i)
    i..,
    ij
    i 4..Nrho{.e.CND3_)'...]':.i,'.i-..'.j...j t.
    ,l
    :] l*.^* rndrcq l-es
    L ']J
    i ::;-*::..'r?f
    _ d?fgq'i:cs,ihory
    .-:^,Tt:l:, r" ,'*I* ,e*derg
    bl -?..y orric rnall er.- l-lerrre il sg;ril..'oO
    :
    -. I I tJ ffiUr^-
    f"'-tL '
    r-L)n '

    \,1 ":
    :
    :l
    .' '
    rh u pru.ence.-of nrhsi g ,* *o1.,- ir: npL h+*Hios il
    rs jy5*_q4te:4 bu{ ;n 1$erna caEtq,;f jl ;. n".*frf i,ir" - -i
    I

    '.i
    >-i ..C,.nCen|'g},en-,,i]oflec!s#neinfonls..

    :A*

    I
    ...
    r:1
    tl
    d
    NOrl 1 t+L.O, -----j=-) . i-lt Noz
    .l Ha'tnrPslobirr
    ri
    * .1

    O[rdS ln ttte
    oFH.n!\ lot haarnoqiobin,hq,lg, .tqp!oreg. o1 i*- Iherefu
    leofing m e" .'in"..di;r*r; :";;'
    is knorun a5 Brue bobl .J,i.oou o, reoih"rrostot;',-rn,,,.o.
    Niho\ e rn - u;ol t_, co n be d ., rn i n ed
    I 6; _lr*
    eJ

    2'
    i
    rDd&ilS_t:ldque onJ colo,r t is fa,mrd t3] 'pt_ol--
    d i- solpI" onic ocid, ond_ pdlb,s6,'m hyai
    , , e

    A rr ooftrlrie tidl /-to.uu. - F"i rerecH on = n q *n r t

    Page 27 of 271
    I
    g

    ,,''r
    *
    NoLe :
    .d \.

    th'e proce5a rrr x;l",ich crnrnronio g els conrerled in b -- a

    nil-r c,I e CN 0i ) r'5 *N!t]Ll,_qll_gt ond proceoe in ,ohrch ,,,I-ogrur


    is ,forrnn6 frorr:r nihqle is c,^lted dt
    , r'tt
    I

    elhif-'coh-on. ,: ('
    I

    . , f,,,
    Nlls _h, Noz, +,
    I
    :,
    :q
    il'l
    Not t:
    :l
    .1 ..
    rl
    I

    I
    N'::u'I:.i"u y' c NitrrFr'<cr!,crr- oxido5lY NrhobecFo, (:.
    l tc'r eft u
    :.l
    poroco cus deni{-nfi conl '::: {- .

    l :' f'-:
    !-j
    .:1

    3
    :J
    - ( De-nihifiC"h'on - r,educh'on 1 ;
    ., . h\'
    - u58 moleculo"' a.

    *
    . I f-.,i
    .- t -_, '

    .' . t.:: i

    Fluoridle cor.rl ,rrl ''.: : ' .. '' i.. r': -

    rJphs r jqq j r oi' Firra,.i n e. . is, re?uJ .€c : l-.:t


    "={D, #r. s:erxl
    ot:@ and fu P't+u[ -J-he denh:t co.rih'r otr
    (-r'.

    jl
    '.i

    l
    ,il
    D.
    {tuarinr, i'. nrqrs.,,
    Ti:_ lI_ag{. qqsA .;r#;.r" 1 ll

    €-:
    l ' t. j
    J
    '"--. --'""'i rnBn'5'qq/1.' jl-cause*', '6'
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    ,Io uri.J th roH o ie K"f + ic be 4: I ' 1'' e-: ' ,.

    \.:
    iv)' Horr'1onbl Fankq qte desrgne J ior rnax.
    'Hor^-r .' sed i'menl-sLion (ii.,

    joiIy d',-nond et']ol ]D 'l'8 fimes uF ovg.doily dunonJ.


    .,:l

    4 -t :rs
    I
    Q.o = Qrnqo dorl/ ,. E:
    I rii
    I

    = l'g Qog.d^ly 6,
    ':'
    = I-8 {
    $
    1
    I

    yoV' .x AIg- do oafiJo -)


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    "r,,€
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    :{
    t
    c'r) lf cle6,ring ol cludge ie done rnsnusih th- odJiFionol valrmq .R
    4i
    for 666v lrr,rloHg^, ol el"dg! ls provided 'bl odJing q -p - t.2 m ot ,,. (
    i
    d?S ovu desig n d'Ph' '(.
    I

    Page 48 of 271
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    4 Verhcol ilor, \f" Itlnk:-
    ,_ ii

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    . ' 'Vr= o.1,f o:oil o * o.Tgs u,l)


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    :1 ""-''
    -1
    -: plon sreo oI hnlc G!) =
    ,er.
    '-', _
    -..t..
    " , :. : -*'. overfloro-role : .

    1
    4

    \-;
    I

    ...-

    Page 49 of 271
    o

    Ou{ qJrnine the sutrFu ce cueo b. se}llinq , lu,,k io,' o E mtls 'fla,c, ; t'.:

    r,sing Jesgn ove-rFJou.t tole os s2.'5 \'l -' I dq. Also lin4 ;
    tonk it dcle.h'o., firne is g5 roin.
    o, " l.prn ,f Ascuml Llg=z:1,, [a."*
    - " 'c,nd lenglh 'ol honk should ..?l .!^geed 1os
    I
    t.o LIB:.5:7 , -..l , , ,,, (:t.,:i

    ,.1 t... f:
    t:.ri t
    Oolo: Q-o = o.5 ,t?fae<
    4 r
    ov eril o,tl ,o I e = 3 ?.'5 *)at lm"' J d"7 . (i=z
    q-i

    . lo * SE rnin fr;
    L/g = L;t' to s:J t.:1
    I r- * loo rn /.- t
    r

    1' i
    -

    To lind i oreg:?
    plcin .,
    tJ t'.'
    ::. *ternl< dry*h :-?
    Its-

    L;-.-,i

    clon
    J-.
    oteD t'j
    a'.:t

    t:

    I :::

    vol,-,rn e oI lsn.k .Qa x t-s E-j


    -j'r a.,
    o'5,-P-/src x 3Sx€D stc {iri

    ?85o rnl i': '


    €.,
    t----

    Dgp;*' o!
    flE" or€s .toftjqnk e13

    285o ' .

    . tvz9-7 ,

    -='2'14 in (i.

    l- i
    c4a ) x c a) B ta-2 :'
    ,4sourr're
    '/B = +
    eI

    l8-2 m tr
    B
    O'rn tr
    L 77'3 rn
    * Io Ok
    I
    e
    t- (:^,

    $ tsi
    i:l
    .i
    , €
    a
    A

    Page 50 of 271
    L
    I
    E
    J'
    t:
    rr'
    J
    4

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    .l o- 1n
    l 1
    Fl
    ,i
    1

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    I 'a ttl

    x'.d a
    *a.- :

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    -.t

    = o'a.z=l mft,. {o:I min.


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    5

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    ,
    J
    n
    r
    *
    t-' t
    *

    Page 51 of 271
    .:
    4 Co-tlgu,lotton ordec' Sedtmenfafr'on :- .!
    L=-::
    v.:-
    1

    t! t
    rD the eff-cirntT o[ sec]irnt''iu]icn is uuy Icss ,gher,,^lalu .:
    (..

    conhcrins ve-rY [-.rnc.ss ' htnce l-o lrnProve iis .ff-iriu,t,1 .r rgrlol-r..,, t i:i
    oidtd sedimtnhaHon:.ia odoPled' '
    t....
    :

    'Ihe .i-,Hra Process oF ihis co uSuloljon is cornpleled,


    rii> in f,,, r

    sFage o. /-- )-

    Co -tjulolion, C Fugi rnixilg; li--


    vi
    Flocculefi'on (olo'
    .L rrulLr ffl] Xl n q )\
    mixing
    SeJiin,.r,holiorr.
    G.-
    -

    ,J
    t;''v
    *J lt is . me grccess
    ,iir
    rohigh, cerlor. . qh rmicuJs, knorsn
    *i
    , ., *S"lonfs oddgd' in lhe ,"1.?-'5-o os hr. neul-ril,u,'ngg"fira
    l+x

    .ore iei

    ;p'otr,ii-,".1,.ih1|ye, o:* lhe poqh;qles.: ;n ora..,[fffi.-il;,


    *1=-
    tr:--i'

    rg}:5i-1*g5g*ru : : i- :-

    I {n) qrrrounl
    A c<rhorn'minf rn,rm ,of (n:u.9 Y tb rtquired
    -;;*
    :,

    l r-reui-riirsqhon gf 6hargli, 6 kr,or' Jl ,nrrrh;; L

    l"r;lrlrrh
    .t_lr -trr..'.':

    I
    iep,ovid*din..,:eo-a5uiq}:on.P'n..*@id
    ::l
    1 --,:ni-*.-!-g.ln ihe o'ol *,, i

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    :,:l
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    .t
    '.t ,:.
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    eiiit OilftrenI |)p.E of ro-ogu)qanl-o od d eJ in heolr* *l ol ,oI.,
    I , Ore
    I - Alurn (O,, CSor)3, lgHro - Hydralrd ol.'n,niorn
    I
    I
    sulphole )
    - co?fao5 ( Fc'soq'7 vtro - H1d.ol6J {urous sulphc}<
    :

    I
    .i
    I

    -1.
    I
    - Chlorinoled CoTpetoo ( Frrtso")s. FeClr )
    j:j
    .,1
    - Sodirrrr, 41lu.Dinole ( NarAlrO+)
    I

    Page 52 of 271
    I
    i
    I
    I r:e

    i .;
    :t:t Alurn t l-t1d,,rle.J alu-rnini'^m sulphale) ,
    t,

    :
    1
    i
    I ..,i (i) Alr-r-rrtieoc}s uuiltl b-icorborrole oli"ol,r',iY p.r?sml in ,ral* h
    -:ii

    "I |orrn. lhe :!*.1g.f,lff :"u ?,*,gil=tu of Alur:ninr"*n hri-&


    which o ilrocl s lhe :finer s:spzndeJ po,h.le5 fr(o*t ;'*sl*
    I.

    thu5.,^g[9A-il-g:l- ond iE hno]!l r*novecl.{,


    I

    . ;1 rr-,. folle
    - :."-
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    ,) A .r'
    fojirr,,-r;-
    -
    roinaJ
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    sedimenl-uhon turk.
    ,j
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    *- inlco+\J *= c,'5o",il&f.a-l{coz
    :

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    I

    Atr{sor)" ,8t-lzo +
    ,j
    GC;-rcor1
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    -;i
    ,:.
    .. 'l
    C:6h.lryl -' lB.Hru :
    I

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    :i riilrThr,1
    riir TI-i-. r\.F-6 -.^
    Plo"',9o", ol:,0..&-@
    .r - ^ r
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    il
    11
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    :
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    :. cii:
    cuij i; fi olkolrni!
    olKolrnlr, 15 nor
    !5 no.t p-lgsenf
    P-JgsenI in rafrht{
    rn
    .'

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    ,r-ltr-ht{ . exf errra}_alkoiin
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    : iike1;rna ond
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    +qr\ is 3dd.J.,'h, ilild 1n;,*;#,"'
    - ,.
    1 . o|-HB'cioily in lhe ruuff '---:'--.i::::i.:'::"'/-
    I

    :,- ' _. --,:+-L

    ri' fa(oH:)^ *rcoe_*-r Gc\ | . . ..- * .

    '$ -i
    ' t'nus uue odded I I
    1,
    j, soiid fo.- .o{tIi'r'r
    r,-l!rLq t'
    it1-(-_QrllqK
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    :: : rlrng i,-, #,,
    the
    r

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    '- -i -
    I
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    ?:;

    , .
    -:: --' L Lv?--l brj
    t
    .:- hc rdneez is inJ,lced in u:o},r.
    -,
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    ;
    '' soCo o.h
    I^then sodg c5h ie .odd"d
    ii

    :!\ -.
    . orrdily r's induceJ- b*l .ln_ r
    t-"__ ' ?-j-:-- ",.1- - I O
    Hciidnrsg.

    Page 53 of 271
    t
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    atcr
    ..1
    g
    ' r t:j"
    r Th. dose ol olr"tt we,-d
    d
    I
    e uf o rr' lurbiJ il-7 orrd
    co)ou+ of /; !.
    rl rcrHl u:ultr which is dele.trnineJ wrllr lhe hd1: oF
    Jo, lesl. , l:-j

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    .l eae /l 3r/t ' 6:!r'

    t:..,
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    i 'dj) The norrnol dose o?" ol,u"i vorles L"lrtjeu : . . /:l
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    (tr; Alrrrn brrno -*gfqble tlpcs on"t is <o1iobr. :r#i$
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    :l ' ts- -1.-

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    ieEt onU odour f-,cm ,*he ,u;o,::"P-'o"il


    '?l''' ++' Ei;
    I
    I f.t,r1, rl wsrks' in-' lh. lH, fonse oF .qf '- €.S'. l

    an a"',rn'o].", b?. qlunn o{d ri'i.,


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    ytoi.'r.:i- o[ r:!ot., = At f96l-a. l-,
    t.6 tlzU
    f.-
    d,
    "1 . . ' ., :|224">+z L.5z'" 16xr) + tP(,-xl+te,) t -'-r
    t:: ,
    .'\
    ..,.]

    =
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    : G.i :

    idl'0I.
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    '0

    F'1o1" CIi ' at --frf CoH)s =' 121 + s tt6 r,)) i e


    e.
    '''
    rl (..'-

    . .
    ri:1

    t.l
    I
    lr
    : . = l665m ,
    t:a>
    t::
    :

    ij :- 1..
    :i
    :] ' AlzCso+)o-18 Hro + 5 c.Curor), ---+ ? Al 6ot+t.{,+..,3 caso,
    -f It [-
    tl . 3;eoles L rnolf 5
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    ie all* of
    '
    ol."n reocl ,uifh 4g;jrn
    'Gcutgl)1
    I t'sr E
    I \J it

    1 qrn
    -\, -':'
    48€-=oTagr^ -lE
    e€€
    ;-1:f
    . 66e
    €:

    C
    OR €
    s66 grn o[ o]"rt reocls ,.oiih 5oo jm olkolini! l56grn A I (o H?, €::
    ' a5 foCo, -> i

    -v_
    €i
    c
    .l--*

    Page 54 of 271
    @
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    C9pperos[F€5q,.7H,o)Hydro]edFrsrou55JPl.,ole.
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    ri) cofl) €ru5 elfecfiue t0Tu]onl
    'ohro used rn ccrliu. qalioi,
    -{
    i" wi]r.-,
    .; lirne . ll qlso re.rcI5 n:il-h lji.co, bor.ole glkolr"jV "n[.*,t
    I

    ,rr]n,"r*

    F.501.7 Hro + C., Ct-tcoe)z Fc .eH coeJL + Co€er.: * Hr6


    -l
    q or
    . Fe
    aie--'\
    Ct_t tDs)z
    '
    FE (-oH)
    '3{/ I

    . -. Fe5CI,r -r'qo + C.Cou)r, : *---) .-1


    t-e coH)z
    -f^

    ..'. =
    * (aSOq
    .
    .: . +' HiO, , '...
    ,s.

    riil This proce65 olso edd.s ho,Jnrse in lhe,


    .: *ol*-,.
    ,a!i.l.Coppuo5 tg nevqr ustd R. iiie i:-ea h""^ l p 1 ..

    -', dos t- i.cF "':-': i. ,|''-: ..-.,.


    " tr c 5 i s gat:rle,qu'
    ' copp f!'o1-=colouilJ',,,, araJri .r
    ..,.. _ ,i-,. .,, - -y. , !aJLtT{:f..
    lri The 5 ti.,3t
    fhof '.,p-'^i,:;"
    9I .t.*.,- io.ro..,.,qii,Uol
    :

    ,-, ' if is cheopo-, 'P*qn olunr- +- -: "',Jtu


    '

    ru) Jl alOrkS n.
    16--l-i^. (o-rrrt I - rongg,- OI. ?
    g.E tr,JCJ
    -^ I r -

    obo,,rg. .

    '-': - (cD
    cLlcrinoied :
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    19 3l is jc.r.ard u; fire acdrfien ol .l=iliin.
    l*;
    aopp.o.si
    r.so+T r-tro + ct.=, F", CscL;s + Fecjp , i

    ,:
    , ' .....,.=1, . .. - a.CRe<iox-+.ochont
    :-: r
    Fe
    , c_soa)s * qq cHr-,r,I* , r.rcoil,3
    t , iuo.,' ..ti
    -.'""
    ,- -
    fl"!. *,.G,6rtr-q3r.-1f:eCaa\J+CoCl,j I :,', .
    !: .

    .c,rlc-!*l":i:,eJcopguosis]un...trf"ilio":."-.,31-^}.,qn},;69i[conr,rJor}<.
    in u:,du',:H-rongt,, , : r' ,:''_-. .=-- "' ;

    ciir.t l;Jhen Furn'c chloride CRC; ; r.s L!r((l


    _-.-.__..! ,sed 'ir, r, . .
    i+ ruo'ks .- .
    ,

    .I
    +" rF, rols. .a;; * gi";:: ;:,J":I,* lltoqjenrl ir^1[1.,
    bnilv'it in i
    i
    .

    rr-;Nhur'Y..l.s"|pha}€Fr?!5or);.r"r.rseJ';,.,d.p*d-ilyi}.orl*5
    . i,e plt ron3r oi + lol ond obove j

    Page 55 of 271
    I
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    56Jium olc'.r,nole (No, AlrO-, ) . :' r(=
    -i t t':
    'l q' .

    ol Soditrm ol.rrn1""l rec,c[s oi]]'r Ca fi nj p raser,i


    I

    1 in ,oo] e, h fo,^ l'


    ('i'
    olrcl.J epl of; 6qlciurn- llngn eoiurn . olurninole. /i 1-

    _. t.
    ......:..'.((os--...|
    Na,Arzoq .r- G) nrl::?- ------) ,:t,ol&*L, *
    ' t''tt'-
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    lns Alroa J.
    l
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    I L Ndu- Co
    I sor'- . c
    t-, _:
    .:.'

    . F-..\

    cl- ,r=
    ,ii] Ihrs p.ocess .rerooves lrclh, f *p rru j qloI prrrnane,.r! r
    _i
    '

    rualer t-,e".." genually ,u.d: h, bo,l'J t .a '*o;;';"r;#1se


    ,

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    l-r \ -',
    ,

    i 0ll)6odiumoIu..rnino}eis5ooll,er}han'alr^'n.., ..: l- ..

    I'e' does o,ol


    . te*iqe the pqesence of olkolinill.
    uJotu-'ll
    - :.*. . : 't, in :
    (.1:-.

    .-a :
    .;)'llrarolksin'pHlorJelf e'ros-b.
    _.

    . -- i- t:-:-.+

    ee, .-
    Note;-
    te;' . ",1.,,
    ". rj<

    |lace ore rnucF hp-a.ritr .*han, clr,.rnini,.r,


    tr) Jrg,n' LLn.r Ploc. Thus
    .t
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    I
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    j,o nfo-i,"ium f.tot*',
    '1
    ,J
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    € rH roi-lg e j .

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    ....

    ',1
    :l
    lrs-n sall's ore cheoper
    tiii) per J*ron Alrrr_rri Oi",rry tgclls.
    rir) Aldrn k S.lgro-lly used hi ,h. fl-eqfi^,-.ni oF ra, *+len
    '-1
    a4
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    ro:hues5', JrqD' 50lts' orI 'p5sd fo; hea;,in,'t d
    -1

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    I ({) iron oti}}s,.leods }he gr.ora:t}i'. of .lron bariu,l jn
    :1
    :r

    r*rhich co u.les pilh ng: o n J hrb u cql oh on ,


    rLll,L\Ju.Jq\trPl,,II5...(,I.l'o..ttlo(,,Lu.lorl.oJ-}
    ? aals,
    '.]
    ,
    ,l i
    I

    ,l
    cn) shicl .eupqrvision rs
    in ]he hondtjna regu[red
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    on d fr: qu olify ls
    J
    i €e deJ o d ed ,uith in crrcrs et ;.,
    i1
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    1q
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    cru)Jh e d ioo d vor-rlog e of -lrrn cooguiorr] dq r Io lron
    boelerio
    t5 o'{Ucome in StrurJe h:eolmenl s.9 Concrale C:
    pipee o.e usrd
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    Page 56 of 271
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    -.t
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    t.
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    The rdul wolu 55 conc*l,olirn t's 57 rng/l ond e lFlL{onJ solr.d


    ,i tl1J.
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    .

    .,concentroh'on is lL q9/l 'th" solii 6en1-1 in sludge is j .t


    a"
    .'t:.
    .

    ond sprcific gtovill ol 'l-he .5ludgt sdlids is G.o: - l-lhal ,,olurra


    j
    (.::i' '
    j :. ,i'
    I l::.

    of sludge -ust be disposed pu day: Ito.t this pionl


    tl
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    ' I -. -rr
    'I Oolcr: \{ -^ o-.S rnl/sec

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    Alurn dose =-z-b "U i I
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    i! ,'rE

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    _ s5=5T5nSJI, -=, ] lot* s5=tz.pll
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    \, YlT tj ,ei .st,fue
    : [2!f27 e t9tz4o

    Page 57 of 271
    I

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    t'-'' I

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    uu[,.r, ,? oludge volxrne c,f soh'd5 + volralne of'
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    e: A co-q3ulohon se.d;mulol,o",til*l "lorifteg.+q -)deJurqlu )i
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    quick
    lime r"eXuired' ,hi1h,'is *u /'; Pu,e. Ptr yeo' . H lhe ploo+.

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    Aiun : ig rnsll
    Alkolinilv = $mg/i ----7 t.

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    ye:rrr = rr 1yi I x+o't1a6xgs5xr 5e;'t'' l:1, :

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    ^.,
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    xl'i.Lmei,.
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    I s-T , o-{ 5 3n-r r". S


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    a,4sxr8 - at1yll t=

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    .ri 6
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    c.!% sLkslin;ly 'is . pure .l irn e - :.-: a


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    I
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    1 rnole o[ 1oo 'l
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    A$l .;. a

    Page 58 of 271
    !g
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    ffi ,too Iirne
    o-5c/ E.r. = +'vsTi, . t,r u,
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    l-7-5 c

    Quonlr! uP ss I pure lfrr,e.jn onq jear,t.=


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    '.' ;(o)Rgund .'ond'
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    )

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    t .ce crroltd a7 iq?iJ
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    Page 59 of 271
    I
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    Page 60 of 271
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    fiv; O'rculor br -gtuore ,lrlnks ore used in |hrs
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    Page 61 of 271
    -lf ," ma.e qrd ' t; i.5 l.l
    ",. snro)l clorse llocs
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    t,i,l I be ;f _
    . -: = 'JrE-Vz
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    ii.:l l:;!

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    serhom oI ,;ui ,, S _
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    . .: .- .. ': r::

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    Page 62 of 271
    It
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    l.?fn I rrr (O rr velociFy gr ad itnf
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    - -=r:r
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    Gr(o Lonk. (p!on 'Greo) . ., :


    I "f i
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    ]t,
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    cri.; G- Lu fu, . olr..rn is zo,ooo -.Go.ooa. o.,.d
    f locs
    ,

    Page 63 of 271
    Ia
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    A {loc.uiah'on cho*tu is 3om ]r"g
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    \JY
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    . ,

    -lhe' crr'heline of paddles fs 1'8m fror.' tht


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    :
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    o-.,r =,(.!.,

    Oll rlolue 'Of G' ;f .'I.-it uno]ic''


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    . '.:'

    - , : .:" t'.r,=; C
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    Page 64 of 271
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    Page 65 of 271
    I!t
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    5. F;lhoh'on- : - tts
    fi) Filho|,on is rrrosl oFI ur u5ed ob Iinrijrrrg s]eP lo -re,r,rr.
    t:f l:::
    l:
    "1

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    the Flocs ond i'tat undt.lirnelr f p.) porliclq5r.


    [ "r"

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    riiy 1| olso. r.ernoves orsonic moIiu. l-nicto ol9 ani5rn5 oncl thr i-.:: (::t:.
    ' drsEotveJ rnineiolS Frorr' the ' u-loler; i',, s:.'

    (-r:-:i ,

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    t .::
    b7 -. €i:.
    fhe hzrghl of l} e rnralu i}'sel{ 6ve.} lhe' Fil}rr medi^nr.
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    , l-wo
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    PreSlStr r'e {r llers :
    (..
    'l *: .

    These ate tl"e tf , cf ' H llere jn y.:hich h.rot l?Xurrtd


    ,lr.l.'
    ( -:
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    - L-:
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    .
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    a--:-1

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    .k

    ai

    Page 66 of 271
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    Theory of filhoSon :- r : ' '


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    -J
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    : ".' co'rr:parlisil -
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    t]..on mediurn-
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    :'" 9,r.t-91 oljac-
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    preSence oI r€oi'.on int .+-h,
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    ia .ralaJur r.hoI rs
    :} b(i* u|'lrlsed \ )he rru'cro g*rr o, .*he oxiJa#on
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    )t ,rJ ,il[e, ' '
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    l o jruiod
    oru ol f,rne due t'lul i

    rI,o-l-L(r, eaJogqro6.".5 rqsprrrrlion qh,,ro t- ,,yuY of o11crr:ia

    Page 67 of 271
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    Jhe ,:y, o',t?r'lhe f;ttu rnecliurn rosrlur.,inq nul-rie.'l


    b, a, ;* I

    I ' o,gonic rr.afttj. rnicrt'osqn,orr):, onqJ olgc.r. i-, ,t,.*:;'


    ^,[rrc6 th,
    i

    I
    ot:ove,rnerlhoneJ ptoLesb ldkes gloce is kno4n oS lhe fitr
    I

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    bioloJr'col e fF.ciency ,,
    :n
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    t.. . :l f,i[i., 1o dye,d.nl on l,;,
    l'll
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    --til lfn':i{:f Presenl in }he xrole,
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    l\ I
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    - -':'v vr'cl'lll€
    po,l-,cle
    cho'54' (-j';

    henc-e crue hD th.l,, inltrochr",, n"jnil";i"t:Tt:."'


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    Page 68 of 271
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    [ru Oesi.gn life "I frllers i5 rrpl)ro*,mc.,]el, t^-tr


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    -----
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    oreo ol b+e+. f;t'[rr. ,,


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    .-i. t- . i

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    1(z+D
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    Page 69 of 271
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    Page 70 of 271
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    Page 71 of 271
    (xir) ln ,"ftl sonc.l e, g.od olion oF g.sug I r,.> sc) 1,1n,
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    lp if. Is-- .,prfo,oi ,^;.:, \_i:

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    t:'

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    (

    Page 72 of 271
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    Page 73 of 271
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    Page 74 of 271
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    Page 77 of 271
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    Page 78 of 271
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    Page 79 of 271
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    Page 81 of 271
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    Page 82 of 271
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    : r-;
    .c,lNor'n"I.daaeoFcro,iis.z_gDpr'ri......'-..
    -:-l--,---:- t4r ".:
    :: , lr :

    't--' ''-:- ..-:,


    I
    I
    J:.
    (i; Oron e lte"J **l us ed Jndio only ;.
    :-1
    : J
    ll
    6i\ d u+ h ornsl-l- oree cotrered droi-n btr h'on A.
    ol ,h '
    -|otern. $-"
    ly6ilo
    1
    ,l
    Ir bil,ry {opi}ol
    I

    ,, 't '.o15 ore


    1
    ril Boilfng, Uv pro"aHcolf difF,cull^ o.,d unrconornrt
    \ processe€ of dis-iolecHon {or rooJrr supplis5. but 6sn be
    Carriq}
    oul ol
    :
    hou=eholds, rnduslties.
    l;)
    i. )
    i,

    Page 83 of 271
    I

    I
    iH
    .-l

    rl
    {
    1_
    .':l h Treolrns.,t u-:llh P,.rh:ssiurn pe/mCIngulele Ckn.,oa ) : -
    - :\

    RC,,,
    -:i'

    :.I
    .D.
    rir lI rs one' of tlrz r..,osl lropulu, disinlecloorl us"ci b,
    I

    I I .-1

    I l1r"
    -{
    tr_eqbls::-t_-ot__fagll_pq|.-.:._l:pjll.j-::,.rf,,ch ion6,-el-c . {.;::
    I
    sl tes s e..
    , t:-r?

    :'
    -
    .I (,: (",-:

    rii) Pohossiurn Fu,"rlc,.tgune[e c,leo re/novps o,sunic mal-l-u


    olrr,] llro,,-,
    i
    l
    ,{
    f.r:
    1
    ':'€i:
    Nhel f,t-lnoq isl od.ied in lhe rl '- r
    i

    crii; u-lcrlu

    .J
    ,.{
    ,1
    I
    ':,-y'
    6icro orgonl.srnS ond orgoltc rnuilu. ,:
    :l---,.-1 * rn. ,,olt-r. ..-
    riv> pr-1n0, r's od.jeJ fur,.r-h et in rr-,. ,o'r..
    :" .,:' t.;

    "lp o' exle.,l


    .'l

    pfnk u,
    !'"s ++'' pi'l' ';,;; ,t,
    a?
    l:l
    ::::,':.'I:l;.'ii? l..?1 ,il-
    o.Jqntc.mot.ter:ondrniCro.o3onrs'n,5fiorni*.-.-'.: '' (*

    cv) Il;e ril= u^sed fo,


    ,lrxi +e:Hqy+ hil :pnk. rototu
    1ol.e. lu ,f i.,C,

    .)

    ,i
    I

    I , l'lore re l-i.e reocl-i ,i\ o"t a,sinle.H.,* relgenl,


    ,l
    I
    ,. Iess ,."
    .,1

    I
    Cval km- 0.i rrrlov+s Sg 'l ,;f baclt,,i-o rOc! .l barle,ra ca1,11inq
    i onol
    ,J
    ,

    ii chblso.
    :-:

    Treo-lmenl r^:ilh' Chlorine'. C'cl.; ,., ' '' -

    rH>5
    clr+Hze =5_Hoct i ,.t
    H7 poch loroosocrd
    . .': rH)s
    ,' -
    Hocl .<_ oci + Hn
    ii rH ( 7 Hlyochlorrlr
    ;-7
    iJ

    ',

    Page 84 of 271
    I
    q
    @
    ::
    ,:::

    -i

    x
    i
    Pole co.,sl-.r.,1s.
    t. tocl-l [.at'1
    Kg=___"-: i.
    Kt ._['ttOC,J

    c,> Chlotr'na reacl-s nliFr rr)ul ;^-


    jlir'*;,f.:,:,;,ff:,:;ri
    ,il (..', l
    ,{
    h,shr1 unsl-obre Hy1,ochr,;,;*
    l{
    I
    ,I

    of rH oF Srealtr Hrtrn e& an6J


    Hypochl o,itrq, rbn
    .,f.-
    inh
    :j .r^]r"'-:__crtssociqles
    rernoins in y-rr,
    i,uoler ob hlpochlcrous sr.).d (Hort)
    ,1
    ;l
    a,: :
    0;)- Ait Ih e obove l-hase fu.ms of chlorr;. ,ffi
    ?'r:,,
    ,:j

    ffiff;",:,,:rY;
    ..1

    .,ii

    I
    .-l

    'r

    ,1
    ri
    "..1

    t,
    ::
    ar) tJhile {orr.lrng qui d,srnferh.on
    v.vr., r, t-rrl on
    , J
    :1

    l
    Iess ihon q,9 E?po.F,ropous H of ruol e, . ;. t, . .t
    fYH
    j I_
    :
    k..t| st,shHy
    oc,.j *,1,'i ;':*l:
    1

    I
    ]: PriS t'}l in "Lrei ui s | ffi,a
    f H_.
    ' pre.lo*,drrrl -!p-..1 r"
    :'l ic) llloreov o-r chlor,n,e qr:e.ci-.
    aiith ornrnonia irnmeidtalell
    t.
    ,l :-:
    .t .
    ChloraYYri n €5
    , ,n torn
    l,
    l
    -1'

    : cla + Nli" Sgt **acl +


    :a,
    - He+-*
    il Mono(h!o,ornine
    .i
    6H 5 -5,g
    :j-. .,NHftz_l u cJ
    . .

    ,1
    p
    Dchlo.omr,n e
    .1

    1 NHcl 2 + ctr.
    rH 1a.at .-
    , -.
    cl3 , _r
    N
    --.- 'Nrklgo l.r cl
    :l
    r-.,-_l.l-,t or id
    5i o
    i
    7
    Chlorqmin es ore combr.ned fotms
    {

    leas' eFfecl-,ve l-lr^^ .f


    eFfe.l-,'r, Hron of chlo.,l.,
    ,:hi.h ore
    I

    o voilo bl e
    )
    rza hme5 ress olr..r,l > il;7 ch la
    :l
    1 I
    l-o F.eely cJ"oitobly chlorine
    ;:j;,"';;r,:"sloble tin''r"'recrun|
    --r:v=-:rolg (om
    I t,*.e leFeguordu iro'i
    I
    lglqr. recoOnrqrnlnqHOn.
    *____::::__:yi
    nlo l,::.:g l-i
    1 lur
    r: ^ol_"'..#'.,-

    Page 85 of 271
    a
    a
    a
    c
    t a
    cYl). Dichlorornrne ts ptedorrrinonl sptcies pret,enl in,,colu oI (:, ft.
    c
    pH o[ less l-hnn 7' 1:
    (;:
    D
    rvii) th e chlorin.e .Joe i. odcled rn the u-,olu Olror-rld. be such }},ol o
    I
    resiJ,r o\ of o'4, rru I I a []er l.}'r g ronl-oc} peri I
    t:.
    od of lo nrirr is letl
    ____l-_--_ ri.':
    \-.r l
    I in l-l-r e nrolr-t J
    6r
    cvii) Chlorine is ss5urned io in o rl-i vo le
    f g--*::r." cl lhe rr,tcro
    \,:.i

    )
    1 €e
    carr;l oul llie rnehabolrsm.
    l
    e,-
    lii:j J
    J
    ::
    .: o. t.,:,
    J
    J. Free chlo.ine fsqlrd:,)tltuid o, Jas) :
    'l.:: :.-- (I:

    -l
    i
    Li) chlo'in e ,s €mt/ult/ added in 1fl1ui d forr:r lo :qcrfrl ,uI :tf,u I l :\&
    . drbin f esh'on of . .irrl;
    :l
    ..,I

    1
    rii),chlol:",o,!fSI!,, (hlep;s-,e freere^+ r 6.,.
    t
    t i''
    \.-i,
    j
    I
    'I

    l"
    I
    C:
    ciir opl i4g:t-l-gnPgqiglg @ri |
    'j r :+!,gs " Cr
    I
    ,t
    :I \,.
    ,l
    .t
    I
    oi) ch,o:j^u ,dg-q::=:.?gl " b.{T pl-,,jss *hrle,13,ryi,-,s tu} d,s.io f z,tian
    ,:1
    I

    j
    I
    I
    'nor.ii-s1uo.li\ge}sde}eriorc.}ed,u,.lholo.c,*e._
    ..:
    :.:
    aa
    .€i
    :'
    [,:
    ..r c.
    ? Hypocf,lorides o.,d bleo.,-t-,,!3 por^rd.r , \;;;
    lt t
    f Co CocJ
    lz , Coocl2
    I
    (i) old bteqchi.,g gouidu o,e-
    rrg

    l.t"? lyt:t^,'o''l1s
    .l,Lrn*,..1:"t. hypochlotrTe ion J ond hTpochloror"
    o-se:d
    "
    r; ',1 €
    o.rIJ-";li,jrr, (-
    d tsr'n Fe.h'9o.
    6
    I
    rf) For Jo0 l' pu'e HTpochlo'ile c calciurn hTporhro,ilej
    I*'f €
    ovoilqbl. alonnohon obi);t7 rs op1r.o. molel
    t 7o r. / 6
    u
    i , ^+1
    I 6'" fOCl), 2OCl. -f- Lcl ':' Q
    t'oq/ io I t ,1.
    (z

    J rnote z:rnole

    Page 86 of 271
    I
    8
    I
    {
    fl

    I
    i Anti, l-l-rrs ,:lso cleg.scls5 os Seoc|,i,.,o
    ";;,".";*,.:,"'J"::' .-n'c!)
    ,J
    I
    .to.,lo.I will-, I,, e ,r,orsf u, e ,; ;;.,.,;';,, -' I .tuQPnel'e.
    la
    .:..
    crtit Fbr fio I . pure- L,leoching por.;der
    r'vuv f,- _
    ' t teerT ct:rorlaLle
    r

    -i .;.:.'..._.
    obr'l' ly 15 opproxi rnolel1"
    [.i, 4o
    :"l-I dtlo.rielr,rT ,
    I
    ...
    -t 'I C"O.Cla ---:--) OCI- + Co*r ,-a,-
    "' tool I +o l.
    J21 gn 5f -Q
    3.n .
    1 Jtt' 'o-4
    ,] 3r'-.
    .i::u,)rhismelhodiss*d,",'7';1u.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:6:heaF'nen|of,,,^.l^.,,.
    :',
    r Eqo-19 on"J no} fc' lreai-mJr-,| '^ | u;CI1 y.]u rb
    -1
    Sljl5,.inq t

    l%',,.;:";;.I;;",;;',J;,,,[.,,,,,,,,,.,."il1:;:#.t'
    .,1
    -l
    .-11
    ,J
    I
    , -...
    l i _5: (hlgrom in es :-
    i (t) tnrols;^n;4s. r5 gentroi)y jgrd fu, hesltoe4r,' ot
    oUorn'c (Di.npeilnds iika
    _fltgf: aiz Pregenf
    r{ro ier in
    I

    u:hirh
    .
    :3

    4.f hJo*ne Cioxrd e C ciDu) '


    a.
    '\ .:. -.. -.

    cis Chicrri'n e dy,gxid e ris fornled


    ql 1l -
    rr.! uerdir:lDn p ^,
    ) sttluh ai. o:F 5".ii'u;=, g6ls ra le, ol Lhlspl-e
    ,

    rn Fhg
    ,'

    or') Chlorine dloxic_le js sho"


    .1:
    .J,
    molle'^:": IE;, orgoniomlx,r*
    :l
    .
    ,oU:nic,
    ' ll-. rs hrohty ef Pechve o.s dr.= r.,1..)onj
    ruola. '*:1e bolh

    r'-r.,;J=kU-h!a;;'il-:,J
    dd.;;";ffilj*';::#Hffi
    'tho., ,
    9
    '
    \,t
    ,
    ruU.:l- ron be uoeJ flo, a,ui.,Fe.hbn
    _,_..,.
    ! in ,;i ru., ip plglof-:-u_f_Igqta+
    ) ;__ ,'^^ oxrdisin3
    '"lo_^^o- ie.lhe
    shonge.
    )
    og,s,f ,.*1 ;;;j;
    prochcorr'1 *r
    n so fo, hee chlo;'ne drsinfechon
    )
    Un+t'' stqbir;! oid_
    fug--oxrdrEaf,on . "r'i, o.r,os
    .,.

    Page 87 of 271
    T
    3
    !l
    'u
    gI
    ^1

    I Eltechur\ jn disrnFecho.',:
    {!.,.
    I l"'
    ,l
    ri l.
    I
    !

    ClOz > t_lOCl >. Chlorornrnes Ft7;,ochlo,iie iorr


    > 6s61__) qlr,.
    1 - 1..:
    I
    ..
    ,--
    )

    l
    Types of chIsri.,r.,]-,:o;,o : - - t..t,"
    1- :
    :.1 ,, \.+ ,
    - plqin c[rleri'1-1o],'on
    .

    .
    r:-?
    L:-

    'r .. - pre Ch lori noh'on I ki


    - posl chlorinoh'on ' i..: [.:.:
    .l ,
    .l
    .-J
    double chtorinoh.on t'.{-,-
    ;.': \.],
    3 De- chlorinoh'on .--(',.
    l
    i:i

    'l 1. Plofn, Chlorinohbn - ri*


    l '; t^lh eQ no, a

    ol-h err -l-eqli..er-l) e(c?l


    I

    thlorrnohb,
    ' t +- t1':,
    :

    I h;;
    on rogivon !:_. i:.:r
    I
    1l

    l=i.l
    rErncves,
    .y*:;,3,"-
    o-g.o
    : ;;;;;;,:";;
    knsrun G; p,,;;
    '1:;:1-""t'is,'.ge-.,,.*,
    nic rnqli.er,:rrticro'-
    ' f--r.:!- .,

    y "Jopl-::,j::li: hoi'i''-vu,b,:crrry
    colbu, tsr-.*Afu- o',,a, (:.f:,, -
    ll- is gene,ro lly
    ;;;
    I
    I
    ,
    . r, 1..
    \:/;:
    : ,l ,t
    'hqn *ao_sg rrn. N:rrnoi dose 9 lsJl ,f':
    -,j,t -

    ,]V
    ?- We-ichjorinotion '. .
    _.- ,:-j:-

    \- .)/
    , .O_'iPrs.cjriorinohon
    ls ,qd opled ,.jlr.n the_ tonc.
    :_:, t::

    Iqrqe in ruLU ruolui.,


    -i
    e t rli._"o- t)rJOnlsrnor , t::
    :v

    w :i
    :1
    cir) :n .lh is ,rrrc-lh od chl or.ln€ r5 qdd rd e,het
    IJ

    :j .or filhoF,on
    . *_.: . .*--:-_-::__; ,r...
    a
    "i -J+,: h;me oI -,_gSgr*&brr r e
    j
    _.
    i:-j

    I fi) the no rrnol dose. ot.'.t",lorineohorld be suqh lhal o t_o


    ,:-,
    aa.:..
    v;
    .: : _

    i reeched upto f,l*oh-on. C:l od dtd in co- s mgl] q ..',,t fi,i :

    grlo h on ,* rtriJi [. 'l.,G , "


    ',] i,, ,-' t::.
    \:
    Nsrmo) Jou, ,u .-5-lo
    rir-l
    Q9/l (qI co- oJL,lo},on )
    {
    o) Postr chlorinotron ,s 6,l,gc.l€ p.rf
    a.. :.
    =

    _ormed olls pre - chlorinqlron.


    I ?
    .it
    .:.:: h'\3

    Posl ch)orinolro., ,- \-
    t') klhen chlo.inol-ron rs *he tos{ hlolmml . ts.
    \..

    i[ is iurned os pos] .htorinohbn givur lo *h.e .,r:alu :. (,


    i:,

    I (ti -In ? norrno I dosc of chl6rine .-,t:


    shou ld be such |h.rl Ev
    I

    resid,rql is Ie[[ ih ]he *2qle, o.z nglt ol ,.:'.'.'_ a I


    of i. ."ut u.l_ 'Pe r; -; odi v
    of o -;n. irl' € :

    Page 88 of 271
    I
    fi:
    Id ..
    )-
    T.
    >_i
    :' '7
    :
    4. Double c[:lorino]ron
    ti :-
    _ . rl
    lr en
    I

    i
    LJh
    Pre ond po.r!- chlD"inahb,r,-
    bolh
    -s dOt\p. r

    '1
    ,1,
    ,;r
    ,sfrnull-oneou6)v ts f,n6r.g-n crs, Dou ble ( lr 19,ins
    I h.or,.
    5 , Su pu: .ctr! orr nol, o n . .:
    I :
    l
    >)

    ci) hlhen excpss chlorine is oJ.teJ (s_


    { so
    ****-_=--:-1{11
    .

    1
    of ,oolq, duri 'chile cn'i7in3 oul
    i
    "l,.rl'.,Fechon
    :i
    residr,rolchtgpine.*r,ep,oce;j;'#ia5}.o}eavc t-z lt "U "f
    :
    I

    .rrs_4gu_::ff9_+1g-r; "" supErchio' i noh'on


    ii
    ,:l
    :J
    1
    .{til;
    .u',*r
    .::
    t:
    :.1

    "'#[:'I'lo:":;:;,$::llne 'Is
    l:- iii*
    ;i: ":,*,:il;;;;,,';:
    .i rhs p,i,uess
    ,] ,b
    :J
    l
    I

    ]
    ?.:#f ;?1ii,.*j#.8
    i.u,J...,*o,.:3CSeldfum..thio5p}pha}r) "
    I
    I
    .,,....'.ij.5J,.,Csu}phu;.diokrJa;''..
    ,r{chvaled Cq,bon. .. -,'
    -l

    No, Sraz 6g,sdirrm. *elo


    bisrtpbsir l
    ' "'0f )
    6 . Areakpoinl chi,ori nqirqo:, \

    rll '1
    ,l
    l It'. &,:,,n, fhi6yl;,"
    :l

    -- ::

    .:
    chlor tqrt d em ond rD .Chlon n e consi.rned p,
    la :' |he
    I I'P
    ,) -'j r€morrol ol _tt,ro oSon'€m5
    APrt r:ed clz r
    ,Resrdus], c,tr-
    .
    oSonr'c moHcr ,nd" rzr]:1-1,-,,

    Jn. |hg r olage chrorine(t)


    ) pufor-s l.
    ; rnrc,-o - o3 onisrn5 on
    d o.xidoh,o^ or ,rTuoi
    ol rerlovo I oi
    t'nerqls
    j ,I ' ,ri
    ii) During irao. tt. ro^i),.-t
    Durinq sl,tge ,r
    resjduo I chlo,inp
    P'eseo, in rf .

    !i I le.c.c q5
    u'1 tess
    ve,rv .,1"--^-r
    oq dernqnd n ,'.
    --"'" ^.
    oPPeared
    i
    " fo, 6hr6.,ng ;':;i: somple ,s
    ; ,: :;1"
    -i: 9a 1.1 !5'
    '
    I h&h..
    -t

    Page 89 of 271
    I{
    iJ
    rr'i

    d
    I !
    .i tua ( l-rlpt12g .l
    11
    t..
    onon6l lin e
    l
    (
    II TT 61
    I
    ..r
    '1, I :.
    i: -.

    '
    t:-i r
    . .,]
    Pesrduol Z:i
    ,{ t:_;;
    11 chlorin e
    I G,
    Q.i;
    0^<f 45''.
    U:i
    S* ( 0e ( +5'
    l
    B'eokpoini'
    'i'-
    ''ApplirJ a *i/ t C ureo ):por ni closr
    chlorrne -:---> - r: e;
    I
    a' $3-

    (ii) During chrSrr ' corntrn e5 ,Diilr 'omrnonio


    :}-ry" { i 3 e Fo,rnolron, i
    (ompoynds' lgqdfs ,l-D lh ol ehtoromi j,ro,i;;
    "il,* ii:j

    com bined
    -lo..ns oi ch;.6rine.',r-lFrr'ch a_ pp€ar *ii
    t
    .
    .gq ,es iduol ci,lonn c.
    i (it) ln skge tr. os. +he'elemol,d Io, d,sinfeehbry t-J
    t:s solr.shed i'
    , leerdqa! rhlo,ripg in, ,r:aler inrrgqsgs b!.1 ql-;r;.*;1,,,1, \'tr
    I
    j .,
    _. Lo A.5' ( 05'5os?e on)0unl ol,ch)o-1jn e ti'ul-,11,:rr;;t O,
    :tu.ol^ ; (', r

    t (). trl
    .(,)AiitrebegirrinJdP.Esirc.gq,Cpoinic:l,h",dsrntllu}o,E._-,, trr

    (a
    :i-_-

    . . (onnlnq
    -- *-tOuI' ho.n n:of t .. . '
    : r. \.oxrdoh'on
    - _'-,:;:,l,f,.,,lnol*hoJ ol the ,,: *
    w
    of sle-s6s, i.," e.9,uuol .; r,o,,,n"
    vii .

    (vr) Jn _r"*:^d
    skge E, :rf" :nd
    hee chrorine breoks
    of ,oir,. :,:
    Iir'
    thr chrorornin€s ond ;"'' , .f.
    chloro ogonic ompounds r'nlo nilro I:-
    1

    D.
    ot
    . .J . " -{.ulrl l)olr nrl A-- / 1.^;
    3en -, -'- :

    Il
    : e in chlorine dsrnoriry
    ,ncreos .roml)ounds:-(becous. ,,,,
    hs
    i.;

    (v[) The end o? ]t,e s]oge i: .ho,oc],.ized :::,1


    '

    b7 re.rnovo)
    ^p e
    .rno}iufromx.ro}urr]hi6[*ind:i.q}eJh,oJ,"-.,,,,,,,I][..,, e :v

    (il'lb AFrer poinl D ruholw


    , er chrorine rs odJed in |he _,:;,.':* :-
    ;,
    € :t

    hee horn ltre,ooltr ancl_ oppeq.--os q -:-


    .:

    resrdual .i,"l,ll: ri;,:-, :


    F,-
    E
    F

    r?::-j'"::;:..,.j,,*n;*r,"}-&';;;;:;.,&,"e?.J-- \,

    Page 90 of 271
    t!
    F

    ;i
    il
    :.]

    t
    -.1
    1xl Theolh.ul!y, no chlonne .ho,iJ be
    ,J d eJ in ,rol.
    -J

    ' .D,
    bu! p,ochr, tt.7 o.z r,.,glf o* res,Uu_1.
    j":,
    1
    :

    t.l
    :
    oi lo rnin' of co.,io.l poiod. ;':r;,,..],o .;,":,1_i,
    rtr poinJ
    \- rr
    rxl The chlo1fne dem.ond, 'of.[u
    Poinl D rernains ron-rtonl.

    Fot.lhe lolloruin3 info.moh.o.,.


    |nl -
    +hq bteql.p, inl
    chlorine de.no.,d of dose r, ,.r*g,ll. dos.e and lhc

    L-
    a.z- JiaB.a.
    o.qo
    14 J--:
    o'6 0
    i.' ' .{,6 . .i ?..? o'Yo.
    . ,\..

    B'eckF#ni dsse ..
    -+s 13 it ul tir
    Chlering .Jrn onj. '-'
    o1 .r.z m5it
    ., ,-: -c,t
    t. = o'g erlr

    Page 91 of 271
    Tesl {cr chlortfl e resic}ucr)s :-

    J . OrHrol-olidin
    e lesl :

    o,[.o]ol'd ine 1
    ,.,...,.11
    ll
    U;-; Ll
    .-TI esl le
    :,
    Resid uol ch
    (?) = Frte ch l,o ri ne (aflu b sec_)'
    ]orine
    ': I (P)., =
    V" chlPli ne 1- con'rbioed chlo.rnc
    t
    : ' Cr,Her. 5 rnjn j .'.:.
    ombr nr'd chlo rin-1 : ?rl,- Ri,

    otlhol-ol,d e
    rhotolidin e
    I

    l
    I

    IO'
    dech Io'inafed
    somDld
    I
    ..-
    I . \__1

    ---4Aer 5aec, 5'nin


    il
    Frte. chlorine l- . . .-'i .Atf'er
    i;i -Rr = FreeClr* Fa/n..:+Nlo; '. Pt -.Fer.*,-l.Intt + N0;
    I + - .,
    R, = Frec Clr+ ft/rl tNOt
    l
    ,1
    Fzi 11r, + flO:- ."
    :..
    'I
    :i
    I

    { tolTrbined clz
    I

    e
    Fi
    l

    6
    I
    .1i; ''1n lhis ltsl to'"ol o[ chl6nno]ed wol., eorop]t rs ,mxcd q.ziilr ' e
    ditmlolorl-ho}olid'ner,oluHon'dhrchre5ull.gi.,dt,,,eJop.n<niof
    ,,. €
    This colour ia comSoted ,uilh it,e tolour of l;'te
    lellow colou.1" €
    glondq,dsoluhon.lF{herolourolo}d.sol,Honis$C,measlhq| la
    E,

    oF iesl somple; residuql ch]o,ioa ronti in ]".[ somp]e, i5 icun( 6


    g: +hoL oF 5l-d' somP)e. .}

    Page 92 of 271
    @
    rrilThE-Cor]C.oFfr<eorrrJ.o*b,],,e.Jc}.rl
    be f:r,.;':;:,, jt:: ,"
    "o-,i;;:'ol
    bl,mtn succesgivel.r-
    cotcut,,|ecl i',',?','i L rt u 5 tet .it d,
    t.
    '(li) :l ruoler somple 5 colou,r
    ',"r]..r""i,]l=r,r:'"#*i:':^':,
    ccrus ,cqnl-rr1f
    on'l N', , ro'18 corour is F.'1 r,,'i
    Ihis }esI, res,rHno in rhe rn*eoseJ con( dur.n3
    Jho n ocl uo rry prr"'- i ' ", , ;;,r:"Ii:
    oi ch lorine J
    ri,).Jlence il cotor, cousfng compounds
    or*
    ,,,,,_^-rl
    I o,i-i,o
    p"1rfo,^'.a,.,- ;itr'ffiL;'
    add"d l't : *r&Io
    lqiiau
    .
    l"-r;ifrrf,s;alc
    orrginol. somple
    lo i,le o.;u,rr,
    , :$u;ffli ;:i3:n,r:d''"'u' oja'J ;
    ".a;ry;;.;:.;,'il;oor..r. ,l oo,ir.on
    sompte

    . t"u1[",3,X:,',;lfii.,+:*J,?i,t:
    ;.q::r fr
    ox no ]eJ *n,;'' ""
    -l esla,ch-Jod;Je}B}:.....
    -l I

    J ,

    ].L.oFruo}ar:}Jq*lk1+5*!s|ur.h...].']*,f
    iJ
    ,l
    ::l

    >i
    .l
    i
    . ,' .-
    e d rom,f tx
    ,l
    l ,..,..

    ,.:
    ...b}.ieco.louredcornp].*-bui-*,,-t,r4.l
    ' ...-. 1. ----- ' egi ol.€t
    ',''a*
    :ti
    O-qr N
    .:
    ,:]

    :l
    . ..- ,. rr
    $rs5p5,
    . il;:TO
    o, rozr.ze lc \,tq\UroLtiil5e-
    s. ,v. deroi
    -l , , '-' ..'
    -,-."'''v"r'E : o954€ "
    .Residuol chlorns
    _tl ,,:, ,'. N'Eo.qo.
    :r1
    .
    I i',Td ,o!.o-.!-r
    fO cl?cnln,,, i- ^ r '. ' i_ :
    used
    I
    (,) t lh;s 'i.sl
    .{..-,yurrI_ ,- -
    U{]ed r t
    il.)Iron *.,. -l^.
    ."-;:,,:il*1,',1r,[";,*il,,fl
    ;* *x,- {:r;::;i:, or
    . cousrns cotou,
    ril),Ee.ise results o.. obioir,-.d
    :
    From ihis le{Jl;P tnsr'duol
    : (onc- ,s mor.t, Ihan J mall chlarine
    -.,{
    :!

    :4
    .
    .l

    Page 93 of 271
    t
    E
    li
    -a
    il
    ,s,!.

    sf, 5. bPD oncJ chlo,olex lesj. j IL"


    (.,
    6
    Copo-dieFhTl ph/lehe.di_orni.,e) ;t:.;
    reo,*llg orr d evelopecl lr7 B.ihsh e
    ': Jheae .J,.
    - 1[i5 [eoF ie bused on cD-"'r-,,,.
    lour "-,,1-t, - ' ,I., :.,:',, 9ru3 Froue f'f6ol1).,:.':
    rnul_chirr5
    .leclrnique u.,,1 bo]],
    i

    -i
    I

    these reoqents d.e used l-o p,oducg colour. , (,.;,


    :J
    !.?
    u
    );, .t;

    .'i
    ..1

    \. \'t:;

    l J Turbidily:
    ' I i,i 6;'
    }i
    ;1
    .t e rs }he fu,biJ r\ less roil I be Ih e e f
    I-lor ,. (. :
    fr.cienc, ^p i-
    3
    ,l
    t)

    -t
    chlorinoh'on. Becouse'i5s p",1'Jly
    ,.lr:td *n.;,..o-il:;*"1, ., €*
    -:

    ,ond consurn ee more dmoun*' o?' chlgriqg. ..' : .j_, toji:

    t: '
    ?.. Fr't /11,"*
    Jf color-r.--ee using *fo* ,Q9 ( Fd t J r11r,,.)'_ct
    'flre 'Pres€r} ;

    ob3ecl-,ve'of d,'s inFechon ond lhus rrdu.irg""[frti"-;;


    5. Arnrnonlc.r
    :l chlorfne rc(]c,r5
    . LrllUrrrre r,eoe'[s r^lllrl
    r,uiih .omlDE,
    o m rnB, fo_producg
    fD chlororninsStl
    t--:'

    ruhi*- ore $e-s r-eoctive osenls ' rh"" free ......t3


    .:l

    r.l. chjorine
    .h,;;,";'l-rr,,a
    . Thqs ihe
    4L^
    efficiengT dr.s-rn Fgchon is brOgh* doion.
    (j-..,

    "i
    *- rH
    ,.1
    :{ '.
    !
    .,'j

    :t,
    at

    :l
    - d.?,*donl
    . : . '-- . -- rpn
    (hl,orin1h.gn,;;. ,:.q:. . q.5
    -, -{-,", "; ", 1, g,ocrsts
    i,, e5 H_lpac\
    HTpdchtor6y5
    lorgy5.
    . H:'
    '.
    .
    ,1 acid HTpochlorile ron fruhiclr dre resP-onsible Fo, --:_ 6 :
    .I
    3nd Coi'linT
    '
    ;
    i
    Jrcinfpch'nn'\,,.":t
    .,rp. #',rj.-,oJ r^ n^.L'-..I^. H ro,se. Th; .j. _. t.:.;
    ,l
    1 :,"ltt"t
    5-7 ib moinl"in.d fo, e[Pe"H'rn 3':'d
    ,:? , ,po,htr',o,- ,,
    clrsinFe'.hor,
    Ji
    .itr"f ul,. :;pp;;.,
    ..- t'.-,
    ,l --
    .t u-
    5. Iern perol ur e , ,.

    A
    E
    As the lempe,olrr. decreose.5. cfff.rerrey_ of €
    reduces .becouse of reduclion in rgo+iv;) ol "hlo,,.no1r_o;.::,,
    i ,hlrr^" _t'*'l;"t, ;
    f'loreovei z-84t"c rs eFfecl'lve roTe of l"'lP't'oh*g '' E
    chlo.inol,o^. fo'
    1
    "'€'l
    E
    v
    I
    .,]
    !/
    e
    .

    l E
    r)

    Page 94 of 271
    @
    I
    !
    :i
    1
    a
    7

    I
    F..Ae/
    .l
    '1
    zal\ hll LoLb
    Ul 7- Sofleni13 :

    j
    Ci, t*i3 rs dor:e l.,o iern? re l},e h*.].rnus fra- ,uqlc, boj_l-,
    lrf
    . .terrrporo.v
    ;
    t. snd p--o6erri,
    :

    I
    .l
    't "ir
    . "

    { Removal of iemilorLlr, hqplnesg


    l'j
    ,I
    . ... iil G cFrco,)r 4 > GcCIe I '

    AI
    ; . C. Cl-rCor).t -.Co CoH )1
    :'j

    I
    r-1
    6) . M-I cHcoj)a
    i
    l'1jcOj + G CoH)z
    I

    I (tii rtdt+cor), + c.,-. Con)z


    .J

    \- , fe:C,t'iro
    . .
    Bsylsvo} oF pq*onenl
    rJ-' Lim,s sgd€i Frocerg :
    .L
    .(.ri Lirrie ,?zrr-Leyq. c,il lhe calb olaie hordnqss .grroen{
    ' r .\
    1'6 J

    7 CqCOe tt-.
    --'
    tt.-,'
    --' , mj COg.t+ . (..coH)r., , 'i CqCO.,
    . J ,.I. + ['la' CoH):
    -ir
    _.4
    w. .t,t I
    t, It CH cCIj); + L.Cs Co.rr!)i
    , .=f, - m+CoH ), I +-2 c"co3'.,,1
    't
    '_ ..:- .i
    ri)
    .

    Lrrn€ .ronverrS non- ccrr[enq[ i. hardness or moJne.slr^rn


    iltorr- co rbon ole hordness ol Colciurn Cp)
    inlo: lhc i

    ctl
    - cl-
    |1-
    "If 5q:-
    Noa-
    GCox),
    -
    Oj so.
    L No:- . * rIJ Colra+
    -)

    .:-

    Page 95 of 271
    ti
    .1
    x
    J
    :{
    af\
    / '- '-.1
    s
    :.:

    'l
    (rr) Lrrne olso teoclc usrll-'r (ot in ol cacos ( )t)
    F: t j

    j
    i (.,.

    Co, + Ca(0u), .--'-" f" COE ! , \i--

    I
    .t
    ci,)' 5 r)O. *h r-ernoves oll Hre . Nonrcurbonule 1.rsrclyleos oF Crr
    ., l,;:

    .i
    I t:-:,
    i
    C'or,J inoltT pree..,] crr^,d <rlso .conner[..] kom non .o.lo^o].]orr,ln.r, .. .-i
    ,.,. .:-:
    { 'o?' rts uddi[r'on o] linre
    by ( )
    (:

    ,]
    E)
    q €:]]
    . .cl-
    l
    :.1 cr'f'La^-- ,,- No,(o, ' *,
    rvu
    {.:'
    "-;- . Khcct {
    . t.::

    *r, , a t
    .,
    ,.]

    ,'.1

    r,) Precipilol e of _co Co9.. is lprm ect , of ,H ol


    r'---
    .,1
    ii
    '1
    g - s.s ond lh . Frl . l'\
    .
    l:.1

    I '.:i-:B

    :l
    l
    I (.lisrr,aluoFthe.ruo}u,],[,"ffimenliooetl'.;.-;:.! l'..-- A
    .: . t:::
    :

    J
    :'1 ,._:" rnciloee,l a,H*crl.ll, b/. addihon oF ti,r,e or aoclo l::-

    -": '-''Yl -"1o,' ;;;=


    ::: -t--
    l--:

    :
    I

    Clht:a,,r.,iii nol rirn'bv.6'y


    I
    (r.rr.*_u -" ' €..

    (vii) Avoilobiltf of ,.linn e io ieduced ,n ,aSOlt-, ti,' [ ..]: .

    . r* i-.lence il l-he conc. o I co, iu rnor€ fha,, F"u*t tn .'., g..i:


    ,;lo' 11
    , -,- pqll ".iI is lp bc
    F-rs} rrrno{ed. U7 lhe oe.a'hon Pro cees be Fo.
    .: ,4:s

    ' -lrmB-soda
    D

    proce3g. .,. ..
    k.j
    ''. 6E
    ,:l
    I
    (vrii!;. ' Und
    .:-
    er n0rm ol rond,'h'n.,o ,i,-, th e *reol-ra .r.n uf,
    ru ul er. 6e.p,pl
    .eeg

    e tr
    .l
    t:l - of
    fernovql hordness. iE nol possibl" b7 l-he-u.se,,ol
    .hu_i} .::
    f::;i

    ,, .retrqenl-s. . ...
    x @
    1_:)
    '

    :i
    civ) Norrnq117 ig-aylr ol c'ccl- o"a :'@
    ,I I
    ,o nv@io ieFt
    .
    .:- g:i
    Di. lrts
    '
    .:,1
    :i
    I
    :insoflenedool'".ondno}r.ern"*a.ffi,,i,L. E:i
    ' sel.Fting protess.'Tihe.eb/ teodi"J, il fh,.:;i.,.ruolal;
    "j
    i
    of,rtri' O",i*,,
    J-lence th ppl--:ore ojoin *oae soluble in ,.Lrolg,
    I b7 lh" ,,8

    I :.:: a
    '\6
    I
    6, Co3f+ cor + Hzo Ca CHCot)z t,:
    1

    /
    -
    I

    €
    J
    A
    ,e-
    i:l
    ,*
    .€

    Page 96 of 271
    E
    -::
    P-'a

    f,
    i:r
    -' Reccr.bor-roJio^ qeri.roli,/ !\rtr,z,
    cxl
    ; ;"%::-l r,';-;: ;,;,1* :;'";,1;.:.,;. "li,:,
    :l.'t
    .r rr

    -l ,.|
    I
    I

    .,,,*-;
    .i

    ' t"'s'l'r\ln n"t*d'o.,


    Rqur *raler--+ scrrur ----::i) '^*riulirn-J-,
    u"r;:r:;
    rrr r ey_rfu h.o^
    ;-*, St l.,__7 r) lu i n{rtllrc
    rh,r.^. rl

    ' ..;:r,H11,i,[;,,; 7"1:"',,"o.1,1 ;


    :
    ' ?";"*:ffi
    bel-[u ond toocj ovu u,tri,='-:1'" "f
    reducei' ASoin "fFrJ'*-l]
    -guolit'7 ,u,nurh
    r*"..;,"i;; ,^:in: increls ,.' '' "Il..i* i, "'i"r'"];ln's, i
    ()q, lirne sodo proce€s ,h.lfr-
    in - reducrna ._^._^. . ,

    incrqusin5L,t,l,",n7-Ji;;';"""ctn5.corrosj01of",f..6,.
    .l.: -.
    ,

    osr) rhis
    rhi'^ n--^-*-r r
    pro.fu*, oi*u r r .
    1116 ;"v,n-g _;g,-o _eT._ i
    :;::::ff. i :; noi l,''Y;, *bre *1r,,,.,,
    '',o ,pi-o -'tt ,?:n
    -ale, '
    b, _uu.]j^jn

    {' , --ren-'c'ed as Gco.


    fornroh'on' ol : ml )^- l"odu lo , lh.
    ,J 'oF. o luds-i--,.-t
    :"-l t .aI .
    Ca CO-a
    CoS CqCO- r :

    fuimohoi,r";;li:,,a;;1";5,,,?i:,*,ca.,o|he
    -t] -. or t-g
    _i. (-o!)*J a_ ,c^ao=
    l -C:. of,^ timetqdd.d i., theL
    -__7i:.
    rriDi
    ru-of J t. ods
    ot, : -g:of slu{ge'ao b ,rrru fur*ohb,,
    i.; .
    ' r tl :: .'

    , mS ol airu ho,dness --) - '. '', i.

    M-:f'
    rn3 ol Gco. ms rli>;'t
    - I -----) o't5a '5 ol
    I
    oo,I^.".
    -
    clue |o
    1j,r - Gc% olu$
    e

    DI os
    "ludge
    Gco3
    :ft"'hardneq5'- o-58..tr* l,o,dnrd5
    in Tg,t t rcmov ed J- ttrnoved + lrrn< I ,r i..
    5
    r aJJ"J l

    Page 97 of 271
    I
    $
    IJ

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    .:

    J
    i
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    :

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    'i

    :
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    { ,-
    I :

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    :
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    -lI :

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    :{
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    .t I

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    t:!
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    I .:

    ;
    I

    Page 98 of 271
    .

    JD rtnnuof regi_rirtrnarrf ,t lr*g


    = tnolrr, af t3 a(o)1X
    fo,.
    rernovol of r.1Y c,{ (0r)z rnol. ,^,1. 6;
    t{:
    Similcrrl.rt' f1*ro'-i,
    ltrT)L

    .i
    .il
    :,)
    :t
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    :i.l

    ,
    -t
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    ,l A. zq9l.1ie-ProegssCBgge9xghe1rgLpr.oce5a}!..
    l
    '.t
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    cu'rhg
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    :\
    "tvtni*ltu".d
    ' ; Pteseure . filler. ,
    in. zaoi;r" p,l.Lu
    , .-.- ,, ,^ tre
    i8. I.? ,, : ,
    .
    &r*, of
    .

    ,.-
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    :.i

    qri: Zgolrlre: ore ..qh-rrci


    i .or. sfnifielrc.,Crh.6p. .
    \-
    ,{

    :l '' hTf gt=a ,9il;cale ol ,sodiu 9-,, p{


    he"e. ,e'xc},o1ge
    ,

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    -;' J -__'^..l
    .'t
    r, B- **,ulr?.;,,;;o;;il"i"r, ,
    :]*l:i;;
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    Page 99 of 271
    !
    q

    I (o-r-
    ( cot- -
    e
    j ( rb H(oJ
    mottro.-
    [. .i

    J
    { c" ,"tl:';,: * Ncrr7 ------y (, J.Jrc u.Z + No /
    (
    Ct-
    so^-
    C.
    tt-:=-:

    . \NOa Ex[raus].J
    N0t
    i

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    ,.-: . "' beJ
    (a::: ,
    G/nj.Z + No.cl No, 7 Crr/ rt.c (.'.:
    J
    5-to"l- . I

    e sol,r }ion-
    qr,
    grin €eg en eru ).,.)
    - boJ r:]
    L.i
    ,,i-,t lI rnelhoj hord ,oler' rs poased oyer
    l

    lis
    u:hich remoyeo oll, the hc,,d ne6s cou€
    reolilg gqJ {:,
    i
    -

    ' il-sqlf (onverled 'lng colrsn5 Pteseni in il eie;


    ,\
    ;'6nd.gtis :-:- in*6 <xhousled beJ.
    :
    Thfs exMugleeJ bed rs regen.trsled 'befor.
    (rv)
    ili ,Fu,lhu irse b; Elr:
    :

    , ._"d{ih'qi_:j,5-lo'1. b.r,Fre ,Joluh0., in ltre


    hrier_'v'1':t t.
    ,.1-
    E"r t:'-
    (r-) JhTs -does ng*.1p,1odueeo slidge henceu ;.,rr,sFohon f:ii-,
    f"lhod 'r 'u
    p'pee ,is oyoideJ b7 u6e oF *trrs o/ [,
    -.Ih;-
    . r1D Thre .rnel-hed io lopoblq, of ,,pfod1.nj., Icro: holdness ,^roiw.
    (,,

    : cy,r),Jhrc melhod proyes t,s be cosiliq.,, ,fl €;-.


    iron onj-;;;;,
    present in wol-er os Fe/13 Tq6ltlo .ur,,oor;,'_":*t.u: o.!, (.:?

    b?
    E,;/

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    Page 100 of 271


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    Page 101 of 271


    ;l
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    I (r,r) Noirnol dose of oc)-rvqle.l io,bon vrr,icr, be.h
    __..uoun 5_zo (:, (.: :-
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    (iiD CuS04 ia added in ltre .rualu jrrol belo.e ,l t5 being :' {,*i

    Possed in
    *he disFn'buf'on syslern. (ollu di"iolechon )
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    (i) ond is'$en.uolry -presenl in
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    :,t- a
    the rnal-Iu in w-ole, hence lor rcrnovol E::i
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    b:"d, bel-'^,len o.rgoorL rnailu ond Fielrln,lu to,ui irofrn;
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    poraus;; pu.rn€r",; iof e,,1,;"", J,,""-9", .fl :::liT
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    .l,l -lhe
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    I '-: '

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    5. Fluoridotr'on ;- al-a:
    ,,=
    ,,, fne proceos oF oddihon ol flren;r.,e in e_,

    ruqfe, ;f,Fs ,.,t..


    J-ho n r mg ll is knoron os Ftu o.rr.doh.on_
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    Page 102 of 271


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    Page 103 of 271


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    rri; Nole-r presml in lhis.. rofl€... 19 O:o'1, os'':liilttnal


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    exrshs be[ra.,ren inIurnql ccrvrl-res o f- rork


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    zane
    is 'ol no eqgineerf ng use. (:-' 6;:.i

    ,;v; Jlre depfh ol thro_ Zone vories in km cJrpending urron G.,.

    hpog rophy. lhe f :,'


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    h:-:

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    Page 104 of 271


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    Page 105 of 271


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    termed os coeFB'cienl of
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    . k_ coc{l.of pu*<abil;ry. E
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    Page 106 of 271


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    Page 107 of 271


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    Page 108 of 271


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    cil These orL Ihe fr:rrn6l;ons wl.,iclt


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    geologico I lolmo.hons .Jl clo/.,'
    :

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    "ctPs ou| 69 ,o*T otihv

    Jhese ore *. Seologr:col. "for.rqi,onc


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    _.+Gr(l *r-- ' , :
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    Page 128 of 271


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    ''iln*'lo['';:",i.1':.T:,."1?;,
    (> A poinl- o'
    ",r"1**
    t tatu lz,tel
    , ihfs
    (vi) At fo, nl E *o1., hNeI reoches inihal ,r.,olo
    ihr I€5 QrvOi r. l*rl io *h6
    BoloniiT Sloroge : A+.8
    )
    A - n'tax.d;ff beln cttnr.
    ,)en_tnn.) , 2

    Page 132 of 271


    rninirn.^rn copoci\ ol boloncin3 ' I E'i;
    A slo,lge Fo, ;;,
    l:l:_],. lonl< 6 be ,.rf! beh^;trn ,12_.ts h;
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    r- frn d ',.r..,1u r" , N..
    ,a - *

    Jo-12 5o,ooo : ,t)zzb 2Dc.ooo zo.eecf . €;:,


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    -lo,ooJ .
    "='. J4.3 33 t,.,
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    i, sslool (rll) ., 21, €e5
    :.3€35 '
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    f.ij

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    t=^

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    r'-i
    '\.d

    Page 133 of 271


    Itr
    @
    a;

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    q .,.
    I
    I .t? :pop,lo.hon !o. z is u?ptitd wi*h uql*,
    i 1 ,lf
    cumulo,-ve.rJer,ond of .ciy ot tIgo lprd-
    ,i in ,,.,rtt,lo, lihes is
    r.-^.u.o',
    os L.'du
    baloncing slorage relu[rea:;I colcq[of.
    ."
    :,)P:qrnPi,l3is,eo!sFqnt.}o,'?4hourE.

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    &.2,y*, i *
    - 0)
    J
    Clrm'DernOnct
    t'l _- (urn.suppl*
    Curn..sup pt
    - ({)
    o-+so t turn:s*rrr/ uT.,+o
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    . - '9'975 5 :.f,.i"J.a
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    :l4
    ; ' :
    S'o:s o - o'+5
    .-tj
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    1-95 .' q . '
    O -o'g7s
    ;

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    . -i!
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    - n-ni - '
    ,l l:=u 6 4:o5 i

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    -l

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    I rl)

    Boloncing sloroge: 4+D

    = i,,::;i

    Page 134 of 271


    I
    1l
    l*t

    il
    l
    :.:l
    l-londov
    h I
    :ul7
    1
    eS 2oJ5

    Populoh'on fb, ecosl'rS ,

    ,,
    I

    ?a

    5.'cu rvE 'or' , r.:-i

    logrsh c curv 'e#


    , e.
    rl

    I t l,+, ...
    i. \:..::l

    \-,,t
    dr = con'sl
    :.:
    popu!ohon -. |onl ,
    I:i ;T ,-t€:
    :r .r:
    l. d]:
    -!.:.ai
    iitt
    - rla of g,oolri i':i€.1
    ;1
    dP+
    dr' # ot populo*ron t: \;:-1

    rt'.f-"

    -,:-l /':i.

    .-: {, i
    , f.i
    i
    J. Arilhmeh'c [ncreotse .ne PnoJ:
    :ii '
    . i.,'.€',
    ,t
    riiln lhtg, melhoJ rote o[ growlh
    ?__ -ol of, )oh-on., rs ossumed to
    I .7opu
    I
    I
    i

    j
    :1
    ':l
    .'_l
    rii>rf the..ovel"$u lncr.eos e in i,
    :.j

    I 1 "
    Juro},on ^larrr tt't 9l'trt
    foguilh.".'' - - +no, ,,r,,',_
    -l

    ii ....Aj,-t:.to'.,P_P:'..
    .a]
    . I :. . .' ':

    I
    I

    l.:l-r. P=.?o*2a l

    Geornelric increose rnel-hod (compou


    ^a -lri""or.rr lrrnifpyrn ir,rr"i",
    mcl,,od)
    =efr ln ihis melhod. role ol g,"rn oi p.prrol,on
    .a
    conslonl bu I pop:lolr'_or., (ompound ed |6, *hrs jren role.,
    ]"
    rompule populoh'on in fulurg, S

    Page 135 of 271


    @
    I
    d

    ii''i *s
    t7
    11,
    'i _" f ir; Jf z't. is conslonl r.rle (Drnpcundino
    I -:, "[ t "--- "-J'
    j -.i AL : t. .1.
    ?.= ?q

    ''. l=Lr, t Pi: ?ttfr z,= pt,Ct4z):=poCliz.f


    ';i
    .1,, ,, ,
    I,'l "' AFlc: n .yeors, .

    , ' L-L., ?n- ?r-,*?n,i?


    .t
    -,, : ."
    j -',r 'Pnn cl+L) : F" ct't?)'
    :,r To Fincl 2' Corfl-hp6q'h. euer(
    r " Ye/mton)
    _ I .,,,: .. z-t- T ?t!7-+ Zutt,rf _ r". -.,
    i'r
    =,.: G 19r'n eh'ic .rrl teft .' ::. . !(
    \t,
    ,j

    ,l is odvisible, , lo cofnfrl. iru'.rri.' *eo.,;


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    ; l'l;g|om*inc
    V :"*-:: oi A:,1iii-t-o}-rc
    ''*t\- ' n7
    \ 'J ,:
    { _,:}_,
    meqn mrt-hod io
    mtt-hod he' tc
    be: .,n ;l t si.l,
    o n r Jal..
    e. .:'
    .i -r
    zt,r1i.-'rno}-,g
    :l
    I
    .t\-t--
    i-'
    I i.-
    ,l ,., 5 'lncresmEfiiral inc,:eoe" ,*elr.oC: .

    :r

    _ ';
    ' nar. u
    .,] i;,*""*l "Ir;;;';";i il,,:fi;""*;"i;.1.:,;ff,
    ^ .t -

    ; " jl: ;*i: :'* ovs :


    on,, in clqafner'Io't in
    creose in ;^ ^
    'l:fopu.loh.ofll.sjolsoCon5idutd...-r.

    j
    , ro=
    D pol O, + ncn+r)
    l.r.
    I;
    x- a vg ' f ncre6s e io pop t,lolr6n ---
    i Y -"u3 ' lncreo rnenl- l )'ogrss5e,
    _, v.r rro6 :
    .t
    n gop,.rlo1r.or",
    't -
    il |

    Page 136 of 271


    I
    T
    .1
    ,1

    *,
    At [= Lo D-r)
    |
    -l.o
    I
    /'-..r.-
    €
    t -- l-i P, = ?orx
    L-1, ?+'=?otz{-/' l>:t-
    I3-__

    I
    b: CPo+zT+f)',nur- = P9+t) t..-
    I

    j Note : t::; ,
    (:i
    (t; PoprloHon foreccrsle.J
    ry geomela'L rnu€ase. rnelhod Is fh ax. la--t
    i1-r co*porison lo tho] cornupuleJ b/ onthrnoHg
    n, , nrie^rn en tj:ii
    :] incrsq5 g m ethod
    ..1.
    t]
    "',1 Populohon {otecosled 1ui}h crrilhmoh'c jn*eose t:i:

    iJ
    .1

    ta geo,melr,. ir,.lo -i}hrd i.:


    :J
    ,.?.
    :l:,:::
    & tficr€o -,: .,.o-foriso.,
    menhal .lnC,r ea6e rnelhod. "'rO"'^".G, G
    G, ol. moi u o}-rsrorrrrn en d.s g eomehjc f ncreo.ae me*hod r-i:

    €;
    rir) Geo rnefi'ic in creode rnethn-*
    \ :::

    jtl yo*s ci h e b, ^d- ;,;; ;;;.'', irT{l,l!r*


    .t
    I
    I
    ";:H:,;T,f; (-.
    F''"

    .J 4. logisl-ie t-r.
    .l

    ,l
    .l
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    r-:'i.
    1c,.

    :-!l

    ;trl
    I

    '- Pely = Ps :
    \.,.
    cequ" b-
    ::r
    :r J r ip 1jI 6n[) +
    .1
    :.1
    t-, ,a[:r.gr e
    e;
    .
    I r.ffi. 11 ' corul-onl-s,' F:r-
    R;,
    =l
    ,
    - Ps- solslsli'on Fop-ulohon.
    {a.-.,
    l:r:

    = z po.P,.pt
    1
    l:4,
    ,J
    :l
    Ps - R1 crr+ pr)
    !:I
    :1
    &
    E
    €
    €
    t
    n = l-. 1., ,/ ?o ) \
    C Ps-l
    fl \ F, cr"- ro) I
    e
    €
    Al l= t'. ?:
    t-'tr ?=
    ?o

    ?,
    €i
    €j
    r -ri; '.'-? = ?;

    Page 137 of 271


    !
    :5

    a,i
    J

    il ., G. using e given info'rnoh'on find *h e


    *h
    *p*,ohb., of ci\ in 2oto
    Ust'ng 6eornrlric inct eoSe, lr;lh.ncrh'c increoge ond"r,rl
    a:.
    r'rr,*' r^ir",
    increose rnelhod.
    , ].}
    '..:
    !i
    ':' Yeor Popu loh'on Cin lhorso.,d
    ,l
    :,J

    n '
    rj
    -,d
    I
    : ,:-/

    aoob ..26
    ,)
    7oO I 29
    a
    20o7 55.
    2oOb 45
    7oa4
    ..-:
    ::-"= ti) Arilhi-nolrc increoge
    .! '
    'I-e+r- .Popi {thouso ids) '
    :::
    ,J
    j :. LO.OO ., . ... f,pcraose
    J'-;
    !'';

    -2935
    +5
    ! '.i
    't.
    +t
    J
    1
    ,l
    \-" i l.
    -i
    fofuloHon ln 2oJO
    :t
    v- .:j

    ,j Pr.rro Pzoa* +
    .1 .
    i.1
    .:1 =-
    ij
    :.1
    ' ..: ': 47iOOQ
    +l
    t ,l t': 78,$ao
    'l
    I
    rt
    !- :j
    ol2 Oeor.nel-n'c !Icr:ea€€, .rne15cci
    .t :ri ' ':._: _

    I
    il:: .t {eo r p op" CfhoLra.)
    ,'l
    :1
    fl Jnue,ls e G'orolh rol
    ra --r-2OOo 2e e

    {] 5 3/ze xtoo
    200 J 73 = ll.J
    -i
    . rao2 55 e elrs xtoo = z.eie f
    sr
    r
    .iTok p
    2005 45 I s/ts{loo =12.*
    +1 +
    .' :j }ou ro*7oaq 4l+S xtoo = 3,s
    {
    !.1
    d
    s
    \ P.oprlol,on i n zoJa \t : Je.ol.l.
    ! :
    $
    ?zoto : Prion * (f + a )i oHt zoo+:
    -l--
    .

    Page 138 of 271


    !
    E
    J
    H
    t -lr
    (ti) ln creo.rn ertlol rncreoSe melhocl
    !
    :l : ,t
    f::

    I : i-.
    Yeot Pop" t-ll'rousqnd ) Ir)cre05e
    2ooo . 2G! IN IncrgsS
    .25 r- "
    .i=:
    zooj .
    .J . .

    .,]
    :l 2oo2. ..
    55 D

    1
    loo 3 +3
    A
    .at
    .t
    .l
    i
    LoCI + 41 4
    '1
    j-

    :J
    i.-l

    I , " pcpuloHon in 2oJo,


    .rl
    Proro'l Prop ++6f -t.. . +??
    = Ll_f e x-tB_z6) + zt
    .

    = 8,545 .
    .-'.. _ (::

    'l- ,l
    i
    Oi lferuJ fiv'pe
    TI
    t-
    oI, vo l res in piges, .
    I 6.
    tl.:
    \:;;:
    I
    I 6ote / Sluice vql,rg 1, (:
    j l
    , ......
    €.';
    Cr) Thie .rolve is u sed fo reg u lc t e:, Flo,r": of . ^ ^l - in pips
    .

    - by divifli6g ;+ inlo h,
    ,nJ,,,b* oF
    "
    "u.h,o^aloler
    ciD o,e Jenerqlly used o$
    'i
    ]n1o?tr_r,
    rilTr"lr ournmrl_",.,
    ,es ei u"-',ir
    i1
    Y

    ;r
    1:
    I
    p.'","*ffimtffi":l
    I requ.ired fo, 'conshu6h'q1 "' mqI*ioJ
    r')qrt,r o,
    . of ,-hes.e uo,rirlt,
    .il
    :

    I
    2. ftir volv es
    t I
    - Nr inlel
    $'l
    i
    - fyir relief
    ris Ait rrolvs5 aiL used in pipe
    fo' oofc? of pipe .'Th€6( qrs L;

    , SenuollY ploced ol aumrnil poinls on erlhg, erdes €


    volves. ol gala
    -t
    I e
    :.t
    NI
    ia
    aa
    €
    1
    t. ('
    r:\
    {
    I w

    Page 139 of 271


    \-. tu
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    Page 140 of 271


    ti!
    g1

    I hlosleu.;oler EnS inee-ring : v-- ! ';r'


    i:;
    , l\0 ;,.
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    l
    - -f, r}q'.
    /
    ;;-'.:L.

    r
    j I tr,:.-

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    rl
    3 monholes efflu <nl r.i
    :-l (.,
    t
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    'l Syel un 1 plonl
    :l

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    of 1,coI e,
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    up6te ;d;,tr' ilu;;r,, :;, ;;,1
    :
    j:l;], Lar

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    t Ser.ooge c"^, bu, .l?.1..:I1i,
    ' -----=--
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    is Jurned
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    Page 141 of 271


    5 . S|o.m ruoI et J drs,n oll e :
    ll- io ie-r,.:(Ue fhol ie oiigincrleJ due Io .roinsl-o,- waly

    ies;ses S :

    piges used br corrTln! ' -.,' )


    5 eLu og e [rq.., one !o anotrhu n
    Sorni
    ar? collecl 5eJe-rs
    .Seruuqge sy$:r ,

    ci) Jl is rne*r od nF collechon, heq lrn en} and


    .
    ;i')
    :I
    irrc,lrd. seu oge. #pggsl_of t-he

    riii Su^raaye sys.[.- 'is genuol\y of th.gg


    f,
    :lt

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    -f
    j
    513tr ol g sca) uqg e . oJsl. . ,,
    :l
    n
    :J 666[ined €eo'uoSe Eis[ern
    ,j
    poiHa lly sepu_o 1.,.. '.
    ' I
    .-t-__* ,

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    Pf-7sr-c"f ;osl.*,"f * pn;o-.t.r., -

    t phy aLco i
    At ,-j G Pi::- e) eh
    *' Te iql solids , .l . ,-
    ore , a ppticag le :1ug
    '-':"'' I
    seillobldsoil6lu ' ,r:,, oisc.-

    fi-r'60 /- of 3'uoler

    (f) oetpoqe ionoisl


    v
    cal Orgonic po'ii'Lles
    biolo.qicol
    V-:.-.,-,
    ocH ons.
    -v,:.

    or-) Cgonic po,Hcles decomfosed


    h ste le,r,eJ
    t _&,o*Sro d oble oi.gonic rn ollei
    cr) This brblqgicol dllornposifion con
    be corried 'in
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    Corn-6| qL,l in *he
    pj=enlg_gl i, is isrned orobi. & ,f
    Cc, rned Oul
    tn .P!sg-a
    "i-q o'r c"tt.d onoe,obic

    Page 142 of 271


    I

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    cvi) Th e err d protl u cls obluined cltpe-nds uporr ilrs rne $16 j bl r (,,
    I

    I ruhicfr' cleromf uoHep ts co rried ou I. r: [:j;


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    r.ii fr1

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    _{i

    :l
    .],]
    ,.j
    -;l
    :.:I

    :i.:J
    ,1
    :l
    ,j
    :l
    'i
    :-l

    !l
    11
    'l

    l
    l

    J
    :-,

    Page 153 of 271


    is
    :'
    {oD I Toc ro l-r o o)so s rg ni lri es t; o l, t7' aI 6(l])oJe ond
    P

    }he
    .:
    rr', el'|. od o{ 'hecr} rrr ert'}-
    ,1

    eluirolenl (PE)
    l

    .t {
    -,, Populolr'on ' ,

    l :x riy Avg. *sl'urrdy,d . boD ol domeshc qeuro-?.e is Bo gmfcoprlo


    ::1
    :J
    lr)o,/.
    i cil lhe no.of p€lsons p.oducing ihe-cimou.nl ol, BoD__cd.the
    rale
    -'-= at 80 rnglcapil'l da7 €oruor 'ld ihol F.odu,. j ; inci,jehior
    :l
    l ''}.:5tti,ogel.5lumedo5P0Pu}o}r.onl1u.ilol"'}.
    ,. .,
    :-l
    rl

    -' ' '-x


    ,l
    ::i
    :- ' P'E"
    ,;
    .1
    .{
    .l
    l , seArqse {i*ldor).ser.r.roge,(fla3l.ypihldy)
    -l
    :l .i'
    j :l .
    1
    J
    I
    I
    I
    l
    riir'-l 15;5 psromelu is used io findt .sh*.i+h:oP induspiol
    j s.ei.uQge oqJ ils 66rr€spond;ng ros'| of #."h*on+"j:l/Y"l
    .ri
    t:
    :i
    :l Relolire sl-abili\ :
    .1

    tI o) Ji. is defr'nsd us rohb of oxygen-evoiisLls in ihE efFjutnj


    i 'fip trhe iolel sxysm
    :,1

    .i
    fu* O.U,lCs-, Nor-;5o,,=, Ccu--,'-g.s1') i"*uir*ri
    i{
    I
    '.' .
    br, I't.s|,age BoD. , -. o,
    ._1

    li
    : -'
    *1 r
    . :i
    elf luenl '(in :iorm' of pg,
    tl
    :i iE .,J c r_r-o NOo=, I,tg.', soo-, .n ,-r%^ )
    - :tl

    ,l

    .-l

    -t
    J
    J
    ai
    J
    I

    i : {i') Hr,re 1zo b L* o(t hmes in Jn,Ts required U7 u*.Jqr.rq}r,


    ,i ) somplc lo dcco),ouui se *he sla.do.J rnerllrne !trr L sol.';,an.
    I or 2'o"c & 5J1, ,*pec! ',et7
    -1 v I
    tr iriD ce.oiourisolion oF rnelhyl<ne blue is coused .utzlne,
    ) releqsed dut [o' ofleCr obic'
    f
    tni6r6 o,gortisrns..
    ' r.

    " _-;.

    Page 154 of 271


    Ir
    a
    fr
    il5
    ll '-.
    I (r{) 5:e,litr de -colouriSo)-ion rnclicoles rorli.u dure loprnsrl)
    al
    1
    I
    ono<-r0btc ConcliHons & srgni[rgq';':t;:;;"/
    Jeliciu,ty ot o^7Je,, rn s1cI.*.
    .t
    I ,uhich reroler ro unsFubiriry . {-i
    ,l

    'i..". I

    , (r) l'fdecolor4risgho.r Iokes. ploce i.t le ss '. ltl un L dal s ol zo, c


    '.i..
    :.'..
    I *he cFPlr.ren}. io consid cred os rrrt-5Fsbl . &, il ;l hakes p)uce
    , \-'- I

    x
    tor rrore fhun + doy s, cfPluell io (onsid ere_d slo bte t\
    , (..
    i I
    ,i
    .
    tsi1-

    ,I (:-1
    L

    ',i G Folio,rcingob6u,vg.lru"., pumil mo de hr +) . diluh.on .


    - .ruos ol (,,
    .a.l
    ::l
    :.j u:ru-Do o{ oeroted *-rolu oomPle uued fs. diluhon ig; s";";" -;;, .-
    Do of.o,rgfno.l sorpf) e. is o.RgtL.a-elculolg,BoDs o.a-#;
    :"]

    ,j
    :1
    -Ihe deoxygtnol-,on cons)-unl ol 20'c is-o.zs da7-1 Oo ;- ,-
    :.:t- '
    ri:1 yl th; ,,1 g,
    .-
    .ij1
    I
    dilu}.d, somgle, ofler 5 daTs ol incubah'on iu , J -g/t ' ij G,

    :l
    I

    i
    Doto :
    !.J: dlluh'r, oF', ruosler^rol er,.
    DO oF originol uuro = o'E,nol/i'
    ,l

    DO oF ouoled ,ool tr'= s r-ng/l


    11 ,.
    DO, = o:B mg/ I
    .-

    :l
    ,i
    I
    4 "rrl ,uoel eu-rs l u F gG rnl'..go-raled "r,,ole^,
    < loo
    't.l
    -l
    -i:i
    _:]
    - :

    Fs' dituled sompler, Doi = +*CI'6 * gsxsr' " E.i

    .:.1. Q,"
    ::.1
    :J
    'rl i H
    :: -i

    i.i , '.rl' tB
    :1 .

    ,t .'$ODs : cDol - Dor) xo-F. - (:{.


    (i'.'.1 r*,

    ,l' I

    i.,. f,,:
    I

    I
    (Z-g:oq- o'&) x .JoO
    ..i
    r+ r ..' ri::i
    r-l
    r:{
    il
    := :-
    :l ;,. ^ i
    i
    fne Srrcn
    -t volue
    BOD5 =
    4f deoxlstnalion a:'. f...

    Kr: o'454* Y ronslunl b k aa-,:


    e
    k = o-o1! do7-! -
    os vqlue 7 o'Z ,
    {r-e:
    ..' L.:
    (,
    -\: e1

    52-c
    BOlu : _o.Og.x5
    1':':.,
    ''' ,;:1
    L_
    iv

    l- Jo I I"
    (-t'

    = .Pl. 52 rno i i \,.7 a

    Page 155 of 271


    e, Delermine rn ax, upp u li.nil oF BoD of J lutose solu[.on
    3oo rn3/l .-
    o F conc.

    CcHtzae t. 6 a,

    .,1
    .i ZOO rno ll
    I
    I
    I
    ,I
    I

    :J

    .,
    :: r
    1

    30(2 rrsf
    S.rurose daompos.ed b'-i
    t. =500x ,.:,,,6= jJ, mgll..
    ,..
    :l
    ,

    . -
    J
    4
    G _zl 'ET.; BoD fo,r selrrTg
    Culculole- t_ dgy
    slrnple .*hose S io, ,ru., ti
    .:
    BoD is -J{r o55.r^yp1" deorTgtn#r.,
    (o-1
    .r;;;_;.;
    ' .t", -'"
    '; loo
    ... li]rj;rr*
    !
    J
    -{ fo.be ql iu,rdf ....

    I I
    -t
    )

    \-
    : =,:57jIJ
    t

    i Page 156 of 271


    a

    '
    r tl-r
    '4>\

    .Drsposol ol ef{luen}s :-
    (., I

    ril Drspoool ol cllluml oll<, {.eohnrnl cur) [:e-cJone zilh er i, 1,,r.

    671 land , ei.


    or droposrnS rt b1 cJrlul-ion. (inlo rivqr";
    t

    ,. ( ,,'-
    : N;lur^lolu. "[Iluen]s
    I . r:,
    i \tr:l I
    --1
    J,luhon in rivers on )oncJ l,(1:l
    I I ---'----*-] (i';,
    Tivu seo , - land lpond e [])utn] saDoTL .
    ir.r t',g alli o^ - torroing
    :. (:,:..

    1. DisPoeol bI .lrlu'}ron ,, ,1r.. :- .,: /:._


    \:-
    :eitl.Jhen the elf luenls'or" drspooeel crtlu treq*me1.,i
    rn fhe i.irr.
    . -o, I . r t
    self pu rrh cohon o? river NsIer lokes ptgce Or tloli6*i.rg ,'"
    .......
    -ond dirprrs,o.,: .-' '- .-'- .: .
    E-j f'-.
    'i
    G: c,tuli'on t": ,' :
    1

    t,t Diluh'on ond elr'spersion is nsi in reol lums o.rnelhod i;, : {_:...
    I ol se.ll
    , \:]J

    i i:.::
    I
    ,l ri; Jt eniy redu ces ift e pol enli oi hoz,o,dz',*rhr'ch **, be rurlqcl i {;:
    t.:l
    .1
    I
    due fu drsPosol 'of' +ffIu enf5 . .(,,.
    r, 6!
    ,
    I
    cb) Sunlgh|:- '
    ,i.j
    6;:
    '--ri) f n thg
    P':es.ebcc: oF, sunlrghl */5* ts releqsed fn ruolu duc
    1
    l,l
    1
    ..1
    "is furlhe, uHlised*' ry *iu-g, r.oonign-,
    , . hD Fhofosltlt,ests-,rhich
    ' lo corr.1 bul d ecornpos)'h on of ogonic mollo prejenF jh 'i5
    '

    r.)' Sed irn enl q l-' orF* '


    ' \'-'
    :

    ti) ove, o p-d ol hme orJqnic solr")s presenl in ,rt ol


    gc} u '. , t.-.-:,

    ' settled or, 1;1q 5Llfocc of rivq..; b.d 6due lo sedirn ml oh'on )
    :- . It:l
    w
    .1, t
    hence ore re,moved from river ruoler.
    P

    liD - tg€l
    h esr solfds
    r.'il,t..-\vL in con
    \. ,r. locl ,^rr,l.
    \v.,,urr ruilh Uz.tnin
    02 ir Al,tef fo
    n:oler fO
    (..
    ' ond hente finolll rrrnoved horn wolu oTsl*;.
    gel --.'"-
    geJ SlObilr.Za_ ,,. :
    .ore :
    .{ Cd) Oxido|,on ond reduch'on :-
    " €
    -1"
    'l
    !a
    '\1
    1 t
    ':: (
    ,i-::. ,.
    I
    ,:
    :
    *,
    .,-. . ::

    .\.:r,,

    Page 157 of 271


    \-

    I
    fi
    a
    f,

    I
    ,l Not e :-
    Thr- r)e9ree oP *reol rr,rrr) reclui r erJ rr lh e
    ,l D
    b,,. r'. of diluh'an
    :1.
    -l provided by.rivw.

    ' ' j),'iu h'on I Foql-or tD"gite 6f heolrnen|,


    7 5oo ' No {-teoj.nen} :

    ' 5OO -5oo


    Ploin stdimtnfol.io., (1, < Isorr?
    150 -300 )
    scdf mertl-qHo,
    L ..-,
    (.t5o cornplere hr*-j" .":'7:l;r,- *
    :l

    Bo?.( zo gprr )

    1
    _l
    I
    t
    I
    .'..
    I
    a. I
    I
    I
    I
    bo I
    v -t

    v
    +p{.oF
    D0s<t
    l I
    I
    i
    \, I
    I

    \.
    \. Drsloncy' t'm e ,-_* .. ., I
    FrS- vqnohon oF
    tr- zone I
    Lr
    - zone of clec, ,rool-er :

    T .: ..........:
    ZOn€ , ol degrodohonl
    DO dislT
    'l)ith
    /ti tne"
    ,

    xi - zone or? ocfi ve


    .
    ' in sheorn : j
    E " zoh€' ol r€covv ydeco.grposiH66 ,

    io.i" of degrodohon:
    "' i3,1, :? :p',.i,fr do,.1',sn""-,
    "i ':[.:^:i*'.:, '&^je
    ' of ri'q;- ",
    cni lhe ...,d of rhiE ron4 rs
    -". .",i;1,;::::
    solu,qled Do. ,---- \ 6ot'i.pl.hon oI
    rri') ,f $o-g is not lotrncl in fhi:t;f,:" Ld
    fal ro'c, sql .o o = r, &shcs *../ .6qr,ive.

    Page 158 of 271


    I I
    i-
    ,]
    I
    I
    J -/a
    1ii_j
    !
    I riv) trJql er fn this zor)e i,r clork ond |"rr[ri,J 'l I

    i 1(i::
    i-
    I

    of trcLve d e'(orrrfo(,ifi '. i,ti::.


    ..-'
    :
    .i
    zorre' 0.,
    { I
    - a:::

    :l
    :"dorke, rl'l1or'i in lone'oF'.dqgrot;oHonr.., :.... :.. . ''-, ',.--
    i
    rl
    il
    :.J
    .{
    :i .
    .. \.jj

    I
    I

    I
    oir) 4uobic .rni('o .o.Soni5rn5 ore rTlr-rced b1 crnoerobic microb5. e.?
    in l'his sFogc,. !esdinq |o relerlse .oF acicl5.sas." u .1.";";i" ,,€,
    I
    :l
    .j.j

    6urhce ol river..'
    i ,,,(:.,
    --:1

    .--i
    riv) BoFh ond
    h-=he s oi.rrvf ,e ',., l-hfs zons. ..91
    Jn "-.'-'
    -!

    -)i

    . :,6oses ::J.e .dor,.I


    hr.l *oy survivg in upp.,'toyer;.: sotne
    ,:,6;
    :1

    .'r:o.:n *r". z-gne -oI, osoi: reoch u p to l. ir6rr. :E


    ,l -='==--'..o}'!he:end,..or.tr'is.i9ne]..-..]. "ltuolrro)eJ,
    . i ' (=.::j
    :f
    1
    /on'e oF recov€rv:
    t ....... (l.,
    iI) Jn *his 76rt? os lhe
    ij elem,onel
    to, oxTgtn l. suh.FieJ, BoD
    : lrvel fstts dorun. Do o?praochee
    .,.i
    ,l i]s uoiJrot-d,;;;- i=n.. u
    jJ
    .{
    r'
    alSae -r.euppeor iil *his zone. i\
    tr-

    :, ..
    -l
    'I
    'j
    ..i
    ,l
    :.1
    .:. {
    lled nesd ay
    -t
    . ':,1
    , .l
    ,lj -. I
    i:l
    :l Oxygcn deFci{
    .'i Ir
    'r.l
    !."1 .' t'- .

    'l
    I

    -8eoryg.61ryo|,'on ott,t I
    -: I
    !11
    ,g Do cwte/o{ISeo deficil (u,ve A4:

    ,-.,1
    ,] 1
    --
    .E h-:;

    30 ,t'
    t-,
    f.:
    ,,1
    $
    til
    d
    I l:i

    +l 6gryC. - (;:
    u

    ' l:.'

    + -'n
    I

    ,.'l
    ..:'. 8

    Page 159 of 271


    fi
    I
    E
    a

    {I
    ,I
    ',r

    :i'
    3..
    Al poir: I A, c,mourrl of ooysenc rrdJeJ in *hp_
    I
    I
    :r
    to o'r:our:i oF ox/gen useJ q fhe s/orern. "
    .,/or€rn
    a_.[ -. rlircrr
    I ,::r
    :,|
    I ',"
    .. The Crilicul o* yS rnolj on cleficrJ i:
    sl?|-e of .,. o *yr"oo,r,i';;; ;."r;;;:H'.T-',.'i.,:H
    ,,Ji*,
    (b = cd cin 'ih s" lurve
    e'3- ' .qe =Zo )
    a
    .:
    ,\
    - l]
    i! ..-
    :i
    ,.il /-rt en cJe h'ci}
    ci) Oxvq ol, bn7 given h'm
    I o t-
    L
    r1
    :r'i can be compu IeJ uu;os' sr,ej"r., -'.[;, sheo,n,
    ,i
    I
    J ;:'T",ff.|;.]rd
    .t
    ,l
    t''t-
    I I ro-

    \-l I '( e3u' -ol, o*l gt.r_ defic;I


    rl
    i - -he.e D" - rnih'cii )x7S
    r
    en Jef;.el.i . (urvg) , '' '
    -. k3 1 deoxyS e.no h'on consl-CInI
    --l af i;
    ( doY-
    i
    kp - r€oxyseno.hbr:.,,.ur.s1=,r-rl I t
    -:
    L -, uth;;l r
    r.,I^e;;'h*
    Bn .r cda'7 .i)
    ,l
    -l
    i {;i} LiiFh,,**:e increase I,***i:,
    .*= m :i;i
    _:.,"":t.*n,."Y*"
    i:."*rp..rri
    I,fl,-3, .,soo:i. nro*,,
    ji:: '!O"."
    _ _

    :1
    '| - *'- uttr 7 of -ex
    :1
    }:
    ool e, d€Crel3-5e3
    i^)ct?-'
    r
    Jec.g^at6.. CamOuni
    fnrnn,."-i gf^,, ox75:r"nJ bul 75trr in
    ., I

    fhe
    -,.. .-. oh'oR
    r,
    ,l

    rqoxygm ..,i a ol
    - fCIe2-l
    Kell in cie os€5-
    ,l

    -t

    .: -
    Kot'. = K*.o. ( ,'o r a '-' '.
    . )'-'o . .

    .. to,
    1

    "'']i:^:.11",1'1 ak,),u,il 'b,, *o,r," *r-,o,, "


    \ lncteasein.|eol|ger,ohonCkp)J,oilhin:.,.:....:
    '*o'.r",rnohon
    a ';ry ,,;;;;;;';' 'r)creosf, irr I"mp<,oluys
    , cbul tlreir rqlue r. J

    :1
    Ke
    k_o = salf pun-I.,'cobbn consla.,l
    -g
    3
    '.Do :-.-
    = Dsat DO ol mixlure.
    3

    \ O O,;, : Oos: Q= + DoE - QR


    5- .5erJc\g e
    Q"+ aii e - kivez
    I CIoi = DOsol

    Page 160 of 271


    /-'5

    For crrHcol clefroI, (..".r

    . dif f e-ren cio.l e oclun -*-- cit w. r.L ... ti m e t:: -,

    : 4 6L L f ro K, L- r(iK*-LJ.n Do x fo'ol'
    F:-j

    -' - !+!
    D. '.: r'
    -J. l
    .lL .dL:K--tr, :
    --o ('.,..-

    (,::, ,
    .vF.F ,n.
    :.
    (.r.'
    Ko.t- ko
    f:i;
    .

    L JJ ti-:
    .. _ in l.erm, qf self pu,if
    l' cqhcn \-:'

    :':
    r r
    (onstonl
    -1 . ...
    .

    bsing , oI u e o.f l. ir-, Etu^ _-... ci) t')a


    I_Jjj
    I

    F"
    la
    ' l- r
    t:-:.

    )' (:-.l i-
    .:ii

    ,'1
    l
    j' e :\,
    1 i
    '-"oR :
    :-
    : ...

    D. = KP .,.'r-r-ko'tc'
    et*r
    :
    I

    il
    -:

    ,l
    tl
    . ,Til .., 6
    :v

    l'1
    ,i
    €=. :

    ',1 An environrnenlol, €ury€J of bron urr'ih gfprl oh'on Eo,o96 reveoiid


    .:-j
    l *he hllowing infiorrnol:On.
    .,-. Dorn.eshc se L{raje is produced ol ralc
    6l
    :d
    .:J

    iil I-- l
    :.J . -Pe' copiio BoD,o[ dornes,bc seurtge :-72 gmldo T_ ,', f*
    J
    I .lndrq.hiol urosl?-pr"dr-..J = !-,tlLD' . 6".i:
    J'1 .,:]....-.8oD.o'findushiolruos}e=.l5ooa3ll
    l
    3e,.oo5 e cf f lu erl con be dfschors ed inl-o rirsl, tfi--,
    .l urifh I r.,ini-urn d,y
    H
    l
    u:\efhe' Flo,^r ol +5oo rio/scc- e
    .t

    i
    Sol- ECr of nvQ, = j ,n3ll
    It is n€cessorl to rnbinl-ain Do of rivzr sheorn. psr
    t:::

    l
    -,,
    .+'rur_l__,"
    desrgning o s(r^, oS e J-.colmenl plonl, af tL-;.,e ihe degrtg e
    .,p
    i
    heotrntni rqu'irsJ fo s€,^lo?v e. lf .Jroxyq u,ol,o. .or.f,J ,,"r1, (-
    o,
    i,l & reoxyserrofion o.s doy-l
    ;1
    ' oyero, exponsion Fo.l-o. 'tp./- is ro b. cpnsicraqc. l.-:

    l:r
    I

    Page 161 of 271


    @
    !
    I
    g
    't
    $+
    l--.
    7 -
    1l
    ..-r
    '1.
    i ._:
    -Dc,l-o: For in duslzf ol seru agre,
    /'
    'I ..,.}. QJs= 4xtoc [i] l<la..t
    I
    Bo&s= t[oo njll
    Fo{ r.nunisipoll dbm es}tc se,uoge.
    /4
    I
    r-i.-os = 24O lp.d
    I --: !.

    Ilol?ir loh on - .3o,ooo


    BoDrs = ]z g'nlcopil"/
    J n Rivql', 'oy,
    :.i

    i .eosar = 7 m.9/l posar


    x
    "J
    -t
    .... Yli*. . t>O = n.ru/l
    i
    7
    -1

    .l
    j
    Q* = Qrrf Q"i STP
    9f = l.t. es'
    -l
    'l
    :
    'l
    l '.._. j
    .\t/ l _ to--fficl: B.OD, of e
    ,1.,.

    fllurnl = 2-t-
    'l
    ,i

    .: SeluhoR'.
    , -,
    .r+I,/ L
    _..f

    \
    ,.*
    ua.th
    ):
    t-
    f
    .: ,

    'l
    r"- l
    tr
    J-
    f,-
    !- :l
    -l

    \- l
    J

    i lnihoI deficil, D, :..Dos,rr: Do_*


    ,l
    . t_
    I
    l
    ,1 -=
    :
    '
    I
    _e, + ee
    I
    I G)s.= Q:s+er.
    Id
    : Q:r : 4Xro€ Lillday
    '
    Qrs : Lilol(joooo i
    i
    t.

    \- Page 162 of 271


    rl l;.a
    es -- 4xloc + 1.7'*toc [i c.r
    t . -= I t.2 x I oE I-r l/ troT-
    l
    :l
    I
    lo
    ,l
    Doo,t *. -.. gx.l-l xJ!'2x.ro6 + 7/4soo l.:,:. ( :1: J
    .--d---:.i;i::
    .-'
    .....
    * uur o
    : a-.

    J.r x.n.zrib.
    . gc+ag
    '( '- i. (-. -:.'

    Llgec v
    r.:, 6'i;

    :1 - ii;
    Do: D0sql- Dgr,,ix €,r
    -.: :
    Ui,
    .. '... L:i,
    -t qlr

    :i.l t::- :
    :
    ..
    ::i--
    ^
    :+ tr-

    , .::: ^- :

    - g::'_ : </

    j
    . a::r
    \i_:J

    1 f-,1
    !--'
    :l

    jl - :'." 6,
    .' . ri:
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    \:::
    J :

    .t: .l '
    .il " €---*r
    'a-
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    :
    'i: 1. ^- :
    I
    -j-!
    v
    ..-:., -
    ,-
    tl',,
    -t
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    * l
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    ': '.' r'?:,.
    '. t --i -
    I
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    '.::- l.-:,
    -t
    iq
    J
    ,l .:fO.Sr"U/, rA
    Ct
    t-
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    I
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    BaDirni x .= QoD. { l'J Qs r BeDe x ee ..: ..
    t:::
    ''
    .l 1'-
    _l t
    -J.J
    i
    I
    es + OF t':tt
    €
    it
    * BoDe t t.t *]r::ro'
    .:.:
    r'
    .

    i
    ,l {- o*4,5Oo", .,...,-:
    Ub1

    {:J g€4oa -i:...


    ?
    ca.
    fl 10-5 t-t:;--

    c q
    {l t'tXlo
    I
    I

    -J.t r 45OO
    .
    igcqoo q
    t -R
    -:1

    Page 163 of 271


    @
    ]
    :

    BoD" : 341 '86 rng/ I


    '

    " De,
    ;+
    -L t
    7zx Eo.ooo * i6+ :ryll
    .-...- I
    ,i
    r, -l
    +
    . 'l-
    :.BCDu 4xto6 + Cz+aY6o,soo)
    l
    .l
    .J
    = 728.57 ryig l I
    Oegre e of lreol menli re{ur reJ

    = E'@.r-+.Q. : .8oDg x'r,, *


    ",

    = L!'53 f-
    i
    t;
    ..1

    ii
    ,l dillt-'on., roh'o it J-r*o,**"n,1,, pront
    I
    '
    "e- ;].f:i.]"
    in.ihe':tivt,.r'fb, obove probleffi, rs noi Presenl i., .t,
    . ..
    I
    v I -
    1.
    ;.. : -_
    :l i: . :.1.. : . Aoq;i* :' BoQi 1 Q" +. Bo-D.x q*, , ,
    ''.'...
    i!
    it
    {
    i
    :l
    .3

    h:
    864aa-
    \- !i J

    :, -:'..'+:
    '':It-zxroc ,
    I

    ^
    .'0p
    . ..: - ._, .. g€q ao-
    I

    l '1
    {
    -l tZGl-t +,0.8, Qr' - 94-4ExJo3+, (xP
    nl
    i
    ,.
    .i

    Qp' : 886 B Lit f se c-

    tluhbn ro},o. -
    \-.:
    t
    i
    .-- i I
    1
    I
    l

    \- Page 164 of 271


    rG
    Fo, thu given sTslern f-nd locol'on o{ d ownslyeorn
    oj ri, qr. lo, ,. c.n
    opplicolron.oP riuqsr rulrere 6rihcot oxyge^ deficil occl.-rb t
    oi seruoge is )rs n)Jstc. & in rivLt 160o
    -\lse. Sol.-o, ,l':1"=; li
    velocif ?: is o'lz rt/sec EoDs.oF seL\ro.e is goo _;l;:Y" ,t,r,.
    sell gutiHcohon co.,slqnl- is 4 & deo*7:g"noh'm .or,sl.o,l f, to, | /rJonr,rirl
    Ult,rnole BOD -of mixlure is'-,'253 BDD? ;i -ixlur:e. Atso f ;r" trlro"l', r,,,'
    vo|ue of cr-fhcol. oxygeLdef,ci|.
    t::

    .J
    r'G
    .
    Dol-o'. Q. = lzs r.,36ec "
    €;i
    ....: v. i

    BoDu,Li, - t."E _Bos.rnix,, ., L.


    :

    .]..=.'(a'.,)*,:.{(1.rr-,.,+)
    Do :1)O5o-1 - DQax:
    ! {"-i) v

    D0,nir = DOs'G'+ Dor.en.. ,,,.. g.'=

    ' : Q.+ Q.r


    ,-\_.
    ,:J
    ,-l o x J25O {- g,i x t€OO
    I
    I
    lzs$ a ieos
    iJ
    ;:x
    rl
    . :8.53 m9tl
    n
    1) . \.'. rt
    Do = 9;1- 8.5.3
    Ii -
    ,i
    = 0-6,7 ny tt
    l
    :..

    L-- ,j2.5x BOIL;x.


    BODs,nir': BOD5 x 0s {- BOD'g X Q"
    Q.+ Qr
    .i: f-:|
    - 3oo *. l'25 + ox 1600 \:-j

    .k,
    lzs+ rCao
    i .. /::
    : 21..75 mJll I :.-i
    lv;

    .BODurniX :L : l-2s x 11;7J


    :i._

    \i

    l 2116 l, {1;
    'nJ

    Page 165 of 271


    v

    \- In, / 2-I.tCf-' '=..+. r t- c+-,) :-


    '!- i'
    .li ,'+ I D..4- ) | x g-9Z I
    27-te J

    v. i ,, l'lrn d-'-1:'."'-
    r'ssolved otyst{1 , hrain
    ,. .,lI - Do.ot -l o; r

    I '-ir'
    ","
    .vt. i
    {'-n.
    L-d
    I
    l-\
    .l J'

    v 't .

    l.;'-

    vt I f.' .

    \-I {r
    1 r-'
    t J\
    i
    *l I
    I
    I
    vl
    i
    *--

    Page 166 of 271


    Z. $rsposol rn lokes'-

    0) sholr & cul-,'on oI lr:k es


    l
    rollo,====
    I
    , I rjflpp/ol e

    il
    I
    I ,/ l,oyi.,l .-
    :1
    :J
    {
    'l
    I
    Tl 31 0, I
    '.1

    ,.j
    t:' Eo')t1.
    :l HTpo l,
    t:
    :).
    :,t

    x
    l
    :;
    :i
    c) $19d, nf.:lukes. t.
    imporlo"l . to underolsid rr,e
    Fh:.r,.-,.^.,rrn nf
    sel l erlr n-.5on, ?.,o*.-a=-f l,'rrmolpg
    r;
    oi> Jn lmpetole zane u,role, tn lok," o.a ,eie.voir,
    l
    J honslers ,:
    ::|
    heoI, b1 l-he proceo5 linoran as Lcrke sireh.F,.ohor,.-' - ' o':r
    . cii.l.l" -Surnmr.rc- rCIofer presenl in lokes or. ,ese, vot.rd clj,vids r.nlo
    :ulPirla7e1soF!Uormcircu}s.I,^5:tl.ro.}.er,tn-pghr.;;;;;,:',,,;"
    reodily crvor'loblg, ond. ,s Vnown os . Epilinrr n,sR t \'
    ,t'1':tTrn !yer.'TnrR €55€rt-Lgl,7 unrDided -g hen6s deh.cie,n,v
    c+-ox?$en:, ll.,= lerrned os- Hyiolimr.nia,f..
    ,... o . .
    ,. -:1- "''/
    ;J
    1:-

    ;1
    .i r,).-Bolh. toye,rs sfroled h oklp ftmprroiu,e I
    .l : i .ore
    .o5i-hermoccl.ther.orfle}ollrn.inionr,., gradir,,l knou,..,
    l
    l
    i- (ut) o:, iql_,;,"pled ih roinlus &in
    i:: *.:TI:ri::
    I
    l

    ,:,,1fn springs & ire sp,inss,, i


    i-
    cdut to ,5qrne dersif
    ii ' .". - : ,o/"r
    .. 'v/(r rorrned
    formed .rt.','.".",.,'
    t' tJit'ic's)'
    1
    ___
    rvi) tlox.killing
    Hox-killinq oP
    aP oluohc
    oquoh'c lif e. *.i,a
    tifp , ''
    ^r^-- dt ring lh,s rn txlnq
    lol<es plocq .
    t
    ./.
    -'vJ I '

    I .-.:i
    i.:::
    a5
    I . +h€J ,org nol onurn,5[sc] ruilh. rhe sudd* Jho.,g" ,J
    -i
    I

    ,
    ,;t^;Xo.1", ,,
    I
    I

    I
    I
    '7

    :1
    j

    l.

    Page 167 of 271


    _1

    :j
    b) P'oc]uch
    I of
    "i|7 l<r)<es ..

    - ril Ttre obilr.ll of lcrke:> io duppo, I ,rod .'i_,ir_r


    o, .,bitii,/ oF laps,
    -,_ ,
    L promol grr;rull-, ol olgoe is Ir:,rne.J os produc
    *= *, uoI," of rrrrr'.u,,,r"r;',,,u.r,."rr.';":::'
    :r":^:i;:;, ,
    ,i
    -,I
    *
    lokes
    J i., o..cJe.'oF increc,-aino
    E
    -,I
    l
    'i :-- :j:'^:::i-ic
    11 solrop h ic
    :. e lo kes

    l
    ' ;l
    :.j
    :
    l

    \ ':
    _'-a:,i

    .: Olr5ohop_hic hkes __
    I
    the 1 'ore leo-L|
    ::-_l

    ,, . ('hesh
    - -|y Froduc,live lokes in ,uhich
    -,]
    ,l'1 ruofer Jakes-; ?o olsa e is Fo,me..l.

    .-t I
    { -
    {ri, *oi!uh,t
    ln rhele Io!= ,tan penr}ra}. ,p}-o t' :-''
    HTro)1nri-o.,
    " )oyer.
    eJ o k e s_ e $e-nE o r r nd- in' A n fu , q6 .
    1-:r*
    I
    :l '
    :*: Oxygen
    c{r) ]n'^t is
    . ^o'
    su lEcie6 ;i, o,roi I o bl e r,n i?., e
    h r---.
    -

    ,'
    Ha=ohoirhiq lc kas -. --... .\,
    'fn e
    :1
    . h ess- i
    .fi)'T o € lok eb of
    '
    l.
    iEre.;iunn
    =:-
    produchvi"T lzuzl, henie ,,
    a
    meCiurn gcuoFh oF
    Ihqrlih "to e' FPDT I
    1
    :l
    U:-"-rarl, ,0r, dep]ih,,r,
    q.u; 0+_ dep]i tu;u p)o ce ;i, H.nse-*qkes, rondihbrxs
    i
    onside'ed .l.o - be oelrobic. 61.6
    i
    tr
    ,,4
    Fu.h^ophic )okes:
    '. :_'.' :

    . (i) lhese ore Jol<ee; oF


    *l
    Fo;rty .
    p,od u'cli,iy
    -j
    1
    !
    1r:
    Eprlirnili6n tay
    Itv'g}g, 1, runlch
    - .t ' . t .

    :
    rrip,{-noerobic 666Jih-ons . , .l er o"li.
    rx^.} in }his loke dur iD dr.Ficia:,cT
    . oxrgen_
    I
    of
    1
    I

    \
    cit Jl repiesenls old loke urhich is
    mo.shy ProcHccrl17 being convg,|.J I ir,ro
    oreg.
    ,
    )

    Page 168 of 271


    t

    c) Fulrofi colion of lokes : ii k::'


    i

    : rtJ ll- iE o nol,.lrol


    I r r 6(':
    Froces5 unrje. ruhich.lo]<e: Se] rrrfg.}., rr:i:
    :

    'l rpi*r olsrg o'e' o p?sio! ol l'-e, onqJ


    I SroduolrT sir)5 ,rp ro .€)
    betorne shcilloqfue.r,due lo lhe rnh l'
    I
    rr"''
    i nut rrenl',,,."' ;-;;ptr;";;, ;',';,#;L,",;:,,,:':],H,.:u '- \v'{-)U . [,,,
    'I ', ,-,
    )*
    ciil 1o ovoid }-his.. entry of fhe .nuln'cnis in *hc lokee i
    resfrtcled,'ond ii con be ,emo.r<.d
    mu.i be :;
    I " -" t') htlP ol coFPu :

    ondl- lrrn€.
    ,'l
    _1i
    ",,lFhot. .. E
    i, '.teo. fj
    ,:.r ,

    Z , Drsposel in uuol e. , . (t
    I ,u Seo.rr.roltr consigls''7o -/. legs solurcrle<J
    oo ;., .olporison lo: ivu

    rivt,ro}sornetemperolure,, =:,

    .ir1;Orsp6sol o['ser,oge 'n seo m{r7 leods',,to. }h"


    Formopc' o} ] ;t[.
    slu'dgg ond Sose5. due.Io ;l-9 r€och.on
    in seo'r,,..roter 'ullh so)r'ds 1

    fresq,.,) ' (t
    -: - -. r..r
    ',,
    -'---' , €u
    t;;"i;;'
    iiv) SeLuoqg
    w
    ,g.. o!,uo7s drsposed !n *t
    *a qxrol
    ,.., rr,rn ''-,
    . &'o- .t
    'o sho,a q| ,€ri .

    "!u
    ";';"'J",i':i."'", -- C;"-
    a.l
    ,'. rC+ .-
    t'
    ' :ri>
    iue.rtt. irr;qol,'* ^-l - ' ' ' '" a+ '.'""'."'. ',e
    t,

    FFf " u ond seuoJe f-ormin3 ole rhuo r;@ ._


    ,--r,:
    rnp)o1ed For i''lrsposrng erfluenl horn
    *lroola*ot-rtchnigrer ::
    f--i,'t fini:
    heq,.no.,) ,t, (+:
    :-
    .

    ([) ]n erlrurn] f*i5qhon' disposor or cr*rutnr i . (r_:


    rs p,irne con(un t-
    i..,€ :

    l^lence prop€, heo) men) ls err5ured -beFor. -rU,lr.g ri€,'


    u,rr:' *he :'[:]
    eFf)uent for seruo3e fio.rning .

    :.t', d
    rf[).]ondord \i
    "orues oF ?arome]e.s on *he bosls o] sorrr(r
    oF..lrsposol ;-o be p,estnl in e If ruen] -;;; i,r|. 'v €:1.

    ,," bdo".,, r-:-, rl


    ''.', \e
    ):\.
    (.',' ll^
    i*
    i
    i

    -€
    tir.r

    ,1.., .

    Page 169 of 271


    1&
    ::
    r::j
    ...7 DLsgoso I pisposal Dis yosttl
    irr i61
    .i' Dt)
    r yg1^6glo-y
    pa1 |.iuer' ,eq lor,d
    i), BoD lqg lt ) 40 Jco Eoc
    )

    "ri , g;S Crlg ll ) Bo ta| zJpO :


    $,.'

    ,,
    .?

    .Oesgning oI. se,oers :-


    ":t
    ::-r . _

    l{o,usthoid. sua-:Us
    ;i; t <- Br.onch,'5cr{ir(J.
    seruusl -H_ monho}.gs
    .r, / l*o,.",rLI
    ,j
    "l
    .i'lo|<,'o15

    seruqie
    heolmln|
    l . l b,onch pl"nt .l
    I plo'rl - Otsp%e

    ,,"F15'Seryer orro3ernenl in se+iertjc.ygi*:


    ;.....,..'..' .

    pi'
    d) ilqnhetes
    .:

    "i- p,ord*d olon3 lt * l*gls-


    rl-:--
    =.1tI].-Dn5u,remoinlofnonceo[st^utlg.ThegEorc) ;] =,^r-._-.-- -

    : 'in fotf oxitng ,ca#diFions. , .,.' '' . ' - : '-Y: "i',Stnevql} ptor;ded
    n : . t.,_. ,
    t.
    - r:hLn qhon$2
    r
    in.stL.rer olr5nme.rl
    l-- ^ ocr*s- ,
    l

    i r.u?m -r
    cr,o_nrgL in olignhtnl ond
    S,o, d,.enl
    ,.
    i --i - rnrheo- -c}ro n3J
    in diar-n eltr
    e
    ] .hm :hoo s{rJt s in}r-,Eecl eoch o}ho.
    -i - these o.! also 'prsy;Jsl :"' oi
    ., ,-nafh .r* -.""*,1 I
    ""^:l_ ": t"n:'9" spocing oloagr rhp
    ^
    '-l rLE''
    I

    ). ril Abou I eo /- "f ,r:olo ouy p};ed goes rnio se^rus.


    )' .il'
    ::;:*.lllri.#"*l;.;'2,^l1i, htudT d,schay.' b,.r o..
    Page 170 of 271
    i
    t.--
    I

    qE:' i-
    6ir) -)rr LuolU supp)'1 rnoirr 5, Floqu is PiPe lloro ,rt^,;t.
    i
    /.1
    i 5 euJe$ (1 .''
    !-
    r[ rs Flow u nd u c ruvily i'c' r:p on ch onp sJ fio*r \rj.,lj .

    rr) JI rlo [p{arrno.lrgn, is provided, roh'o ol m ax.ot min ,j,.s.h


    o,r1,
    u:.r-l' 0U. dischot$a'. 1s lol<err 05 Joltgro .. .
    , ,
    ..
    (,-r..;'r

    ( mlx' doilT dische'Ue '= 2 x ov3' clor'ly drschay e z:i:


    l r.:

    Fo, brpnch hourl, disch oUe- *


    ? rna/. :*Z m9x doriT drscho/€e €,
    ': L-i
    '..:1t..:.
    {

    :
    ? * orj doitT d isch r3l.
    rnin' d of ly -g iqch u:S.
    I {r .l

    I . ,',.ei
    hourfr,
    : |. rRin. 'l'.cho,ge = +: rnin- dgiiy clieeh atse - \ 'a \3t
    ri:,
    ..;-i

    i:-:#,
    ff.'r
    i::,{"\
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    1
    \ ,P. ien
    l.,,t€li
    :

    e
    !'.,',*
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    \Lciero I

    :v

    dao.'d *e
    tt L.rt
    f., .l-i: ,. tl:,e;
    t\!- _I-
    .bne t i.'.:'(::
    ;l .'-:;..
    it:tr€

    :€{i))The
    rohc oF rnax-'di.schor,.ge l-o ovg. drschor, e ,is max: fo, ' ..'
    \\ :,a,,-,G
    lole,rol stlu ers or,d ii l-opas ol P ftorn Jol erqls h bo nch ..-,.,(i-
    6t
    I
    a,,.'€
    (nax. dtschoro ? -.--. -.--r.-'.
    l Tv pe or Oi z e ,l S euJcr i,1,- F-'

    oulfot t (l'25.n)
    bex)e-r 1'5
    ;'ati
    €
    ,l I i1oi., s.lyue, C l.o) .. )
    Z
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    . * B.onch SLrr>r-, (o 5 m) .I it:.
    :., G
    Z
    r ,i+!
    "

    Page 171 of 271


    t"
    | ,yr
    ::i, Y
    _. :. ,..;,. (rii) TI:e ssLuu5 5h orrld t,e loid ol 5u c' rod;
    g en) lD u-
    ursule lhu : .
    5slf, cleorrsirg
    J velocilT ,I
    v,. rrri,irnurn
    rr,.,,,rrnl)rn rrlrul;;..,:
    trourlf
    ,

    I i:' I drsc[orge.
    ,1. cvlri) t-'linimurn cleonsin5
    , :_,
    is velooy
    ul .^,hi,h. so),.Js
    f,,r esehl rn ".'F .velocily 'u.lll;;
    seruoge clre, n9I ollorued Oo,J.l
    ;; ;;";. ;
    .:1
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    i-e. fls ,elociY oI q:l,icLr silling of .r*Jg does ;";';_;.
    J
    :!
    I iii..- ,1
    {srtF .t60nsilli.-- V5s _
    I

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    = W;;---
    cc_r)j.d
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    k- cu.,-ulonl- dqending on L-
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    .,{ 6$.uoge-. .

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    ? - fr;ch'on Foclor.
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    :
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    ei) kr the renrovsl ol .l*r' itot$enic
    i. r r".,hich
    r.! irte gLnr,rlrl parh'cleo'g, s-3
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    "l

    ,por"rcir5, jn orgooi. '


    a
    it pr.syf yJoSi.^ol*l
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    fdug +6 lese epeor&'c qrqy
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    Page 173 of 271


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    Page 174 of 271


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    Page 178 of 271


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    Page 179 of 271


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    Page 180 of 271
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    Page 185 of 271


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    Page 186 of 271


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    Page 187 of 271


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    Page 188 of 271


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    Page 189 of 271


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    Page 190 of 271


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    ussr:d oT oni c
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    Page 191 of 271
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    Page 192 of 271


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    Page 193 of 271


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    - lhis occlrrs .wherr. cDnc_ oi Po'h'cles irr
    :

    42o| tts
    t less rL toOD TZJTI
    ve,ry t3

    e-9. Primrtry seltiing


    l
    hank ruhe'e oSonic
    Ji seH le. porlicles
    ..
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    *7 se,fHing J_c.nj<
    serorrc
    b/ aqhvolcJ dtrdg e ptar;*; Forroo.,
    : ;; ;n
    hp. ol v('i"'i31
    crtr;no_
    4- Comyression sellling C\p,r.E_
    se|lJi19;
    trte canc.
    hr7
    "f porhctes i.. ;rf t f, such,1-hol
    ore in phToicoi corl-ac)';,.rh-
    _ bo*rorn ,oyus i, *..r. "_;"lJ"o1 .
    po,hcres .rt\er*t*oo
    *. *.[llt),
    .-p loyers o[ fq,]icfes
    of., fo
    dr" "::::
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    ..sel+1i?..9,l,rl5 bi
    nnrHrl, c- in {+.^
    *rrrr..u",.l, L,-r..
    -..
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    Page 194 of 271


    tl \i':;

    r.l \-:r

    slui zil* ' o, ru,^i u , clfi

    : old. ii
    horrr : ,otcls. (,,.;,

    . -'4.
    i.. t...'t r
    :
    ,. t.... jrI

    I rg. (oroPresoion se]]linq r €:-:.

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    D/ L:i,'.
    :''--"'U' 1,: (,,:l
    t itqckling
    _

    hllu' .' ,:, {.:ir


    . \-.'
    ( '_-:

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    lo,kes: t.,. o,ru fr, sotid Lood:in3 -. ,
    r.,ole
    :*tlilSot"d ,p,: ^rr"i€?rd *. ;;
    - -tstfi _-u-re-<h ry &* sur Fqc < errFlo,u roli Oolr:== :.
    e,
    . .,,. ..
    f:.,
    .u,fiaceovg,floo'o}a(5oR)-se}}lfngv<)oci\
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    .5oliti ioodir,s rol. l6slB) -. G; sso,- _rrytilllj^.t,,,, **


    'tyd,oulr.c loadf ng tal F C rif pS : eo , t ,..,(n
    l-
    -_ _-
    ,,?jeol : : "

    ()r5r.,nra loodin.g rol{ foLR) - '.' {,G*


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    riri OvuFtO,.o role' ol *he O:r.-yar'ia :bel-*t.r,=, LS 3o
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    lr \ --

    riil Plon c.u.eb' oF hcnk.,rs com1>1rlqJ using bol-h the ,-sles ond ,:. G

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    o[.]']ep]h o[ ]snk is rn ]he ronqr of 2 E- 5.5.rr 'r'i €


    .J
    .;;> &Ienlion |,me is Z- 2.b houis- '.' (:
    :l '€
    cr) Horizonle l velocil'7 of Ho,al is o.3 mf mio . . ....
    . .r €
    ,,
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    rri> H;dth oI lonk is kepl u b. opproxirnoi rlT ':
    6nr o',d re.*rh/r,:idlh ,-' 6
    I

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    rqrio is in rhr ronSe op 4 to s :1
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    6.iort-, orm65t ' t-,"otr'
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    *hon ploin;edrm1*jf"' |onk) li r., (
    (

    Page 195 of 271


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    \J ''L" ' v f16.,,

    I ,, Cb Co:orlqluhon ofded 6.edirn eni oliorr


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    ihe ca:r ot -
    ronC- is more
    irJ,";"::j ::'ffr':.,;l::"?j-i:..
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    rirr)':* howevt-r be qd"Pl:J in hiny:
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    ,'* - : in soR ,J ,,o,


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    Page 196 of 271


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    An ct err:tic cl igesh'or., : lC"
    I

    i{'r
    ct) Anoerobic di5eclion is t-
    .scrruolty
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    c 1u,.. ,€,r;

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    ,tt
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    ..,irIf

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    "
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    J Ci

    .t Ci.r:fhes* qre *he micro_orsonif*s


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    I ane fo,ma5. liie i; (.1
    :

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    ond Soses c rncthonl & cq,bon ,Lfir_S
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    Page 197 of 271


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    Page 198 of 271


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    suponol ar,| --) To PS-I

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    i

    Page 199 of 271


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    Page 200 of 271


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    1

    Page 201 of 271


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    s1" :

    -...,:'.':,'''.:.,,......
    6ae ;n a,glbryI=f.".' _,..1 --- ,.:_ _ --" -

    lodu.hon _,

    cr)"Of oii lhe oei,iJs


    lhol lcc -

    ;?,i.. u;. ;A:- "i'ol ccn:e inia dls*ir,.,


    qnd
    t,*igI.c'iifheogioj,le.sol,.ds-FE..,.'-..,'
    'l1 r'ore'i
    CE .,

    'fu:ryg_jhc {jJlsiid "i,aS=.

    '
    r ,--., ''v"n' "t u]s.
    redaCed }o
    gases. . '"t&-& qll t"lo;
    ror-qJ varo*ire'":url'*.:'solr6f*
    yolgl-,le c,of ij
    'i i{5
    rirl of 1rne hrhY '
    'l J-qu Produred es 7 fo vn.r. j- . -

    i
    )
    I

    -t
    -.
    i
    ;

    rvit r^t
    {YD -. : P-
    Catorift'. - t co;
    qeol ^ ig -': L a 600 Kcdt enrrq)
    -l I
    ,
    ,, , "aJ zeto.
    __l
    Q,

    ii::,!.\
    7 cq
    *i
    I

    -sluciSe 9.-tt",fss : TS .-, ;f..


    oru
    =7o./_r, --J 'J."r
    rilvs =Jor/.r1 y..

    Page 202 of 271


    :I

    o 6 1,?f k3 oFv5: x o.7 'f S


    o'6
    o-42.-tr5 ur)/do7
    of -
    _-
    - !
    ,,

    o '5 ,'rt/kj of o.65 .V5 = o.S X o:65 >( o..7. -yg


    .: o,+t Tb n) l<la,t
    I
    ^r . \ t I I
    .!

    fi Ho.fstur€ ronlenl oF lhe iq'p sludge rs opp roxirnaleL1.


    -r,u |
    .
    'rii; I-lofslu'e conlenl 'of qqcglclcrr/ sludge
    t

    I
    o []e, .hick li'-.,g f-,tt e, is
    oPProxirnotelT
    (rvvtw^lrtrurcl
    .1. 9e _ g€
    , ------
    Jo Ja l'..
    1. I
    I
    riiry,'noiJlure lconi"',1 of .,seqpl'dqr7_g{gs at| 3y *45 P ,s 53 /,
    I f ' - e
    .F o,gl.u ':._co.,l.': - ,
    en I Il : go
    : /. .
    €;; €:

    Jo ks si soiids + Jo'ly, oi:;ffi-: loo tg- cI ra:eJ -elu dJ e - C';


    . '. a{ L,;
    J i15 sF solids give to kg *ul u:
    r:*3
    ,=lrd€ &
    jF rr = 95 /,- , \.
    €':,
    .h
    5 ke oI Solids ? 55Ej cI!.t. usolw E ioo. t-g ,a:el sludge ., 4+i
    \A=i

    .oY q:i
    ::l

    l.l
    '. 0
    Il.g-"-F solids gw e 'ya'- F,*yrdl -:lud,qs-
    ':l
    :l JT R +'tg| l.
    'l-l
    r",l J Bol solidS + 35. b ol ,ro-al rr = 1"? U ruef sludge
    .l
    1 ,or' 'l :

    t
    I
    kS gF solids,}orm loo ruel g1,rdqe.
    ,:j
    !{
    a-l
    U . .u- rq, ;
    r'l
    'l
    a.i - nD- tFo' rorr,t sludgr, v6 vol,rrn e of E
    i

    _ roLu d"dg e
    Pa- nror.glure canlenl e
    (i
    For digesleJ sludg e.
    e
    vB- volarne ,f dyesled sl,rdge ,<t
    !{ tl
    }1
    :
    PB- rnoisl ur€ Con Itnl C:
    iv

    Page 203 of 271


    I
    H
    E
    IA
    fr
    H:
    l'
    y),
    ..'t
    (1oo - ) tJ solids -r % k
    '
    i.l
    I
    " Pa roal rr = lo o b roi,o sludgs.
    it : , l.J solicl s lo.,n k.i oF ruL{) tg jud -,
    'iI. ..
    ,*" - P^
    JOO ^ \J".
    kq s Form tD ' fr
    ,.,1
    l- r4J .so)rd to o
    lao -rL
    ,.o ol rcir.0 {; lv,1 ,, o
    r.J._.
    .

    lJ
    :;l
    t;. 'roluune o* rqu eludge. : ,/--loo u, -a__;-_V.q
    "',i'' 'q )
    _-*
    i.. Ltco _? I - (i)
    ..1
    .V-
    yss -6r,,-,----.'- -, 1
    jl
    =dq?proxirnule.ly etuu, lo *i;r' ,I.,",.r,
    r

    '..1-

    :, :-:: ,
    .'i'i
    ;r: .,
    ''
    :,]
    iil
    -
    i-
    r&J*_ e;.do-t, :
    *i :-:ti .: .

    :i :
    * t'ldl r'ro*'rghl
    :

    '': --
    _lr
    -l
    t .'
    -.
    -- f:t":t*,
    J,geshcn, - " ..oI: sorid. is. .hor .L , dwing
    :'r (han1/ed
    lil
    :,)
    '1 -- -
    . .: the
    ,l.l .'' ... -
    :.1
    :l:
    -1 i'
    { ,ao -, po )b sof rds + pq rtj u .=,lirn
    u)al . :

    ..1 -
    : -____: : -.1 - -_t h.3ge;ii{ =tr*e.
    ': -
    .; ti
    ,il .-
    ..:i
    .,1
    .l ,::.
    r&' kg soli d e lo,nr
    :1 :l.' j** fu of o,ig esl ed. al.,d s
    iaa._pB...-
    -l
    -

    '. i\. : \=.,,

    t .
    I velurn
    " di cigesied o).,dq;.
    r-, yr,"_ .{ rDc.us
    vq."= \ :,it)
    .

    :a

    :l
    :i ;':
    il
    _ : l *ffi;) ;=
    ii..,1\
    :l i5 ',,'Vnu-densl-'}oldi.qea,reJ.s}odoo..
    l-, ,.1. .rg!-
    : _*{of?roximu rdf ilur}
    :.1
    -.:
    .*
    / il.r, of eq}u
    riorn l-(D . g. '_
    -
    . Fo*
    .:
    ,i,l r1.
    : lr'
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    :1 .-
    vo (r9o-p+ ).y*,
    .-" t-'
    'jl

    ,, -'
    :
    Yo ctgq: tal, y;
    :l ,
    ':-l J
    )oo
    :i-
    va CIoo.-pn) jer_
    '_:l

    r:-_ -' Va €,o o-- pa


    ). Vo:
    -71 \r
    :
    ? Yns = =Y,
    Yos
    ;\
    rJ
    Ve Ctoo - pc)
    - V6 (too -pe)
    I

    t
    -,; f
    ossurnig ru ug hl of so/r'ds i^ernoins
    Sorne ..

    ) i
    "derrsi|ies
    assrrrn;g 'l'

    oF d'5tsJ.d g, ----
    !

    Page 204 of 271


    T
    !
    :{
    .','
    €r.

    I. rf reltmorsh.rle co nl tn'l of rau) sludge l5 Ss /- .arh oi is tlncr)


    1
    I,,(;
    ' r:;l

    of drsesled 6lr-rdge 2 t:' c:.: r

    v":.5 Ya
    i.'., (.jj
    i

    i
    Vn Ciao- ?D) i,,r,('i j
    SYo Ctoo-3s )= Y6, CloO 'eu; ...-
    r
    r-!
    I:r:'

    i t
    Po =85 -tl-
    'a^
    . €.rj

    ,.:: - f,-,::

    i=- r:-
    r:j; :
    c:.:.;:
    .I

    ,i.l
    a.-Desi5nlhed3esHon}onkrui}hfotto,rlin3dolo. 'i,:, \:;
    .-i foi ,sludge qomioJ', frompsr hqvfng d,.qesl-r.ofl..p
    zo
    '..Ay<sogeftlon.9f5€Wr.e-2qnLD. ' ':- ' ' "wiQd- 'Ja'5
    a:.j-..
    r,
    :l .i.
    t

    .. '.' E*
    ..s5in.|aU5{l,t,t9.=.5o.oi-9/t -- EjJ

    ..rlbighrrecon}e.,fi.,dr5es}"a"t,a5e.:=.E5l.... {::-i e. r;

    ....5.P.€raviI7at]hesl".d5e.:].,o.-..:- ,r,,..
    6rj
    FIhcien.cT rl ?Gq,y .edirnz,rrlqhon {-onk tn r24)ov;nq
    :

    ss = 65/. i,C
    '
    f:'i
    l:--

    .,J

    e 'cF drgrolo.. .. ' ,' €=-


    .

    volu or
    ,tl
    I
    I
    I
    'v :t .J;: 3 ci;'-v":; t *:,:.t
    e
    .t
    ,l .l ', -ES
    I Go= ?O r1L5) t= '.'qi,:- ,
    I
    ,,1 55o=3o0.nq/L
    o\J, i,'.
    :l.:.i .,, Rqu: sludg+, vo, D-. r €-B

    'A-
    il
    ::.1 ''' ar

    ll ..:
    '::... A -.

    "i
    j Pe=85/',Vu
    I
    dglsl.J €ludg i t,. ..--

    1, t.,,, ,G
    i
    d
    il u:erghl oF solids io roLu slu_dqp.
    \:).*-_
    r.,,,
    € ii

    ':
    = Qo' 55" - tus E>
    i::
    '-i':-
    ' -6 c
    xro
    C
    70 XlO.* ZoO x o-6'5
    .
    : seoo "'- 6i
    I
    fu taa, ,,,€
    dsSurn,ng , VB = --t- Va "-' €
    3
    :

    ,:i..
    '({ I

    V6 fioo - ?o) = Y* C loo-FAj) i::e


    ..::r1

    Page 205 of 271


    Ve f tao-P^) =55 Ctoo-S5)
    ' - 7a:35'1.
    5 kJ of solids -i- J5 g uole-r .== too
    b '?f roru) €Iu&e.
    sgoo .VJ oF solids ruill Iorm

    -t
    ' == loo X59DO
    (too -po )
    l?o xsgoo
    =. :-'-
    Ctoo-'35)
    . = Tgoqo )q J dat ol
    .! :
    .abru .elu do',
    .-.
    I
    vofurn e ofI ro4) sludqg, ,.
    V^ : -'7eooo'.
    . ., Y.or= l0eo k /-"
    .: l-oTX Iooe.:: . ,

    * 7 6-+7. *7 / d"7
    .t g]'iryr-r,e ?.
    ar
    . ..'-.' .:

    To.fol..-vdl,r.rng, ef;

    Y ru n, -f
    ,-, e cils +t-22 E)]xss
    . =,2.t6g r-.:r3 __ .. ,
    ,

    '.r
    Assume dpH^, fH) =loro
    ..-'.'.,i
    I

    t
    7 |
    -4)
    - ) : ''vJ
    -=]6:
    ) TT D.
    i i = t26'! m'
    .t2.7_m
    I D_
    i dio. ol +.,nk ol Jgeslo.
    , : (D) = tz.j rn. A l3,n
    i .J

    Page 206 of 271


    I
    x
    n
    I
    flf
    d
    I
    il -,.
    !-l(' Find ihe ,ol*rn.: oP onot-robic d,geslo, fo, s rlLD pla,.,l ha.,,r.no
    in ""
    ::.
    ./.. s5
    e ^ .l
    6o qq. rumovql
    rcrrrnr,nl in ps-r
    DsT &o ho,i.3
    A^..:^ - J
    l
    I
    .2u9 lL ss i;;*. i_g
    J
    flor-shr.t e conl cnJ o[ inf luen) sludge is s6.J. .volohlr
    I soliJ ,

    conlenJ in sl:'{t
    { 'hi't-' t is dest-'o7ed in
    t
    pr.irnory
    'Y os
    J's'"10i or*1"_1 o'"Ji,,f'" '.?.1'.::.1*t. s'!- sp..e,o,,, try' :l t'
    1"'0,
    roru slud3e is l'c>5 . and *trol oi-'clleslgd -sl,rdg.,'J 1.o+'. nrr_
    A'so compul" f'rel vorug of
    :'":':'1*: 'srslern. "'n
    I:^:,]1 sa5ej
    p.o d ceJ in th e s1s;
    u .

    rlrs= 60'1"
    o'

    Q, =5fl LD t'

    55, :ZsO 19 /L ou: oludjf . .1


    : Qo'55e'I1".=
    bi: - l.o5 6b), .

    .' :3ol'T3 ' - y3:7O.!. fs


    '-l-,1 Nv.S

    Dg-eslcd -f, ag e.F*- ,o.ulu_,vj


    (f'
    .

    L.
    rce.rJht of 50' r(f-? In rOrU 9lu $Urt ' :

    Er
    Qn -s 5o'.1r, : S xl'Dt X'?Sa ;i'rds x o'6 '.:' fi;

    75o $:ldoy ,. q
    truerghl of voiaHl-e solid ro,,,U eludge, [.t

    '----
    E
    ft, :. o'7-X-75o,: 585
    s
    .,
    l-,x e d : },o_.3 Yfs O : 52D
    €
    rtoultrr e..crnl enl :o{ ro.r: sludg t : a r-l e,,

    E:-

    , 4,b solids + ga [9 uro] e! : Ioo kg rao slrrdg6 €


    7Oo kj 'solrds Forrn e
    : -- IOO
    ti3

    gs; 75o
    !. !,.
    -O ao- €
    : ,8750 b I d"7 al row slidgs. e
    e
    uolcgrn ol rorrt-..rludge- E
    "
    Va :' 1875o €
    l'o1 X looo '=' c
    .t i ..,t
    * ts lJ"/

    Page 207 of 271


    !,
    a-
    si
    g
    ?
    t.:,
    t ' ' ri
    I.- .-, t^) uqhl
    v of volal,le solirl5 jn .lrge_sled
    __.v,"\yf.
    olr,l.ge.
    I
    i ,.
    ,j .ir -
    .

    I r{e{3hl of non- vo)oh'l< .golic,l in D5


    i,. : '.. . .1 . '

    i. .'
    -$!
    Tolul solids.fn d,gesleJ oludge ,,*r.7u
    ;t:,
    =: tlz|

    ;',:.
    ::.. .
    :

    _ :', I

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    i orI cl,5eSfo,,
    r.
    1

    \
    :
    v =. f va,: Ts riru t
    :.j.yurJ

    t> ,f-J x15


    t:
    ,3
    ::
    V; :. aI €a5q5 ptbd u c ed
    ..,: solids
    ,t
    I

    ,'
    e .o:6 X 825 tsJ
    ,
    . -!. 'i
    : 3{5 ,o>lda:t ,
    o,
    \, ,j
    : o-3 r?*""f o.ss Ys ''
    :1
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    I lltor i.
    ,

    '
    I
    I
    I _. =.o_9 x,o.cs * d Srs
    ll I

    l = z a] n1 lday
    vol{rne ot eH+
    Produced : - o.6s >4515 or o:65 x JoT
    ,l

    I 20+ 'n'l1oy
    !i
    I

    i Fuel vqlu e 20+ *,ydoy x 8€oa k.- ql fr^3


    i-t xto' Koll .

    Page 208 of 271


    I

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    I

    g. Seondory heoi.n.-rrl-, {',f.


    t I

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    (D SecondorT heo)-rnent oi ruro ic guterolt.l (urr i Q.j ,. (,.:
    T
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    i (3
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    oerobiq.proress
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    i Procese is ,,nuch tgL lho.,
    i

    I
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    1" Trickling filtu C Ae-robfc ollached


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    To psf + ollonjc rnali u


    _ I,
    . 6:l; :

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    Obrnogg.loy<r. .it: €"-
    i:- L"-:V
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    Frg nechanism oP, tricLl;ng frttgr
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    l* .o.di; b,o_o*
    . li-n ;

    :
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    ,.8
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    (l') The lhickness ol ohme '.t' €
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    E

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    t..'. s

    ptace 1: €

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    e

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    Page 209 of 271


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    ,' :, ' -utr LCll' rlloS:) l'-
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    -JaL tous,J*

    Page 210 of 271


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    ,J Rolo.vI d islribulion . '-J
    I lu .sPtay n.oz.zle
    ,'1

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    l ,.
    A
    :--'

    ;:l
    Operohonol to-uublee in el-1,, do,d rqle trie Lting j
    Fi l.er:
    :

    ...-.''
    I I Fltt. Ru issons e : , .

    i .:
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    I

    ci) As is ope{r "Tr-uph*.r loq.rFs qre..g**roj td uu ils -


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    ^lF :
    rl
    .;t .s'.fl'ies ( lorv6g of l;.,g-e.is servleQ.3 'os
    .. . su rloce u:hich , glhocls'.fl'ies
    ;1
    :.J j

    ,l
    rii) Ihis pro-bltrn cpn be qroided.
    lid,ed inseclicides
    .: "f'j- '"):"J
    ::]
    - .. o -..D. 'Ttr fDi cbloro
    . ..- l.:. ,b] ':'.:-- like
    ,,r\t, DDr.
    {J.
    j
    ,oro,
    surl-ote of Oipf,..ryf Tricblo,o elhon _
    t:{
    -DDTI
    f,
    'l
    2. Od our prob I ern '
    6i1 As the hydroulic looding ,ole ie less in cose
    of sRTE *hc
    d eco.nposiHon oP o5onic mo$er fakes
    ploce h, looya dwolion
    ]eoding l-o eroluh'on of odororrr grs.s.
    I
    ,:] ri)Tu ovoid this . hTdrsulic loodiry- role rs
    H
    u
    rnrreo sed.
    ,{

    ,:
    I
    I

    Page 211 of 271


    ,.

    5. Ponding prol, )trrr :'


    '
    Ci; Drr e to the g rour,i-h ol lutUi a n d c'l5o a iir 1lia i'rrcl.lin
    3 l;tlcr.
    chocLing of voids lo-kes. ploce leoding h.gl-ondi,.5 ol Peld 1':,,
    o l.,ooe}. e*'ole-r ove i-r:ie'Hir'3 fi I lu-'
    a.b

    ru) lI ton be oqt.con)e by oddlh-r:n 9f o"J oxid iei19 13.r,1 like


    I

    -l I

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    I
    I
    Lirn e. coPP er oulPho
    It el-t'
    I '1
    i
    ''l

    -1 shndurd ,ofe, h;cLti.S ffiI.o, oxidoh'or, oF ogonic -rno!lar'


    ln
    uph, nihsle lu*rel lukes plqce Cnilri,f-rcohoo ) .os hydrou)ic
    ,l
    11

    11

    :,i
    -loodins rol e
    ie lees ,ii. *njs. cooe CIhich providee'suf h'cienl'$rn1 i :i
    ._t q :

    ;t fot nilrifing bspl s,o [oufokops) ior,sol*rsr.7lir'j n;]rog enou5 DOD :


    i
    :l
    i

    -l t B,) Hgh role ].irkling: {irf<.1


    l
    \l il

    '1 I
    Ci) lh ,h'Jh role hr'cLlirg hffr.te. t yq'eul;c leaJt.g .ule is increosEd
    l
    :l
    h recii-cuiufinq ihz porhon oi " j'.,e ,|rectrd ilsslr-*aie, disrhage.
    !,a
    .l

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    ,.]

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    -:
    a .la

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    if
    l
    l'"gtl f.n'rLri^S, h.tlu' as ,ihe cr.,Loc], .btfu1en . rn t c!_o : or:l onisrn :qnJ

    ,J
    :Orqanic rnolle,, is bcugN more thoh qnic-
    rlit>lnr HPTF. fty nuiss ooc e, odo*r -&-gondri:g probi trn rs
    noi rbrm rd _ drr
    ho h.5h looditg hydroulic. rol e ..& ,r€drrces cdbgging
    of }r-ll er .
    .l
    3l increatel slolghfng oF biomoss loyu on d Lzeps .
    f: ti r
    I
    I

    :
    ,errliloled.
    :
    J
    t rir; BoD FlucluoHons ond shock loaclings sre olso dqmpened in HpTtr
    4

    (more oge,ohonol jtfiliryl Jue b mixiri5 of ,e.t..qlot"j wN


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    r:^ )i---11- Pl^,,. nnrrr.. ll;c-.1'--. - r

    Page 212 of 271


    (:t'
    Cv) Jn [JRTf, nih.-og is no] oo],e
    enbus aoO os slo,1g|,i1y
    f1.6.,-1
    I
    t-;
    {(,
    lol*rs ploce behre l{''5 oc}ror, of ouJr:lrops. -i
    a

    rvil the recirculo h'o., of oulqge irr HRTF cor) te


    pu fc.rn e6l jn
    r-:. \1ri
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    .l cvii.1 Closeiih'col,o.r, o?: hfSh role Iricp;n, F,tl,, i, el'
    .:J
    at
    'il or) lhe bosis oI i
    .1
    rnehrocJ of rccitculolion ol a:qsl"rol.,. t-..: i '

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    ': r. E-.:

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    l-slog_q HRrF .

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    Qo+Qe
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    :-

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    b) Ae.rc fftLey g _ smge L..i
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    Page 213 of 271


    L l-
    \-l i ' c) Bro- lillus :

    1,
    - .,1 : _ (.1. -r- Oe

    Li' c*J8:l-+-

    Q,+Qp

    Qs:
    l:-ii JJ:slge
    .,
    L,11-CbTheeffrcien,I.oIr.-,|.^gu.un,.,.]i=tYt^r1e.,,.].
    :' :t j-or€e,',unlo ,-.?. m.u,f e *hon
    : i ;-;;.."::=ltl' t"l olr : elace

    -i;:tii)o:*o'.HRTFi.53€,lrro}I7u5'ed]j*h*;"rl;eo}-Fo..,
    BoD ts
    * .i-] i iF is alsul ,end t'u'r.'<.', ,rl.l'
    L. .- . -".'--:* urhen .ipi,renl- goo Aaqi,-
    r.- elrlugnh. 80D, , ,;,'-
    Jo'S€.
    ---.)'-''
    : desf red. i5
    i sc' q5li
    '
    . :, ": r.riil tjih '
    rb: sjso saF'sfi:o h' i*o ,
    .'ll i , ilti:;'"il=tr*o" ,"*,s. "osi -,,rle ,l

    ,1

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    - 'i
    fr -
    * li'l , . c/ of J,,,ohg. H RIF
    ryerr eFff cien
    ,. r fn
    tf i_rerp- elffzien
    ----r c7
    -[v!ol _{_#Se }JprF
    ! - '"'-..:: -'i:*'".re
    "L ' i.,. rl
    1- serr -_ e fffcirn
    serF fffcitn cT
    cy of spTtr
    SP,P
    i
    l1
    ,,
    L

    HPTF- tll$enors
    ?r, HL]F drhogenou5 elff.irr,"_
    **_ |I ,. ,... ellrcimcy ol r ,4,
    :,"r HRTF

    {r'rse,,' 'nfhosTo.,s effrcire,cy o} ."r'


    :. ; ,

    Page 214 of 271


    T
    I I

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    r1

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    r
    j-
    I
    il
    5u l-r-doY
    I
    +rh zttgrrs I
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    .: D qsrgn ,:, " ftrr tr icLti rlg fi t* u. . I
    i,l
    i

    1
    }r.srgn Potorn el e, s, SRTF }JRTF Supu ERrtr
    ..:... '.....''
    i
    l-f"ldroulic loodrng .o|" 1-+ ro-io I
    J 4o-zo o
    ::l
    .:.{
    6p3/^'ldaT) 6fnclud it9- rn.i, cul q+; prrS ..
    Or59r,'. .lood.ing raL e o'O8- 0'32 o €2- 1 d.6-o.g ,

    ,]
    C E lm>1day) i

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    -;1

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    . o.8 - 7.5 o'3 -Z 4-5-sz
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    . Pecirculol, on .o},'n (Z=#i O :- o-5-5 !

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    :
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    \i.
    ''l .;
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    ,{s pu GOl. mPnuol.' f.-.
    \.--.

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    I ' ti:
    id o) Fo, sPT F-. Ioo.
    -:I
    \u') = r + o'oo ++ JT ' l:r'6q
    'i -;
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    -
    -hert U - .unil orJonr'c looding ,ol e ( kslt+q.^ laa), q
    - loo
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    .-Y 11"
    '€
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    Page 215 of 271


    I
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    ii
    H' -'rn

    i.;
    :;
    :a :,
    .'

    :r
    I
    ..-'
    L',) HPTF
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    't1j.r l.
    6 rqJ
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    (? ---
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    . t. .: Yvtr,
    ,,{)htft :
    rJi 'n1]oor:r) cF goD 'enf erirrg
    i' h> sl-ug e
    {yl agy) _ q,.s.
    C I
    v,
    ,:,yoi+rn" oF fille, urr*. J CHo.,-nJ
    F,
    i.
    - recircula|ron focFo, j
    fp,-
    "hS.
    ' 1r-
    rl c t+ R.)
    R:.QE
    .(t + o.re)3 "Q"
    f.' sFo$e
    loa
    t'
    .:
    ?r:
    .tl

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    . LJz - BCID _ .r r*r nS inlo
    "n' .:16,,
    &Je= iJ,Cl-q) ;
    " u
    L

    . i , :
    cve-rali efPic, an ct' CIf .bicloo ,ccl
    . t -: - tt _ p_lo.C.s
    =
    i lj =-R- -s r

    -Brb.iouoer6:.'
    h. i
    :

    ' cil Theee arle hgH -ole :r.i;rrr..g ,pite,s,,*


    nredl'urn ",rp:-: t1't u5^' tn ;,..u *,-. ._
    . ia Hs"U'
    :r Hc Err uJn
    u:h;cl-
    I Cn 'PrO
    d eS. DOr
    ,,rtl-rich picsti-c
    gror^rfh ,oFr biomss5 lorol,.:"^:.::,^*'I?
    su'fq.e er:a Fo; the Yr

    ,) ;;f",,;,,r" ;' ;: ;,1:;.'::j* ;':".ou.d"I i;;i;',


    hsher hya,ourrc rooJ;.,s,"*..';;;' ;"rJT.,,;|;:,
    e^d,*es_
    sloughing , in ft rl., ,nndlqr,
    *rhich resr ulls in ,,,s1, er'rol
    ynov"r ;Log onic ;;;; e op
    rI> odou. piobl.r,.ponding
    anc) pry nur5.son ce
    thtse !p.r of ffrltr.I '5 nol obser,ed-;n
    tt{) A x-:ell seJ>q_r,o}ed bio }o-e_r5.
    resu}} rn *t
    fhe A..n*^^ .,.
    ogcrni. rno{ ter Jeg-*"
    _

    decornPos ition ,t
    .,i},o,l';.,.;

    Page 216 of 271


    I ,
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    H
    s I
    g
    t -*,, i

    f,
    T
    (') BoD
    'of
    f +hesc fiit.ra -corr b. ...(.
    i

    j".
    ,conr
    P
    u led usr'nll Fckei, fccll et s etuof'on i ':.: :
    F::l
    K'D'/Q'
    5e:5o'e .., ..:' r!, \ t,
    ,t>h t.e,
    i Se - i3oD ol en] i^ ng/c[Plu t
    't r,l ..

    ' -'*.:
    So.-.Bot) oF irrflqerrl in r,.,/l ,, f,

    O - .leplh oF l'u.,k 'jn r.'r r ta!;.


    I

    k - '1":-eot-i bil;l-/ conEl-or, (mrn-')- ,'G


    a- h.ldrorlrc looding ,-ole c*Lfn,/min] ij:' (..:,

    ,-, - 6e65lcrnl depend ing on ITpe oI rn (r,,


    edr.urn
    .-' C 'n: o.St, fo, ploshc rnedr,.ro) _{-,
    f: lrl

    8.
    E:i!

    [ .:i

    t1l:r
    kiJ

    ....
    '..'.'
    ,, I

    Colculole the diame{tr required for single sl-uge Ttr urhich rc b (r)
    :.yieid'eFfluer,l aool of io'*qlL
    Fhen freol,ng ssf tleJ do- esJrd E._J l

    se,r,rge oF BoD jz"o ustl- fJosf qoril'. flouo rs z2oo -./ do'r1. g t; .'.

    t'
    reeircu.loh'on JischetJe ts +ooo melday. Deplh ol fatlk iu I 5 rn
    :
    t -i

    e, =zrog,,*layt_ s; - tzory, l! &


    Qfofty'a 59= ? o
    ^3lL' a -.:
    -e*
    \:7
    i
    :

    .'. ,

    .] {:':r.
    E::l
    ,,i
    {.
    1
    !
    .'l
    .rl FIHc, urr-l ol treof-rn <nl,
    { (t) =. Qo- 5o - Qu,3e
    x,oo .: -...

    Q..S:
    1

    :1
    Izo.- 20 X io o
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    12c)

    I
    gg:'7 :J :
    ..1

    ii Or
    tl n:
    I
    l'oo
    L
    I + o.oo{4 Ll,.
    V, F,

    Page 217 of 271


    Arnounl ol eoD errlering
    .

    L l)t == Q,;' S 6

    : 22oo X lO3X t.o x l;€


    \- : 2c.4 kS l drr,t
    .. .'. ;l;".-
    L
    Ct !o./;F
    B = !e_ 4ooc>
    Qo ;r""
    . : l.gl

    t'
    a

    L
    \ --
    83:5 =
    -l
    l- bei-j
    v I + e.44 ,_.--
    I,--- 2€4 -:Y li-r t :i.
    k"!iftYtA$,J r
    .
    Yr X Zlot . I
    .

    D?fh :J 5r?, ...


    I
    l+,
    ::-
    ' Pfon
    j
    1-51
    it, :-'
    t:3
    i :: 4ts
    :l
    23:-3 rv+
    t=
    :
    a
    J,,, Not e :,'
    ., The diomeler oF hr.cl.tr^?
    i I litler i, irr.r;f ed upb
    if r's fhe .rnoximur.r o"oiobte uir" ,i 'rrr"nry_ ao _ *
    ) di5irribrhp6.
    .r.rf ^.r_^r. '*n::
    .u,orn. _
    ,:I Ip selF *+t-,t I
    olael nr;,-;
    ; nd ol -_
    ;,s endsdue
    )
    ,
    l
    ).

    Page 218 of 271


    I
    t
    fl
    id.
    a-l '

    H
    tJ. Populoh'on oP lo*,n ,'s 3o,ooo. Domesh'c.s€ruoSe t €:a

    "rl
    'l :produceJ L .. (:,:;

    i
    1ro' rp.d hoving BoD 6f zoo -gll. :ndusr-vior ;"J, prod,.ed /il ; l-

    is sxros l/d' hovinq J BoD (oo rnolL.


    -1
    ai.
    'l
    --s'Jn HR sij,. .[?
    -l'-' De
    TF urilh lollovof n q ,f o ht .
    t,,

    Bo,O rernsred in P'-T - 55'l . , ':;} :

    -i.
    orgonic lood i1g roI " - Io.Do o kJ / Ha.,n I dol Cexclu. r".i.,rl)
    Hyd'qulic lood;n3 rrle - tTox 1sc L;tlHo Jday cinclu. ,egr.s"in|*
    - -' :': I::-
    Recirculolon ,oho - J
    :'.,€i
    efPluenJ-. .. : l:.
    ' 1 .'...
    er_r: qxrc;5 t/d : - ,:f:ii
    BODrs = goo rylL -: ::.: 4
    .:i.
    Qo 0ot Qp ti$
    - ;.. ^
    i-l . t:-: J

    @*l2o.ltrcl: t'::.,CJ
    .1'
    3:59'ooo i' l=.:.1
    t-r
    LVR .
    EoDDs = 2oO,q3l I (-.

    Qo= ' : r::'


    EXtO'+--f2o xgo,oaO (..,*

    a'3 4ro€ Liildai.t ". (.-,i

    lnf lu zni iJ"-rrlboP


    ' .:'. . e:,:

    G.r BODis f Qos. BoDFj t icj

    .' E{
    Q' i,i'€i
    = -3{io:-l 8oo.+.g-e /locxzoo (q
    \--
    6
    3.j,.x ,o
    ti
    = 24 6;..1 mg lt Ln

    e
    .r lpflueni aol in, lrr'
    5o= 0.65 X 246. I
    e
    c
    l6O
    _ rno .ll
    . _r_1:,
    (;
    I

    I
    Surfssg orea of TF = Qo+Qa q
    .t

    . HLR 6jnsl,lJrn3 R)
    P= CI^
    ,l
    €
    ,J

    ?x3 '9 X roc 4 Q.


    -, e
    )*
    7

    I X lo -_D) , Qt=
    't7oX ta6 Oo

    Page 219 of 271


    \, l'"
    i ri : g'-9xto'Xteoxtoriro4
    -..

    1- ii,.i rr? ... :


    ' '--6urf6t6-g ateo i

    - Fffttlp4i r: :
    l:.-- '
    ,i

    \rl ,l I FfBtien'":I'"'r.Jol
    of hicFLnj
    htcElin5 *iitu'
    f'{;it;" ' .1,-
    -. '.'!IL-'r,Y

    \r,i *
    ,il
    -i.-
    llj

    \, ).
    li
    : Vez+it.es:' .

    = 74-?s l.
    r

    Page 220 of 271


    l

    Z. Rol.,hng [i6l63is6l fsa]rocl-org ( oe'obf6 r.r)-Irrk-he.l J,or^r]h 5/.5]r,.nl I ':" I

    ,. : f.'::.
    I

    lJ t Oz
    6-l:'

    1 l.:. (":--.'
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    _ -:.
    i

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    ,l .I
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    --
    trzlr
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    \--' lr'.
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    (..-;
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    ,-L>rossr
    ,-:

    .
    t-::'

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    'r. !i:ii:

    I ,t!i /;>- I

    (i) Jn :this cose - rolol-rn5 discs,


    "l used ,uhichl ore etosely lplo."J
    ore.. ''i:, F:il
    :-
    .'ruilh eoch ol.her og o medr uiri for groa-lh ,oll tfl. r:i E.:'i
    l.- ta .!

    I - liitlhis.
    ' : tr
    biom".i [o7 er, c.ornes, in con]-ucl
    logan ic-' ra2ilh 'or9m
    _Urs*".
    s55
    i.. rtr

    I 7't"
    rrroller ruhen drec is emergedrin ovesleurorer : l.:i
    ,.]
    & uh,r5cs oz
    u-rhen expos eci ro ql-rnosph ere to oxid is
    ti : t'-
    t-
    :J
    e ,U;; ;;;" i , ri.
    ' i::,.,',u ": :" u'.*,l,o'n of b'omoss '''ruhirh g e Je iise I :^f ::'
    f
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    rl 'iiii) CreJ
    o- pu
    ,
    ..
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    i l-.'ior) e,f H m e lhiekn
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    ese of o, tiorno.s.i iuy'r, ovu .
    1.
    Fr-
    {..'j
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    . ,,- ., eo-s€s ' o.,d l,'iu lh€
    se .El o*i h nd qH,
    It

    ' , ,cteqf."t
    cl
    :i*!p by lohhon o[ disr in
    r

    d;; Fo lurbut9,,,re d)

    3
    w*tio+*r, ;;-;; fino]r, i-:, a
    l
    J EJ
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    6i,;-The,, d.glh qf' crn osion ,oF , 6f.iic Gl, k?l ,ho bie .,4ol.l
    'oi* -,:-
    ,.,,.
    (j
    ofi d,'. .. tI

    cv) Tlnrs s76lem- Iokes |he odvon\5e of bolh ofi66\rs '€


    Y ,, -vL" ond th< , i',, e
    g
    du.sptnded gro,u|.h e7slerr.. "€
    cvr) ll ti hgf,y eFlecfive rnclhod of heoT.n *1 of olgronic nrallq; ;:,
    €
    I
    Luhich oxiJisas lhe bsloJicol 5oft'615 'q
    I "pl-o n,lr-ole lwej
    :in e
    :
    ._j::
    € i
    '"' €
    va

    Page 221 of 271


    [-
    .a
    I
    ,.1
    :J

    I Ac)-i voleJ slr-lC,3 e


    -,t PrCIceSs rA5P)
    1
    . (Aerobic ouaper?.led
    ,l
    . $rou.:ih syslu-n )

    Cll-rve

    .t , tr.me _:_i
    If.'^
    t.J r t
    : l-9.Od CUry g I
    /
    .,,..,
    :,:j
    J- LoS phose E- r'.
    -I fr
    \5rr] C,R O,
    E:-iog'phose .
    l:'-J'1
    "S Thea e
    : Fncogeneus
    phase.
    :j
    .: (i) The en{rr e of blolog;cql decon-p"rsrh'on
    l-"kel f'o':t"
    in fuur ph'se€. 'Q Lo!;,
    rs beiia"'ted rD .

    . ,.pla ce ' ','


    l. ra5 ph,os e

    (rit tf 'lhi n\itrololanisms ' ore l,oirrrd.


    7
    ond food Jiren lD ihun |hen ,duro{,, y fornil; or ruilh thre
    rnyfronrncDl
    ,
    :! I
    t oI toq

    'n
    '''"
    il;:;-,T
    Lh nl li^*
    {erned 05. LoJ phose-
    'J,,,o'::.,.': ,,' *i. ;
    ';;;; a:::'r.^:;::,,
    less jl henc'e is
    ft - lqg pho".
    cr-l loj phos e , n'tr'sr6-o1g onisrn5
    reod,,f 'tu rhe
    ,7n :ropidrT
    ;; ,9;.::'rj"Jj"."
    4n |he g,o..rlh
    bf-'* Jl divisrbn
    ) colrcS.pending drcrease it n lhe oJonir mafls oF biorno ss al
    in wast<ut alo;

    Page 222 of 271


    T
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    i.
    'l
    I:]
    .
    :.i

    rt
    H
    F?,
    rii; Jn A6p. u:e t.y lo rrr6fp,lufr, oTcle.n rn log ;,1-:o5g.
    t'
    E;l
    .i Tt- siu Hono ,y phos e ,
    - .,'a,,t
    I ' (r€.+.
    'E''
    I Jn lhis phos€ gro*)rl-lr oI bio,:no..s,.ia -I....LL, .., .
    ,J
    cD

    du e ro
    ,er,r
    ,, *,"",;',, .or;,;li;;,'i=J;,; j.:i.l;, *i:'I . ,,,;n ::,.:
    ol
    {lv nr Enclugenoru pr,ose: i:'
    I
    I

    ,r *fiis phooe endogmoua progess o[ rpspfr.h.on sla,.ls


    dr_re :
    .Jtoderlehonofo'3oort-o1+uF,om:s7"}u-.
    :i 6'; ,. 'l ,

    i.l
    f A) For -b'omoss.
    .

    ', qt:
    " 'e
    { ' : -d:t';=, CrrurFher} conside.rl

    Jt--
    :. .,.'., - ---.- -_ .---. ;;;. -. .:. lti , *,i,
    ,':. role', oP. b,'omoss lolmoho4g
    i ,L-- br'qrnoss
    -: '"-- pre-'er?r ol t
    | f' (Hrs5 /nrrr")
    'me l=

    l.
    . ' ., . . ": -: K- ove.tlli g.o"r:l-lr:'rq.le. .up"Fq,rl (de.ends on ,,5.:
    ] :., ,:' . i' ' """'' tP.. .l micro-orgonr:.ern51 '. , .: €j
    ,l
    I
    -. .--: , .15:
    t"'
    6s rtr:". Clri*ed t1Xuo1 orrspencled oolrd:5). rs 6
    os indey :br ocHve rnicro-oaqanis-*'
    g*,gr.,
    I !lo-'Len
    'f ly : rij:€ :.

    : '
    : cornPrrses
    .r.'. v , '= P'ese'n[,in ruq:]updlc, .,,Y i
    .

    .bll, ,l clreod cel r ry1qss


    ,"; ;;j,rr,, ,
    ..:'YJ't'.- 'to,,F
    '1,.1'uo
    impuriH'es f rtsenl in x,r05[eu;o]er., Henc^' .i,.ond
    :

    ,
    "lfe.t of ino* on,r:,-r"-.r;r':"-r;;,;rT"';:::
    ':Iltv5s' fs 'use
    d to .rep.esenl oclive rn,.c " --, -' i: :.E I
    .sysltrn 6o,..a ,,xrlr.lorour. in ihe *: i
    ","p.,.,1:;t#;'|5rins .', t
    consrdering ..d.Eenous i.: f: :

    ".pp;roh.oo. .'.9 '


    '-"t'e
    :,

    dt-
    :__ o( _X
    :Tt-^- .rErj
    ."'( *'
    .
    Jr '
    ''- rig
    I l; : -E;r' " ':s ,l'-i E l

    Page 223 of 271


    ! I
    l
    I
    tr
    11

    e
    s
    t
    wh e.e ,
    ''i
    'ftrr:* e ndos u.lous de ccr ,/ ,ult
    \-
    I
    ' coirsfurrJ
    rJ
    ( o,o 6 da7-t lot rnqnicipol
    se,^ro,re)
    v .:r _.. a

    fro.n:l --- - ri) & - 6ii)


    -
    \,
    dx cK-
    ,
    u
    +.:
    dt Ke,. ). :c. {'
    :!

    3) for o$onic rnotle, /


    !
    AoA 1 Food_,

    \-
    \t'

    v . ,i. I

    ,5 red u ced

    frochon ronyerled ;"r1s

    a .'.,'s, p-ornon 9f -o rgo.nic


    rnalle,r
    -i ees fe.
    Fflfit ?

    rrroiler inlo. **te


    conSemg . lcss

    :Prqduc|,s,

    Congqgr64
    cotLrr.n

    -a:.

    Page 224 of 271


    (D l^
    oc'-ivqleJ sludge process occondo,y 6, biorogi
    cql sruag"
    I 6sludge cornin, fron;: s5T) -ychiclr inogHT.comprises ,,;i;,
    qlso tUnrrd 115 Aclive "1
    nricr?-o,_go;-1r.:Fr-r t;:f,?r*T,,".,
    recirculoted ! ocL to o€rrlH9!, proc:ess * .::;
    orJo n ic mo[ [ er . !lence prores.b is ]vined' o<, Ac]ir.r]e,J
    proce55. "l,aJu

    Clo

    5o

    . ' j "' a

    tud5q e
    0il ,tclivotad- Slud e p'o cess
    ed gro,olh culhre In
    ,,b sbgptnd
    - t'
    ,arhich sludg e. r,elurn is dolne byb1 FotJoxrinJ
    :-gn7 nl hg=.-.Hsu,,
    _-rqgr m e. ---
    ..t . .

    Gmpiel g 'rnix, process : ,.


    ^) ,

    rr: f l ig adopled fu, plonls troving copac;f ,,ru"


    +r,ooirs rrrD:
    qil :n frr'5, Pro.rt:t 'incorr.,rns ruEsleoroltr. rs cor'pierely"
    ,nixed oilh
    ' och.*oled., si*d5*, ,uautlof5 rmixrpg in ,*he '
    *
    ";;;:;'H;-
    E9-
    ;l
    :.I
    i-j @
    i

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    i
    er
    J e
    'l a
    \Si,

    rir1)1r.' comgtele rnix G


    plgc5ss stuore. !r. circulor fonks ore
    used €
    pro"ided ,uilh mechoni66 t
    Ziv.r 0pe,olronol .ELobififT ol thi s proces> wilh ."J c
    ord io .:hock
    ._t
    Ioodrng is yal h,Jh as cornplele rnixing e
    il i5 induceJ in lhe €
    4 ,letofron funk.
    t e
    -lir
    I
    i, ..
    | !r_l e

    Page 225 of 271


    I
    ti
    t{
    :
    r:

    I (r)
    ,: t::.,
    ,l::. F/11 roHc ond oxySen .Jernor-.,c.l is,ruFor,rl
    *h,eug)-,6,11 lh;
    \:ii,l
    lq nk in tlis eTolorn. CcJqe hj.rrrixirr<1) _. l
    ii:c

    crf) Tltis a7sl.q is co p o bl e op hotdir5 ,,S,


    mLS5. corrcenlrohon
    ,,,1:,

    f.
    'j
    B) P)rS llo": procesor. '.,...,
    ri) 'l I l5 corr, er'r]i onol rnrl-had uoed'fur
    1
    l Plenls "f capocil.T *o.!
    .l
    lhon goo rn)d
    :l
    l G) Plug Horal Pro:ess represenls [he ti)o*
    .)
    .) . J.acJuol of o""le.raoi*
    n ,?'

    'i al
    t" tn.ixed qI
    . ...:
    :l
    ',i
    :^4
    tii) Long .norrbu chgnnets
    .. .,, _ oclopieJ in piug l,oo ,,Fro..],
    aa

    i . ore
    '1

    li
    q,
    .._- l - .,
    -.- -J.' A
    .l -. -4
    J
    1
    I
    Q. +'Q*
    \ I
    :.1
    a
    ri
    _l

    :1

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    l
    .lI
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    l

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    I
    1
    I
    j:a
    *' fhio' o7o| "'o1 Fln
    ..... l
    '
    I
    ; l.t' rahs ond e*, :
    *
    srad unt,7'
    -l
    ii
    uroog- lhe rengr' ;i=";li** '
    - r--- ,r).d.creos..= T*nn'
    ,:'

    ' .
    .-:

    Thrs proces-r locl<s ofuoHenot_sfut


    : -
    : tqad,riu"t ,:-;:" ' ';ti\: with'e.pe.i t; .ho.l' ;

    :
    a<

    ; cvD'Jr pl'ri'Ho'o ,process de*mppoihon,


    ,l

    i
    1
    ) ;'Jil";":,*; lr,:u":*,#:*r,Jr',nulo;""'
    o,f o* jr rna*
    *r --i ,='i-.,,., h,"fro,he ; thr,

    i'r,i,'no,. .irn-.7 .r ;;;i.;";:: ;;"_; .oo,)r'


    ,:-
    -1 1

    : I 61 Floro rej im e in ex lencl ecl *',oru,n.

    :
    a:
    tt ot n)_.a^
    i
    fii) J., *-,i:- P'acess is com
    I
    I

    "mp,.y; t:i';fl:il,',f:lji{:,;J::iJjiil*
    "::

    Page 226 of 271


    (]iD th e e proces5 is ccrrried oul io lo"J no r ror) chnnrrelt.
    €Jllir
    qncl' slslern in ltri5 cos e. io IrloirlForr', ccl . in errdoJerrou5
    phos€, reFulHnJ i.r hr3h corrrenlrul-iorr ol deoci cel I n.,iss
    .ln llre qludge lorrrred ich does. nol, reluilrs d,:qes,lr66 6.
    con be disposed direcHT ol'r d'7ing brds
    I

    rl
    I I ._; l:r
    ',J
    I
    A eroh'on Fonk \..i'

    . t..
    Go fj--
    5o Q, t.Qr Q;+ Qr- Q, ..''
    ,,1
    or r..f,:,
    ..,]

    ! ,,x. 5 qo-Q,o '(,


    5. t
    :r
    .;l
    '
    :'l
    Qn.X,.5 Ur.il*0,, ;,
    'Qv, X.r,S I Ei-.4

    j: -
    -S- r7s}."no ':-

    i:i r:,-.
    f=::i]'

    ---Eig- Anolf+is -ol go-eft"la Fo ttSS- , t.- -


    ,}
    Assurnphbns'in onotToig o'f et,rnplele mix pocLo': j . ,l .' .
    [,.t

    ai] lnflucn* st'd el-Ptueni biornoss r91.rrnl:aFion rqn be ngle ,t't-'r,:J


    etc-d
    (_:
    rbr Tiie entu e biolosico:l p,g1,gfs' lnkess pJorB in A:+r<.f pn,,Jo_-ot, ,"iy i'
    I
    €::'

    .l- biornoss .
    toon.= bioirross oul
    I .- Ej?
    5 -L:
    ' Qdlol J-I
    v' dr- : CQrf,*S Ye + G,.r'Xg .-Ei
    ./ inlel d.t / *Y171 ' '
    -i:jir
    '-_:. tti
    Yg
    -.,-i,
    . ,, I i:u
    la
    V fK- Ker).X : Qru.X, , \': i:

    :. r,
    t, ,'

    k -- * Ftt (r)
    t,-€
    V.I --
    Fqod anle qd Fpod Co?Su{nfd Foo d
    -
    o"l
    -e
    i--= *

    -,e
    ' 0'' 5o(-t *) C Qr- G,g)'s + Qo's q

    i
    ci,so- t+), = Q,.s
    '-- ds Jr t't
    (.

    I - v.
    aT= e
    W) dV :
    4b
    I Q.,'5o - CK- Q"'S' e
    !::_:
    ,.
    (b eCot-rr S yslerro iS m si o l-? ,rr e d
    e
    \-: r

    io lo-o gho sel d:\


    [:

    Page 227 of 271


    L,l ' 0"riq., pororn.lus used in ASp:. . i-
    .l
    lrt\Ji
    \-,1 l:

    - ij ci> Hydroult'c relenh'on lirng CFIRT) .' .. . i


    U,i :

    '... ,, , ,r!_ is d-eFi,'r':d o.ei' volurne of qsfoho^ krnt :fo


    : ; :,: , the .al" ol I -i '.
    -'-:'''
    " I ] ,, Ff of ,uosJr*role., ex:qludilg rolyrculogon- , '. ,

    "* :i " i

    * I .' {i) o19onrffi6J'ni -rol"-6lR[--:


    ;. v
    I :i I :L is
    .2 defined
    J-L'^^l
    , 1l os rol,o clt moss =I
    -rr- oF .l 6oD"loppl;ed.6i
    aoD'cppi;ed Jp,+h. rnrss
    .*,, .l -
    .' ,i , oF BoD oppl,ed le the slslein. "
    :

    '-; -:
    ,r 3 *._,_: l-11 ,,=, a..l"ed os- roh_o o[.goD-rernoved ;o the
    ,, moss of biomoo€ ;n lhe o.*hlor,,ir.nX.
    '. l}-e srel.rn ;o
    *i') z -.1 -'-
    ,-,j.
    . i :/. -.

    \. .l : r v @"'v" Jflu e rernnina


    slu dg rernoins jn iAe
    (}.t-f I ;

    ol nL55 tn ihe Jrcroh-or,


    :,: 1gnK'to fhe rno55 of hlSs'.leovfng-fhe'syslern p€, :-;
    _ day.
    l'': I

    Q,-X,
    L

    L- Page 228 of 271


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    ;i
    Jg
    ii
    :
    t
    ,Jr,;, in : :;
    1
    Ihe 6rsl-eryr. l'lore ie l-he slr-rdge ,..ge rnc)re orc ii..,p ,t j;nru 6,,,i i
    s"L w
    I

    ,1
    rl lot nrJn H co |ion |o fukes pla ce ,.. @
    ,l
    ,I 1b ovor'd: rlfi e nilrih co l,e6 ,- {he *,r*}ed c,}rdge .1i5c}ra,,f , t
    e :.,
    ,1
    I

    corlbeirrcreooed fodocreuaeo)ucJqe J aqe. :.,


    iil u"
    ic ( b<couse.D .,;+*-' F;.., 1+"r.,
    rril'r;f-,cuHon (on6sr,n.r s5. 02 reelur.rgd I f;i '
    I
    I
    fo, e
    fl'bo"fga'u;""
    1n l-he e 0. is ol rysl"T - -=
    l (os e , r,oh e-r .edu c e cl I

    cr ue rv re,ss .,rss in tn,.,r<ttiliJ,


    led.uces :;
    tla{ o '., €ii
    ,
    i.i 'Cr) Fl-t,roho:- ,. ! fr
    'ot
    ili '- -
    :

    'ol-i1 ol Boo oppl,'ed fo sTslern +D


    ::l
    al

    ,,F lt f iftttta fl-,r


    -.1
    .
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    rnoal 0F.biornosS
    :
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    l in-, oeroHon i-onk. Ffhcien rT 0l {rr,k r;: €i:l
    -i
    .J d'fend. on lti
    1t",jf'o'! ]t.,=f "E rnore ,lp;.,u-r,,ri
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    v.x 'i t,-r


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    I . u: Krp + 4 '. (,1.1

    .
    ' s..-*4 'f,-x
    rvi}Re..:i,rculo*,onmh.ofR).:r.'.....'.

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    ['lass COngg. mh'On, on brbmqrs. , '
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    i;.:,€

    Q") X: : e*Xu
    :al
    ix
    .:I . f _e_e,+ -r- ,a;:
    €
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    (t_+ Q"\x = O,.X, €
    L Q./ Qo €
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    R - -1
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    ,| € i-
    "!l
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    l
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    I

    Page 229 of 271


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    rw -r'u. cR oreuia
    ! .+ r ..i
    - *;hiih T-,-Fy''"J iion
    11
    le delerrnineei ora l*,e bosis
    : ul
    - I " *l*"ga
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    rair o
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    votume ind ex i 'ph7s.r.coi,s*le


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    i -^,and ^,::,,X*. concenliohon oIfep.resenls
    ,f -sl,,dec
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    .o]. to ob]orn .

    1 F/r1 roh'o he givgn dgree op heqlrnenf. th.' JY esir6J nLss or.d


    ,,

    t
    r 5l,rdge
    i u, I "olurne Jndgg is defi.nrd os volurle occ.tpr.eJ in -.---
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    't J^ mrrs^)
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    Page 230 of 271


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    I De'lermrrrahon oI 6Vl : ors

    rD II"' l irrv olv ed lo firrs) svJ in . Iob c:, olc,,/ . tollecn,,".i,.li


    e olon,l urd I es

    ol J L of rnixed liluor frorn ,li-, e dis chog 6 end ol fhe oer4J_.1r,^.,,6:?


    'torrk- ., i 6,,,
    rii.lThr'E rnixecJ ligr-r:or rs qlloDed Jo ,sel-H e in S"o.Ju uleJ ri,nloin
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    for 6o rnin- oncl 'volurne occ'"y:ted b7 :soli,)s fn ml. selHeJ jn l' f.,t
    ronlo f n er. oll <t 3o rnio i5 rrol e.l .
    i'tii
    -::__
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    .. '. [i::+
    ii z;. ,
    1 '/
    '
    .(i i

    ' 'g-+
    .:.-' .r r
    .Er

    "'85'

    rfir 4el fhe obsryved be Vo(i. ,ohich- i.pruuuo[.+," , , i,[,;


    ;JtLqnne
    volu*"ne oI solr'ds selHed in €rnduoled eaniainer in go rnjn .
    h.n1 ,.,,
    lt-:gFritixed'I'.1u0n.,.-.-..'..
    rig The selileei soiid.s c^r*, qJoin ,"'-"ilixeJ i'n rnixed lquo, f-i t:

    o^r,
    I

    skn8ord lesl ie pe'-Fo'oned 'h find eoReenhohbn ;i ;r".. :


    c.)o
    I
    in,n=,ixedli1uor'C3ravrornehiemethod.) Ft
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    iv
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    il , a
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    -: Sludqg
    ,

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    volum€ lnd ex CsvJ) V"u I '.-6
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    , J
    = Xob "
    {;t,i :,:.

    I ' :' ' : t-t€


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    :J

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    'r3 ll jr':i'
    e
    t

    til
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    '
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    Page 231 of 271


    <-\
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    j'..r",:5iUqJevolun?einclexnormoll7yotiegbehle
    ,,;,'.

    -. -' -.''-"'' -. *-'*€ert 8o-rso ..'lfgn -


    ,, i-.

    -' r:"r"
    r :] .- I'/i"l'^Fano'tn oerohqn ionla.',,-hrl.r,
    ' iu
    ol: oFreci,-cr,lahon ol sr,rfe',,,n,,'!l::_;;,;;rned
    oap"^a"*^+-":
    ;T:i,,
    i;, cn bos,ls o/
    .l;":,calcuioledexPerimEFoni_.-..:=.,,
    - i +
    1-
    t:.. r
    ' 1

    , ,,_.
    : lhe excqss gludc
    r;i) _ .Je rerrreyqcl fuo",", .secondq,v _ , ,,
    o+d is ruosied or-d senJ fo. -;.1_
    oedfnr *1or/ "lonk
    i ,,3 di.qe.uh.n.-, ,
    ;NririFir,]ii.5oir:,5tco'r:.ln',heqh.n*-i,...]...
    vrtYr:ynty ?reoirrrlrf '-.-.....' -.
    I r . ;. ..,.-..
    *i,'ci;I.Jsr.rnalt745Pig:no}desr5nedh.,:*u.*.h;I'eho-oF}he
    t-.',
    rj- nii*rug{.4 ous aeo , ho,,gere,
    if €or'
    I il
    iI :'l,,:Ti:,'Y; #;,-r

    in rirrn reducee
    1"t*;,ffi;:#:#,,
    t;.";;*; i:':.:j:-'j#,
    .e-rE - i
    *' i ,;:
    er&r,en,7 of :;:;" ,,-idureJ.
    i
    - j ; rii; Hor eavu nih;I-, coh

    i; :;I"J+;;:;;;Hr1,:'n*ffi:-il.:n:*l a i
    ji
    IlI ; T:,,
    .;.,;;";:"
    .fficie.ncy op
    Asp.
    ,J ;i::;.rr;",;;:
    -'- dSa phr'ch il":'
    in furn ,"d,rr"l
    ,.a-.,.;;
    l
    :

    r;rrl.ro this.
    -i, 1"oid
    sludg. oJ e is(e)dt
    rcr36'.;
    *1 ,,.]".t*^rrslud3edi56hr*r. ) r'n*saoiog rhg r ;
    (').1-l'l:"T],''
    :lu: -1'-' b roro F/rr r, or rons o.,oho,-
    rrq
    '.

    Page 232 of 271


    Ii
    a I

    r{ I
    I I
    !
    I Cr) Jn ,6orne r"ril'ri[ic,r]ion Iollorpec] b/ su bse enl
    Co6e5
    r
    I
    1u d e_
    I I nitri.hco|r'on ts- retlu i red lat t r uyro,.ol ot nt trog er-l .(orlrpour,ds
    lh 0 .,
    i-
    i
    .t
    I in .order lo'ovoid FuLrr.rFhr coJrbr'' io lukrs. I, such coseg
    plus- Flou: ;>roc?55 is ocl opl-ed.
    l

    '

    I
    I
    :'I
    I Sludge
    1l
    bulking :
    :1
    I
    t
    ' ' Cf) Sludgte hovirrg poor se t lli ng chorocluishcs rs lumecJ q5
    bulking slu.dge' l j. ' 4
    4<:1-G :

    (i)'Jf i+ Fornred due Fo presenle oF Fi,rnn_roT*f__o3,onrj.rr" a'

    : a2hich grorus in itie. uy.i.r, due lD f",;";;; ln'.Or" .r, :

    ". ' -" I :

    , 6.a) Lor.r7 nuhienl conlurrl i- ,the ruosf qrot* ,,t ;


    tb)Hrqher'..sIud5e*..;.;1"i.j;"edioul"}-*o.i.
    .. cc)- D-rle k) igru,- Flrt .ohotl C'r/o_<g.S).--, -''' -'
    - . _,,,ll -;
    riir This bulkils ef dudge resuris in *he d"...or.d
    uJAti"-,.. . :,
    oP fhe quohon |unk due -ib presenle of
    lorge ss i,, ;;"t' .:

    sed rfr et,h.rhon tr:n k . . ' " . ---, :,


    i*

    Thre .ep+rghonll pioblems ; obs e--ue-d in ssT .r*.j 'r,Iru


    **ir ,,
    Acifvotrd slq*e proce.:=: Cr4sn) qre strd€. ,bul*rn, ;";'= i

    i*.

    do l-a hr Asp :

    )!:oCe55 Floq: ml$s Vn .HRT 9.


    rgr r,:! e cqg li)' ,Chrs ) doTs
    R
    ,
    t ?+ 'ltC
    0, rsrnovd
    . , ytvEsi €i.
    trLS=', a=
    lu3 Floul , plrg lSoo
    process; . .Horl.r -3ooo--
    o-3-o4 5:8 ''- 0'25 85_ . o.E-J o.g ', E
    o'5, -3 5r- .:,i, l
    >.nplel e cumplcl Z,ooO o.3 - +-5
    nix proces5 rnix - +OOo o'5 5-8 r-o.25
    - o'8
    ,xlended arnplele aooo- o'l- o'18 12-74 g-t7 o-g-) -96ro J-J.Z -o-p ,!
    oeroHo.l (nt X SoOO
    ss-|. t:
    t:
    G
    .::

    Page 233 of 271


    ,TO

    '
    I
    v'x G'
    :

    I I KEi.G. \..]
    .t1

    lifid voltrrne-cv,r of .,e.-e.raHon rqnk. i. fo,e;ver, s79ie"r, '';


    :::'." tne,.,. i
    :i

    Gropule, orrl
    agr fS.i ond.
    Srver-l eTSir^rir.
    .:

    l:
    t

    ou tJidlh of |onk rs Iim,l ed to


    5-J o n". (udl-h
    ro;xing cflr acn 17 in oerah.or, fonfr61, lhe
    ficnk l l'1or e ph
    rniring tIIi.cr-tnfy- -
    e r.rrfdlfu less r.s
    I

    Page 234 of 271


    T

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    :.1
    rl
    (") Oz re
    tuired Io soh'sF1 J uI sl-c,ge BoD sl v-'-'
    l
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    = Q. C.5o- 5 ) ,
    l.'4 2 On:' Yr.
    (:'..:

    . o.6d )
    \_.- L--=_----
    -v--- .' . -\,-=.*--- ) '
    ' UII'.)1)
    .r..rcsled .Bci)
    i:. C

    The crlcove relohon does noh ,'


    ., {,.t . ,
    incJud e : r-f
    re|tui.retnunl
    fo, nfh,:frcoh'on on6, if -i|*is fi";.
    .;;;, "lfst t:

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    nihc,le. rs qlso considerecl, (Nrt.-^loJ-)
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    -:'.r. .:
    l: I i'
    ' f-t'
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    0 A compiel.e :-ix proLess is desgned, .::


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    -,^''- ' .' --':"': !,,ttr*,)o d ._
    'i:, a-:-L':
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    - l^i{-io} disch ,ru'o .In r 1'-1,
    -
    . \.,.:r
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    ' f,i!-noil
    effluenl EoD s,*,/l:-=r,--'.
    -,-
    r \. ti
    rroffro,^ of o,J onic rn ol_Ie.r conver,e
    _.-._d inl_o ol9rnosS
    .- r, .r . .,.,., 1 b;^ =_o.5
    Fndo3u1oc,5 d'ecoy roI. 5er.,s 1=_rl,
    Ci.;-.r';;;,=t toql.
    ' n"ol
    -/'
    l1ls5 : aoo'b_ -,tt
    und-eiflo,<l, con 5gnfroh,an -(X.,) '. ..
    = ro..,X''
    '-''- ut't
    "Vll .i'l .
    D"ie-.nrn'frie lhe ,ruo.io, :
    ,oi* - nnoss,
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    Assrirn g
    rr O.=e do;s fvtk5y l \-crg'g *t/ r- l:?-:
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    ^-.

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    x 5 l:_::: .
    &
    I+ o'05* e
    v= J,15-ga,i
    .'-aa.
    ' (....

    :-,.- ,.

    -qil Moss ol oludge G

    ^rqtled-pu do/ : C?*r'Xu. (


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    8t VX ta-:*
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    3
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    lri

    Page 235 of 271


    \-

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    i:a

    \- 'r..1

    \. ta.: I

    1:_L

    \.
    = s57. e5 kg I day
    L .

    OF .studge ruasled p€r do7.:


    l, t e,.r.
    ,r:

    I
    \.
    \"
    V ;r

    I
    !{
    ,l

    \]
    !i
    = ..5ooc>
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    \-{ ,I
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    \. l
    ...
    V; o I. heatmen| plant ,
    !l
    i , I, Ti,**"rro
    rnrldqy: ry? of ruasl urol,* r.. .
    il 'lo'o3o ,r-*or*",s dees1 ,"h-;;r;*lil. al;; o",,-i, i i
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    'o:ru'Boo 'ns/l .l:.i"-'-of- ;r* *;,lr.rl ' .


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    l
    l1 o-E *Roul ruur 55
    rl I

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    ' l
    :'

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    s.olide rs f5 *, nsp of "*'r;
    efFtcit
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    sludg e ye fl, -' r'sgccfively.
    \.r is Jor s. Dtr trrni ,,..
    I

    ' "."
    !i fD Vo).rm e Of AuoIbn lonk
    i n)
    '^) nro??
    mei5 E, & volurnc
    volurne .of
    -of f&Cess slu
    \.:lI {J;l l^)os}.d
    Z rit) ke ci , 6u) ofio, rir d<_r_, .: .:
    !, ho -- i_
    f'/) Slv$
    " '.riculol,.o., t
    nit A, ,aq,ri(/J

    L- Page 236 of 271


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    ':.l = le z-s n.g /, \::
    :
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    i ,o'-* 1u,oor"i'' KFe= o'o6 ,d^{'
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    a /',':.L
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    n Y' G." CSo . 5) O.
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    Page 237 of 271


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    'l volnin e of sf" 9s e ,oosl e d pe. clcry,


    .Il
    I
    _.!_+=:- Qu:' X.r
    Xq

    = 2630'4- I

    lo
    ,
    = 266'o.*. ,rri l'la-f .

    (tiii.lo celculele I
    R,
    o_
    F*

    1o X rofxro-b- r.*

    rlvf Pua"np

    :,. -\-. .-

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    h Qa (si 191
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    -
    : o-{8. '

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    .p.Jonl
    plirnory sludgc
    + secondo,I studge
    ,aroltt-rne of sludse 'ffom.
    s5T (Q*) rs 263.o+ #lJqt

    Page 238 of 271


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    ysl*.rrn9 of eludge in f5T jL,Xlos. f..-


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    I J.
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    :- 6'2.-_

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    g3l.

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    ti:

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    Page 239 of 271


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    'i... o|9at
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    Page 240 of 271


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    Page 241 of 271


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    = ?'4oo ,rr5 tday
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    ,l

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    1 2oo $
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    Provrd e '? unf ls t
    eoqh. ,n,r o_g,,'Hq
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    6 =, c'i,-os nn
    i l =. i5.4..i6 ;n .
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    (ose.ranrei)

    { td) ._-- -!_


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    -: { ,1 ruceks Not
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    u
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    fJ- Croxt4o.4,.4,) x2
    :,
    rl
    2+oa_x7

    I
    A.l , reek5 7 z r^re eks
    >l
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    I t
    ,l 7
    d
    ',1

    ,I
    7
    -

    Page 242 of 271


    I :
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    il I
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    5' Sglic l'onk c An oe robrc -5uspendcd gro, rlL s/sl,r,l
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    lr::-

    ci; 16 sephg..tron k: ..des,3ping r's done t-r-l


    sirrrit fo se*im *hHon
    I ,
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    -:.1

    . s
    .:not orlo"uodorou
    l-hum:'
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    t ::'

    :' ' ' --: *;' ;;r;;*.:'" .


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    rnj
    cv;The Ftoru ol st r.,og e in fonk
    iu f.x_ U ,:'"
    e ,;T:.1
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    i., €
    ts+uqge is
    orso ronoiclered. ol"t::"-*+_t rf '- €
    5'9 Bole of occ,u-,rlohbn
    op -r,.r^-
    ruoJe vo.ies beh{retn 50_
    t-i

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    ..
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    .{:j d!

    Page 243 of 271


    \,
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    .a :i

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    I "
    volum ? af seph c lunl<.
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    \. ri'

    .1 ,Y2 Pq le ol occurnulohOn
    D

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    :i
    oI clgcrnr.ng
    l1' sludge
    r'-l
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    pui cd
    \- il ftiD Fff luent oF seph'c ionk
    .

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    rs drs posed rl
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    ,:
    : or
    \-ii r
    .

    rix> Sook .pfl snd, d r5 p$6tbn


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    C-ren

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    ches

    I1.3il ith $e rouod .rorl


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    "3:t:l ;:' rrme -l .

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    : Iluunli, Fo.: se lP=*',3'o*,d b, #;'
    LT
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    --

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    Page 244 of 271


    I

    r
    ts
    (1- Eshm'*: syh'b lonx ho'f15 Lc']rjlh h ,.,idrh
    oF I
    I

    L'zs o1d :t'e


    rohc-> t-
    liquid dpl.h ol L rn. ruilh Boo ,n.n Boo,j :

    Also
    o)u dgrn5 inle; 'ol ln 7 o,s o nd
    lomput {o }or t . e

    fn rn) ol p.rrolo'Hon fierd of srnoil colonr,lop "rn G.r eo


    Ass*mi1g -oler sypY roo r'cd ond .trag. "". ;:"/.
    produ;r; ,o4
    -5 f cr .oF;h, pQr yeaJ.: pel.rhon lime is
    .

    - done ,,chen tonk 'vr,d


    f,lr oI stu dg , A',j:lr,r;r"1.:i't'qg-is
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    .indicqles :;
    . :
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    : Tz o?.. :. ,

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    .3
    V

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    a
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    )
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    . .l s'

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    h X populoh'on
    i- '

    = ,L r* 1.!7eor
    .

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    .': 17
    ='5 r"E.

    percololron field
    aiF
    :Q.
    af )' t-
    = z4 xrc-
    100
    )

    Page 245 of 271


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    .., Nhen menl pronr reoch €s


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    rpcci : .onolirr;f"t ry'


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    I 44aoo. ,.,.' .

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    )
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    ! Addr'l-ronol ruoltr retui.r-€J =
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    = o'1 ,f1 LL1
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    Page 246 of 271


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    o.9. C?. : To.oooX l5O X lD3 ?IL I

    xlo \:. ( -
    a 6 4-oO i

    Jrr}.:l<e load = o-25 -)1se.

    6 66pduils fo, u:ol er


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    ,: €-;- .

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    '':i 4E
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    t:ii
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    - coni-rols flop ,a'


    :

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    I ::.,

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    .. t':

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    - more hgoJ loss '€


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    Frg. ptug - *lol u rnoT be stlr '€
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    -:r E
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    Page 247 of 271


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    con l"k
    p, e hl? h prtosut
    . e bul nol lreg,,7
    :,1

    -:i di.tlhese are lghl in ruu55f ueed br loads.


    , 'i.1 F'ml'r'lg rno,,-,. fgou". e _ Ie
    - ':.1
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    : ,l _,:,,T.Tlcrlc
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    -l,l
    itD They: can ctirr,l ,o,roi3y.-'oi hvh_ +.*Fdqh,,.re ,,: . ,
    .

    :l

    l,' - P-c.c:fljfea "


    (r) prp€s .on. r.e.=rsh h,Sh eompregsive
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    1 hgh hea.J. .loo6i e rea oifhsiarrd
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    : corrosion. :

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    r' ,asisho? .t*.
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    on )
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    I J
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    ?
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    -{ enh re rotc)-, Soon to
    ,l
    l fc-: oulle[.
    :
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    7 ,
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    ) .p.,6.er, trokor;_ .,

    Page 248 of 271


    (1 5 lrocl-ive fo.re inlensi! _ .Iric;;o,., E'i"l
    H
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    . .4:-

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    normcil
    .volu9,,of ,rge1.r]ucr) p..rnuaqre.; ro.srn
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    I . ,.. .. .. .=,....:,' ,
    :
    t'.'.1::
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    S-VJ = __-_-_-_: -{ ,r.rl :

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    : a..=t7tgir>)d . :

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    ,. | -l/L
    il''
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    t>
    ffUrn (ui'rg!

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    .ii .'. - D..o{5 rrr
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    l

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    Page 249 of 271


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    Page 250 of 271


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    cit This syslrrn rnoin]oince [.rrgh ro.,c. ol bfomos a .luc lo Forrnq[o.,


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    l,'.,
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    t-

    calt ies oul d.erornposil-ion ol ogonic rnoil sr -;;"i._oler. :, Y


    { t-_::':r !

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    ''u',t: j.: j':].T.^,*-P


    d \ i., .

    lqkes Pra.c tai.


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    t::: v
    1

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    -
    :

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    ll
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    ffro liIi er :. A':.':!
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    ic

    I S _gjsd3 e |hi eL=., er :


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    _pl The.t rye providsd ,ho .reduce
    .

    val,ur-e of sluJo t:I


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    :

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    I ql €-'CI:1[ thicknEr . rnelhod :
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    rb incr€ao€d
    I

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    I
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    thr self rue.rjhl C_qrorf_\) of lhc solids.
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    Page 251 of 271


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    o.rerHoru
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    I Page 252 of 271


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    Page 253 of 271


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    Page 254 of 271


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    Page 255 of 271


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    Page 256 of 271


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    Page 257 of 271


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    Page 258 of 271


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    Page 259 of 271


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    Page 260 of 271


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    Page 261 of 271


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    ond bu-r n irr3 : of fu.-t s. 25 '-r

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    Page 262 of 271
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    fernain heq,;q, thqn surrou.6dihf it -

    Page 263 of 271


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    releosed al

    ill ":',r*:;*fH ffi # itffi i.r*


    Page 264 of 271
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    Page 265 of 271


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    Page 266 of 271


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    Page 267 of 271


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    \- .i :,i cis Press)(e ol .r",'u,lc,.,lb.l r)orse ol cliffererrl zoJs


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    and
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    \- Page 268 of 271


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    I Q. - 5ound, lwel :ho be rrieasureJ..


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    L= 2o I.j,. ( zo'aJ*;ec
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    Page 269 of 271


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    ll ioo sourrd lcve1s cf o.,rn i,


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    Page 270 of 271


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    Page 271 of 271

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