See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/333728090

Preliminary market analysis of PEEK in South America: opportunities and

challenges

Article  in  E-Polymers · May 2019

DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0035

CITATIONS READS

0 210

4 authors, including:

Victor de Cerjat Beltrão Marco Figueiredo

8 PUBLICATIONS   8 CITATIONS   
Rio de Janeiro State University
28 PUBLICATIONS   58 CITATIONS   
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE

Harrison Corrêa
Universidade Federal do Paraná
39 PUBLICATIONS   76 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Perspectives on ecological footprint View project

Polymer materials in the pandemic crisis View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Harrison Corrêa on 12 June 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Research Article

Kazumasa Nomura* and Paul Terwilliger

e-Polymers 2019; 19: 341–348

Self-dual Leonard pairs

Research Article Open Access
https://doi.org/10.1515/spma-2019-0001
Received May 8, 2018; accepted September 22, 2018
Victor de Cerjat Beltrão, Marco Antonio Gaya de Figueiredo and Harrison Lourenço Corrêa*

Preliminary market
a pairanalysis of PEEK inonSouth
Abstract: Let F denote a field and let V denote a vector space over F with finite positiv
A, A of diagonalizable F-linear maps ∗
V, each of which acts on an eigenbasis

America: opportunities and challenges

irreducible tridiagonal fashion. Such a pair is called a Leonard pair. We consider the s
there exists an automorphism of the endomorphism algebra of V that swaps A and A . S ∗

is unique, and called the duality A ↔ A∗ . In the present paper we give a comprehen
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0035 implementation?
duality. In particular, we display anIn the current
invertible contextmap
F-linear of high rates
T on of fastthat the map X
V such
Received November 27, 2018; accepted February 06, 2019. information exchange, what people∗ usually forget is that
A ↔ A . We express T as a polynomial in A and A . We describe how T acts on 4 flag
∗

Abstract: The increasing applicationsand bases for V.the product or service requires a careful planning in all its
of 24poly-ether-
features as well as characteristics related to the company.
ether-ketone (PEEK) in the industry makes this polymer
Keywords: LeonardInpair, tridiagonal
addition, a highmatrix,
money self-dual
investment is frequently
appealing for the development of a new industry focused
needed; however, the amount is not easily achieved by
on its production. PEEK displays remarkable mechani-17B37, 15A21
Classification: the associates responsible for the enterprise. Therefore,
cal properties that are not commonly found in polymeric
the required conditions for the accomplishment of the
materials, and its biocompatibility becomes attractive
company’s project must be thoroughly examined through
for the manufacture of prosthesis, stents and many other
1 Introduction
medical apparatuses. In addition, the new technique
a feasibility analysis.
The creation of any type of enterprise must first
of Additive Manufacturing (AM) enables the printing of
pass through a previous market validation. Buarque (1)
highly complex geometries with low weight, Let F aiming
denotethe a field and letthat
V denote a vector space over F with finite positive dim
observed the determination of the society’s necessity
automotive and aeronautic industries aspair well.A,Despite not
A of diagonalizable to a maps on V, each of which acts on an eigenbasis
∗
F-linear
level in relation given service or product is extremely
being relatively new, there are not many enterprises pro-
irreducible tridiagonal fashion. Such a pair is called a Leonard
important, as it dictates the feasibility of the development pair (see [13, Definition
ducing PEEK in the world, especially in the South Ameri-
A, A is said to be of
∗
self-dual whenever
the project. Thus, there existsresearch
the market an automorphism
is the starting of the endomorp
can market. This raises a question regarding the size of the∗
swaps A and A . Inpoint this for
case
thesuch an automorphism
enterprise project. is unique, and called the duality
PEEK market in this region and the expected demand for
The One of the major objectives of the market research is
the upcoming years. Therefore, this paper aims toliterature
analyze contains many examples of self-dual Leonard pairs. For instance (i) t
ated with an and the characterization
irreducible module for theofTerwilliger
the productalgebra
that willofbe
thesold, in a
hypercube (see [4, Co
and predict the demand of PEEK for the Mercosur
way that guarantees it will meet the market expectation.
Brazil markets, verifying the feasibility of Leonard pair ofofKrawtchouk type (see [10, Definition 6.1]); (iii) the Leonard pair associa
the creation
Understanding primarily the nature of the product and
a specialized industry in the region. module for the Terwilliger algebra of a distance-regular graph that has a spin model in
the type of segment it attends is crucial. Through this
bra (see [1, Theorem], [3, Theorems 4.1, 5.5]); (iv) an appropriately normalized totally
characterization, the expected real price of the product
Keywords: evaluation; market; polymers(see [11, Lemma 14.8]); (v) the Leonard pair consisting of any two of a modular Leonar
can be investigated and future demands of the market
Definition 1.4]); (vi) canthe
beLeonard
predicted.pair consisting
Based on that, of theaamount
pair of of
opposite
sales and generators for t
bra, acting on an evaluation module (see [5, Proposition 9.2]). The example (i) is a spec
1 Introduction future revenue
examples (iii), (iv) are PEEK
can be estimated
special(poly-ether-ether-ketone)
cases of (v).
(2).
is a thermoplastic
Let A, A∗ denote semia Leonard pair
crystalline on V. We can
homopolymer determine
that belongs to whether
the poly- A, A∗ is self-dua
Nowadays, when an idea is created towards the
By [13, Lemma aryl-ether-ketones (PAEK) ∗family. This family has the d
development of a new enterprise, entrepreneurs usually1.3] each eigenspace of A, A has dimension one. Let { θ i }i=0 denote an
values of A. For ketones and ethers functional groups linked together d
do not ask themselves about the most important aspect of 0 ≤ i ≤ d let v i denote a θ i -eigenvector for A. The ordering { θ i }i=0
through aromaticdgroups. Besides PEEK, modification in
any successful business: is there enoughwhenever feasibility Afor acts
its on the basis { v i }i=0 in an irreducible tridiagonal fashion. If the orde
∗
the bonding of the monomers from this family may create
then the ordering {θ d−i }di=0 is also standard, and no further ordering is standard. Sim
other polymers, such as poly-ether-ketone (PEK) and
* Corresponding author: Harrison Lourenço Corrêa, Let {θ i }di=0 denote a standard ordering of the eigenvalues of A. Then A, A∗ is self-du
A∗ .Universidade
poly-ether-ketone-ketone (PEKK) (3). PEEK is currently
Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Departamento de
is a standard ordering of the eigenvalues of A (see [7, Proposition
due to8.7]).
∗
Engenharia Mecânica, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; UFRuralRJ, Departamento considered a high-performance polymer its
de Engenharia de Materiais, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil, email: harry.lou. optimized properties compared to other polymers, which
correa@gmail.com. makes it fit to high-demand applications.
Victor de Cerjat Beltrão, Laboratório de Materiais Poliméricos, Among these properties, the most recurrent is the
Setor de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia *Corresponding
Mecânica, Author: Kazumasa
polymer Nomura: Tokyo
biocompatibility, whichMedical
makes and Dental
PEEK University, Ichikawa, 272-0
extensively
Universidade Federal do Paraná, 81530-000 Curitiba, PR,knomura@pop11.odn.ne.jp
E-mail: Brazil.
Marco Antonio Gaya de Figueiredo, Laboratório Paul
de Engenharia used in the health industry, especially in the carbon fiber
Terwilliger: Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706, USA, E-m
e Tecnologia de Petróleo e Petroquímica, Instituto de Química, composite form. This composite possesses high mechanical
terwilli@math.wisc.edu
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. properties, high resistance in hostile environments like

Open Access. © 2019 Beltrão et al., published byOpen

De Gruyter.
Access. ©This work
2019 is licensed
Kazumasa under
Nomura andthe Creative
Paul Commons
Terwilliger, published by De Gruyter. This work is lic
Attribution alone 4.0 License. Attribution alone 4.0 License.Brought to you by | Universidade Federal do Paraná UFPR
Authenticated
Download Date | 6/12/19 3:20 PM
342   V.C. Beltrão et al.: Preliminary market analysis of PEEK in South America: opportunities and challenges
the human body, and good fatigue resistance. Therefore,
it may display high acceptance in orthopedics, mainly
as an intervertebral cage in column surgeries. It can also
be found mixed with other composites, used in cranial
prosthesis, dental prosthesis substitutes, autoclavable
cases and even stents for blood vessel substitution (4).
PEEK is majorly synthetized via nucleophilic route,
which has had greater commercial success throughout
the years (5). This method of polymerization utilizes a
highly electronegative group to remove protons from the
edge of aromatic chains of a nucleophilic compound,
normally a bisphenol, like hydroquinone. Following,
the bonds become active and react with alkaline metals
present in 4,4’ difluorobenzophenone and a carbonate
to produce the final polymer through polycondensation
(6). It is recommended to use a blend of sodium and
potassium carbonate to achieve good final performance
of the polymer (7). To obtain PEEK with high molecular
weight, it is necessary the utilization of a solvent that can
overcome the problem of fast crystallization common in
the polycondensation of this polymer, which limits this
property (8). Diphenylsulfone is employed for that matter,
close to the PEEK’s melt temperature, achieving high
physical properties.
Several processing methods of this polymer have
already been studied, and, recently, researchers have
focused their efforts in additive manufacturing techniques
(AM). This technique enables the manufacturing of
high geometrical complexity prosthesis and anatomical
models with greater simplicity and velocity, which is
not possible with the usual processing technologies (9).
Furthermore, the prosthesis and anatomical models parts
can be printed directly in the hospital centers, optimizing
the logistics and allowing a faster treatment of the patient.
PEEK has commercial applications in many industrial
areas. For example, it can be highlighted its use in aircraft
components. In this industry, they can be found in a broad
range of applications, like turbine, aircraft fuselage and
aircraft seats (10). Also, since 1990 ̓s this polymer is tested
in clinical studies and it shows high potential to replace
some metal implant components (11), having thermal
stability at high temperature. This synthetic material has
excelled in medical applications due to its durability,
stiffness and elasticity similar to human bones (12). Other
requirements can also be noted by this polymer in clinical
using: fast recovery of patients, accuracy, efficiency,
easy implementation in surgery, flexibility and increased
success rate of operation (13). There are high expectations
about PEEK application for construction of femoral
components. One of these is the decreased risk related to
metal-sensitivity reactions. Although the materials used
for knee arthroplasty (TKA) are well known, particularly for
their good biocompatibility, the corrosion of the implant
components and metal could be a trouble (14). In addition,
PEEK is gaining higher acceptation in odontology, where
it can be found as a substitute of titanium for dental
prosthesis. This is due to its controllable aesthetically
colors and less allergenic potential (15). With aid of
additive manufacturing, the products created with PEEK
can achieve much higher geometric complexity, making
it an alternative for customizable complex parts, such as
specific cranial prosthesis (16). For industrial processing
units, PEEK has an advantage compared to other polymers:
he can be soluble in common solvents (17), which could
help in the cleaning process of machines.
As PEEK displays a large number of applications and
the innovation the AM presents, we hypothesized that
the market of prosthesis produced by this technique is
growing. The South American market, particularly, may
be a target, since there is no industry producing PEEK in
this region and the demand is potentially high. Therefore,
this study aims to analyze and estimate the PEEK demand
as an input for the manufacture of prosthesis, verifying
the feasibility of an industry in the Brazilian and Mercosur
(Common Market Group of South America) markets.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Demand
The first step in the market analysis is the projection
of the demand. Demand is the data calculated based
on the client’s perception. It indicates the amount of a
given product that the market wants, in product units or
monetary units. A method for determining the apparent
value of the demand is presented in Eq. 1, explained by
Hirschfeld (18):
Demand = Imports + Production − Exports  (1)
The Brazilian import and export relevant data for
international products can be easily accessed through the
platform “Aliceweb”, provided by the Brazilian Minister of
Industry, Foreign Trade and Services (MDIC, Ministério da
Indústria, Comércio Exterior e Serviços). By signing up,
the values for import and export are disposed by product,
period, company in charge, and State or City. The products
in the database bank are registered using the Mercosur
Common Nomenclature (NCM, Nomenclatura Comum do
Mercosul, in Portuguese), a catalog used to facilitate the
Brought to you by | Universidade Federal do Paraná UFPR
Authenticated
Download Date | 6/12/19 3:20 PM
 V.C. Beltrão et al.: Preliminary market analysis of PEEK in South America: opportunities and challenges   343
taxation and exemption of taxes between countries that
belong to the Mercosur. Since there is no NCM dedicated
exclusively to PEEK, we chose the NCM 39119024 related to
Polyetherimide (PEI), a polymer that has both properties
and the market fairly similar to those of PEEK. PEI is also
manufactured as a 3D filament, under the name ULTEM®,
by the company Stratasys.
After obtaining the values for the demand,
algebraic methods can be applied to estimate the future
demand of the product. This was achieved using a
special tool present in the program Excel 2016 version,
which enables the creation of a forecast spreadsheet
automatically using the method of exponential
smoothing. This method is a temporal technique based
on historical data and its explanation can be found
elsewhere (19). The historical data found for the demand
is inserted in chronological order and the smoothing
factor is calculated internally with an optimization tool.
The confidence interval was 95%.
Considering the product we explored has relatively
poor prevalence in the Brazilian market, we opted to use
neighboring markets, more precisely the commercial
alliance of the Mercosur. This group is composed of Brazil,
Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina and its objective is to
facilitate commercial operations between those countries
and the block as a whole with commercial partners around
the world. Import and export data of PEI for Mercosur
were found in the database “Trade Map”, granted by the
International Trade Centre (ITC). This platform consists of
$1,000
Thousands
$900
$800
$700
$600
$500
$400
$300
$200
$100
$0
2010 2011 2012
Exports (kg) Imports (kg)
Figure 1: Trade balance of PEI for the Brazilian market.
an excellent tool for the research of data related to foreign
commerce. Information about import and export of almost
every recognized country in the world are available on
the website. The products are registered through the
Harmonized System (HS), a number with up to 8 digits,
from which the NCM derives.
3 Results and discussions
The values for export and import of raw PEI are presented
in Figure 1. They are disposed in units of tones of the
polymer and Free on Board (FOB) million dollars. FOB
indicates the absence of insurance and import taxes in the
final value.
We noted a growth in the export of PEI in the last
four years, and a decrease in its import, particularly
during the last year we evaluated. This performance may
be explained by the recession moment that the Brazilian
macroeconomy had passed in this period; however, these
values cannot be discarded. The quantity produced has a
stable and direct relation with the exported and imported
monetary value, which exposes a stabilization of the price
of PEI over the following years.
The trade balance Evolution of PEI for the Mercosur
Market is presented in Figure 2. Inside Mercosur, Brazil
is the major importer country, resulting in the strongest
influence on the groups’ behavior curve. However,
Uruguay also exhibits a growth tendency, different from
90
Thousands
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2013 2014 2015 2016
Exports US$ FOB Imports US$ FOB
Brought to you by | Universidade Federal do Paraná UFPR
Authenticated
Download Date | 6/12/19 3:20 PM
344   V.C. Beltrão et al.: Preliminary market analysis of PEEK in South America: opportunities and challenges

Argen�na Uruguai Paraguai Brasil

$1,200,000

$1,000,000

$800,000

$600,000

$400,000

$200,000

$0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Figure 2: Trade balance of PEI for the Mercosur market.

Historical demand Future demand

$2,000,000

$1,500,000

$1,000,000
896136.2949

$500,000

$0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure 3: Prediction of future demands of PEI for Mercosur.

the other countries, replacing Brazil in 2016. Argentina’s
market shows a decrease on the demand, while Paraguay
displays a low amount of demand.
Using the values of import and export obtained
earlier, we performed the prediction of future demands for
the Mercosur. The results are exposed in Figure 3.
The analysis of the chart exposed a tendency of
decrease in the demand for the period between 2018 and
January 2020. If we do not include the production of PEI,
this scenario, cannot be considered completely valid in
comparison with the real situation. These production
values are not available to the public in databases,
specialized magazines or even plastic industry yearbooks.
Besides, there are outside factors that can interfere in the
market expectations, like economic recession, feedstock
availability, presence of new technologies and others.
However, it already shows a decrease prospect in PEI
demand for the Mercosur countries.
Regarding data collection for the PEEK market,
major companies holding the biggest polymer production
values, in a worldwide level, include: Solvay Especialty
Polymers, Ensinger, Victrex, Evonik, Quadrant, and
SABIC. All of these companies have export data contained
in the Trade Map platform; however these values are
scattered in multiple HS numbers, which makes it difficult
to quantify the exact value related to PEEK. This is due to

Brought to you by | Universidade Federal do Paraná UFPR

Authenticated
Download Date | 6/12/19 3:20 PM
 V.C. Beltrão et al.: Preliminary market analysis of PEEK in South America: opportunities and challenges   345
India China Germany
$70,000.00
$60,000.00
$50,000.00
$40,000.00
$30,000.00
$20,000.00
$10,000.00
$0.00
2007 2008 2009 2010
-$10,000.00
Figure 4: Commercial trade of PEEK to the Mercosur.
the fact that there are many categories of polymers inside
each HS number.
To obtain a more relevant and direct information, our
research focused only on one specific HS number, 391690.
Many ramifications can be found within this number, one
of which is the category of bars and pellets of PEEK. We
calculated the amount of companies inside the HS number
and then we found an estimated ratio (0.45% to 2.18%).
This estimate is very important, as the companies inserted
in the HS repeat throughout the different categories, which
indicates that the number of companies in a category
automatically relates to the number of exportations of
the product. Still, it is not possible to attribute certainty
to the data, since each export has a different quantity of
product in a load, resulting in a different value. Therefore,
the amount of PEEK export was based in the total export
calculated through this method.
The major exporting countries, based on the amount
exported, were Germany, China, India, Italy, Belgium and
France. The evolution of the commercial trade between
these countries and the Mercosur is shown in Figure 4.
We can highlight China, Germany and India as possible
emerging producers of the polymers. Additionally, it is
important to notice that the two biggest markets of PEEK
producers, USA and United Kingdom, where the big
companies Victrex and Solvay have their head offices, do
not input their data in the Trade Map. This can reduce the
Spain Italy Belgium France
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
total amount of export calculated in comparison with the
possible real data. Therefore, the final result can be seen
as a pessimistic view of the raw PEEK market.
The prediction of future demands of PEEK to the
Mercosur countries is displayed in Figure 5. The values for
demands according to weight were calculated using the
historical price of $99.20 per kg (http://www.plasticsnews.
com/resin/high-temperature-thermoplastics/historical-
pricing?grade=1330601%7CVol2). Even though the
polymer has a growth perspective in the period analyzed,
the apparent demand value close to 2 tones is probably
not enough to justify the production of raw PEEK to supply
Mercosur. Because PEEK is a product with a high expected
price, the plant industry must have a low production to
keep up with the small demand.
The evaluation of import, export and production data
of orthopedic prosthesis in Brazil is shown in Figure 6.
We noted the existence of a much higher value of import
compared to the export for these products. This behavior
can suggest a possible repressed demand related to the
current Brazilian industry. When we examined the values
of production, we noted a growth in this factor, which
indicates that the industrial sector is expanding to keep up
with the increasing demand in the country. Particularly, it
is interesting to analyze the behavior of the curve in the
period between 2014 and 2015, in which there has been
a vertiginous increase in production, a large drop in
Brought to you by | Universidade Federal do Paraná UFPR
Authenticated
Download Date | 6/12/19 3:20 PM
346   V.C. Beltrão et al.: Preliminary market analysis of PEEK in South America: opportunities and challenges

Figure 5: Future demand prediction of PEEK for Mercosur.

$400
US$375
$350
$300
$250
Millions

$200
$150
$100 US$113

$50
US$29
$0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Export US$ FOB Import US$ FOB Production US$

Figure 6: Commercial trade of orthopedic prosthesis in Brazil.

import, and stability in export. Within this scenario, we
suppose the Brazilian market is absorbing the industrial
production, but there is not enough amount of orthopedic
prosthesis to create a high export in this moment.
Figure 7 shows the predictions for the apparent future
demand of orthopedic prosthesis in Brazil.
Future demands have a clear growth perspective.
Such demands show a positive tendency and the data
spreadsheet estimates a value of R$ 720 million in 2020.
Using the estimate created by the Gardner Company
(20), which indicates that by 2020 almost 30% of all
prosthesis will be manufactured via 3D printing, we
calculated a value of approximately R$ 216,212,000,00
for the demand. This would be the possible final size
of the Brazilian market of additive manufactured
prosthesis and medical implants. Adding to this it is
important to notice that the number of scientific articles
published in the past decade related to PEEK polymer.
The Brazilian database CAPES was used for the purpose
(21). Researchers are developing more interest in PEEK,
with possible benefits for the industry regarding the
development of new technologies and increasing

Brought to you by | Universidade Federal do Paraná UFPR

Authenticated
Download Date | 6/12/19 3:20 PM
 V.C. Beltrão et al.: Preliminary market analysis of PEEK in South America: opportunities and challenges   347
Historical demand
$800
$700
$600
Millions
$500
$400
$300
$200
$100
$0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Figure 7: Future demand predictions of orthopedic prosthesis in Brazil (confident limits of 95%).
applications. The number of articles more than doubled
since 2008. This scenario indicates that PEEK popularity
shows a remarkable growth and that its market will
probably greater expansion in the future.
4 Conclusions
In the outline we presented above, the establishment of an
industry focused in the processing of PEEK in a filament
form would be possible. The market will be growing in
the period we analyzed and little to none competition is
expected, due to the absence of the product in the South
American market. The future demand for PEEK is higher
to historical demand (2016 to 2020). And considering that
the future demand predictions of orthopedic prosthesis in
Brazil tends to be higher than $ 720 million, it is expected
that the consumption for PEEK occasionally used for
prosthesis grows up too. The data collected indicates
good perspectives for PEEK consume. But it is important
to notice that the two biggest markets of PEEK producers,
USA and United Kingdom, do not input their data in the
Trade Map. This can reduce the total amount of export
calculated in comparison with the possible real data.
Therefore, the final result can be seen as a pessimistic view
of the raw PEEK market. Because of the great complexity
related to the polymerization of PEEK, the feasibility of
raw PEEK production is uncertain. A deeper investigation
regarding production costs and the installed production
capacity of the industry is needed.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank
the Academic Publishing Advisory Center (Centro de
Future demand
US$721
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Assessoria de Publicação Acadêmica, CAPA – www.capa.
ufpr.br) of the Federal University of Paraná for assistance
with English language editing.
References
1. Buarque C., Ochoa H.J., Avaliação econômica de projetos.
Elsevier, Rio de Janeiro, 1995.
2. Neto J.F.C., Elaboração e avaliação de projetos de investimento:
considerando o risco. Elsevier, Rio de Janeiro, 2009.
3. Fink J.K., High perfomance polymers (2nd ed.). Elsevier, 2014.
4. Kurtz S.M., Devine J.N., PEEK biomaterials in trauma,
orthopedic, and spinal implants. Biomaterials, 2007, 28(32),
4845-4869.
5. Kurtz S., PEEK Biomaterials Handbook. Plastics Design Library,
2012, 1-7.
6. Gibson A.G. Thermoplastic aromatic polymer composites. Int.
Mater. Rev., 1994, 39(3), 124-124.
7. Imperial Chemical Industries Limited. EP0001879, European
Patent Office, United Kingdon, 1978.
8. Attwood T.E., Dawson P.C., Freeman J.L., Hoy R.J., Rose J.B.,
Staniland P.A., PEEK: poly (oxy-1, 4 phenyleneoxy-1, 4 phenylene
carbonyl-1, 4 phenylene). Polymer, 1981, 22, 1096.
9. Wong K.V., Hernandez A., A Review of Additive Manufacturing.
ISRN Mech. Eng., 2012, 1-10.
10. Barile C., Casavola C., De Cillis F., Mechanical comparison of new
composite materials for aerospace applications. Compos. Part
B-Eng., 2019.
11. Kumar D., Rajmohan T., Venkatachalapathi S., Wear behavior
of PEEK matrix composites: a review. Mater. Today-Proc.,
2018, 5.
12. Panayatov V.I., Orti V., Cuisinier F., Yachouh J., Polyethe-
retherketone (PEEK) for medical applications. J. Mater.
Sci.-Mater. M., 2016, 27.
13. Haleem A., Javaid M., Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and its 3D
printed implants applications in medical field: An overview.
Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 2019.
Brought to you by | Universidade Federal do Paraná UFPR
Authenticated
Download Date | 6/12/19 3:20 PM
 348   V.C. Beltrão et al.: Preliminary market analysis of PEEK in South America: opportunities and challenges
14. Granchi D., Cenni E., Tigani D., Trisolino G., Baldini N., Giunti
A., Sensitivity to implant materials in patients with total knee
arthroplasties. Biomaterials, 2008, 29, 10.
15. Verma A., Novel innovations in dental implant biomaterials science:
Zirconia and PEEK polymers. Int. J. Appl. Dent. Sci., 2018, 4(4), 25-29.
16. NG Z.Y., Nawaz I., Computer-Designed PEEK Implants.
J. Craniofac. Surg., 2014, 25(1), e55-e58.
17. Yang J., Brown P., Highly gas permselective polyetherketone
hollow fibre membranes using aqueous sulfuric acid solution as
coagulant. e-Polymers, 2007, 7(1), 1-12.
View publication stats
18. Hirschfeld H., Viabilidade tecnico-economica de empreen-
dimentos - roteiro completo de um projeto. Atlas, São Paulo,
1987.
19. Makridakis S., Wheelwright S.C., Hyndman F., Methods and
applications (3rd ed.). John Willey & Sons, 1998.
20. Basiliere P., Predicts 2017: 3D Printing Accelerates. 2017, https://
blogs.gartner.com/pete-basiliere/2016/12/29/predicts-2017-
3d-printing-accelerates/.
21. CAPES. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível
Superior. Brasil, 2018, http://capes.gov.br.
Brought to you by | Universidade Federal do Paraná UFPR
Authenticated
Download Date | 6/12/19 3:20 PM