Yessy Nur Fitria Wati

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Summary semantics lesson 5

Descriptive Social and Expressive Meaning

1. Utterance and Sentence

The meaning of a sentence is determined by the language, something known to all
people who have learned to use that language. It is the meanings of the individual
words and the meaning of the syntactic construction in which they occur.

The meaning of an utterance is the meaning of the sentence plus the meanings of the
circumstances: the time and place, the people involved, their backgrounds, their
relationship to one another, and what they know about one another. All these
circumstances we can call the physical-social context of an utterance.

An utterance is often part of a larger discourse—a conversation, a formal lecture, a

poem, a short story, a business letter, or a love letter, among other possibilities.

Example:
• A beggar who has not eaten all day says
“I’m hungry”;
• a child who hopes to put off going to bed announces “I’m hungry”

The two events obviously have something in common and yet, just as obviously, they
are different: they indicate different intentions and are liable to be interpreted
differently because the situations and the participants are different.

2. Context and meaning

Listeners—and to a lesser extent readers—often have to fill in information that the
speaker or writer takes for granted. A bit of information inserted in such a context is
called an implicature—a conversational implicature, to be precise. An implicature is a
bridge constructed by the hearer (or reader) to relate one utterance to some previous
utterance, and often the hearer or reader makes this connection unconsciously. In this
case the bridge is easy to construct; our knowledge of the world lets us take for
granted the fact.

The information presented, apart from the way it is presented, is called a proposition.
A proposition can be seen as consisting of a predicate and various noun phrases
 (referring expressions), each of which has a different role.

3. Sentence and proposition

Something that expresses a complete thought is a definition of sentence in traditional
way.

Example :
1a We walk in the park. (Complete sentence)
1b our walk in the park. (Not complete sentence)
1c for us to walk in the park. (Not complete sentence)

Those two not complete sentences can be parts of statements , ex: We enjoyed our
walk in the park.

A proposition can be expressed in different sentences.

2a Helen put on a sweater.
2b Helen put a sweater on.

These are different English sentences, but they convey the same message—they
express the same proposition.

Inflection can be defined as schematically is An English sentence that has certain

kinds of modification.

The meaning of a sentence is determined by the language, something known to all people
who have learned to use that language. It is the meanings of the individual words and the
meaning of the syntactic construction in which they occur.

The meaning of an utterance is the meaning of the sentence plus the meanings of the
circumstances: the time and place, the people involved, their backgrounds, their relationship
to one another, and what they know about one another. All these circumstances we can call
the physical-social context of an utterance.

Syntatical analysis we focused on the word, function words, pronoun, etc.

If u see the content of the expression we give focus on the more content words.

John went to that castle every evening last year

Change the contrastion John went to the castle

It is the same, the focus is more on John, went in this case

Utterances that something you have produce. Utterance can be classified with the long post.
A preposition that express go away, you may express in different way.

What is an utterance/ a sentence?

• pieces of language can have different meanings in different contexts.

' I'm hungry. ' said by different persons in different context.

If we talk about semantic, it depends on the context.

Semantic more focus in the meaning of a sentence.

If we say something to a different person in different context the meaning would be different.

Utterance that something we produce orally and can count that.

The meaning will depend on the context of situation.