Experiment #: 01

Experiment Title: Preparation of 0.1M sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 solution and standardization of
hydrochloric acid, HCl solution against sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution. (Strong acid vs. Weak base)

● Prepare 0.1M standard solution of Na2CO3 by weighing required amount of solid Na2CO3 in the volumetric
flask.
●Take 10ml of standard Na2CO3 solution in a conical flask by pipette and add approximately 50ml water.
●Add 3-4 drops of methyl orange indicator so the solution becomes yellow in color.
●Take the initial burette reading and start the addition of HCl from the burette. Note the burette reading when
just one drop of HCl changes the color of the solution from yellow to faint pink (orange color). Note the burette
reading.
●The difference of the burette reading from initial to the final reading will be the volume of acid required in the
titration.
● Repeat the experiment till three concordant value of HCl used is obtained.
●Calculate the strength of HCl and then find out the molarity of commercial HCl acid.

Experiment #: 02
Experiment Title: Preparation of 0.1M sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution and standardization of hydrochloric
acid, HCl with standard NaOH solution. (Strong acid vs. Strong base)

Procedure:
● Prepare 0.1M standard solution of NaOH weighing required amount of solid NaOH in the volumetric flask.
●Take a 10ml of standard NaOH solution in a conical flask by pipette and add approximately 50ml of water.
●Add 3-4 drops of methyl orange indicator so the solution becomes yellow in color.
●Take the initial burette reading and start the addition of HCl from the burette. Note the burette reading when
just one drop of HCl changes the colour of the solution from yellow to faint pink (orange color). Note the burette
reading.
●The difference of the burette reading from initial to second end point will be the volume of acid required in the
titration.
● Repeat the experiment till three concordant value of HCl used is obtained.
●Calculate the strength of dil. HCl and then find out the molarity of commercial HCl acid.

Experiment #: 03
Experiment Title: Preparation of 0.05M oxalic acid, C2H2O4 solution and standardization of sodium hydroxide,
NaOH solution against oxalic acid. (Strong base vs. Weak acid)

Procedure:
● Prepare 0.05M standard solution of C2H2O4 by weighing required amount of C2H2O4 in volumetric flask.
●Take 10ml of standard C2H2O4 solution in a conical flask by pipette and add 50ml water approximately.
●Add 3-4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and the solution will not change the color.
●Take the initial burette reading and start the addition of NaOH from the burette. Note the burette reading when
just one drop of NaOH changes the color of the solution from no color to purple. Note the burette reading.
●The difference of the burette reading from initial to end point will be the volume of alkali required in the
titration.
● Repeat the experiment till three concordant value of NaOH used is obtained.
●Calculate the strength of dill NaOH and then find out the molarity of commercial NaOH acid.
Experiment #: 04
Experiment Title: Preparation of 0.02M potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7 solution and standardization of
sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution against standard potassium dichromate solution.

Procedure:
● Prepare 0.02M standard solution of K2Cr2O7 by weighing required amount of K2Cr2O7 in volumetric flask.
●Take about 50ml distilled water in a conical flask.
●Add 10ml 10% Iodate free (KI) Potassium Iodide and 1-2gm pure sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and shake flask
until the salt dissolve.
●Add about 5ml conc. HCl slowly and add 10ml standard K2Cr2O7 solution by means of a pipette in the flask.
●Shake the flask and cover it with a watch glass; allow the solution to stand for about five minutes in the dark
(inside the desk).
●Titrate the liberated Iodine with sodium thiosulphate solution from a burette until the brown color fades (light
yellow).
●Add about 6-7 drops of starch solution and continue titration by adding sodium thiosulphate solution from the
burette until one drop of sodium thiosulphate solution changes the color of the solution from deep blue to light
green or light blue. This is the end point. Page 39 of 40

● Repeat the experiment till three concordant value of Na2S2O3 used is obtained.
●Calculate the strength of sodium-thiosulphate and then find out the molarity of commercial sodium-
thiosulphate.

Experiment #: 05
Experiment Title: Determination of Iron, Fe (II) in a supplied sample solution using standard solution of
potassium permanganate, KMnO4.
Procedure:
For KMnO4
1. Take 25ml 0.05M Oxalic acid in chonical flask.
2. 150ml 1M H2SO4
3. Heat the conical flask to 60c and then add KMnO4 solution to obtain pink colour and remaind for at least 30
min.
4. Add dropwise KMnO4 till the solution acquires pink color.

● Prepare 0.1M ferrous salt solution by weighing required amount of green vitriol in volumetric flask. To prepare
this solution use 80ml 1M H2SO4 and rest of the amount of distill water.
● Take a 10ml of ferrous salt solution in a conical flask by pipette. No need to add any indicator as KMnO 4 acts
as self indicator.
●Take the initial burette reading and start the addition of standard KMnO4 solution from the burette. Note the
burette reading when just one drop of KMnO4 changes the color of the solution from no color to faint pink. Note
the burette reading.
●The difference of the burette reading from initial to second end point will be the volume of acid required in the
titration.
● Repeat the experiment till three concordant value of KMnO4 used is obtained.
●Calculate the amount of iron in the prepared iron solution
Experiment #: 06
Experiment Title: Estimation of Copper, Cu2+ contained in a supplied solution with standard sodium
thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution.

Procedure:
Part 1: Standardization of sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) solution with standard K2Cr2O7 solution
● Prepare 0.1M standard solution of K2Cr2O7 by weighing required amount of K2Cr2O7 in volumetric flask.
●Take about 50ml distilled water in a conical flask.
●Add 10ml 10% Iodate free (KI) Potassium Iodide and 1-2gm pure sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and shake flask
until the salt dissolve.
●Add about 5ml conc. HCl slowly and add 10ml standard K2Cr2O7 solution by means of a pipette in the flask.
●Shake the flask and cover it with a watch glass; allow the solution to stand for about five minutes in the dark
(inside the desk).
●Titrate the liberated Iodine with sodium thiosulphate solution from a burette until the brown color fades (light
yellow).
●Add about 6-7 drops of starch solution and continue titration by adding sodium thiosulphate solution from the
burette until one drop of sodium thiosulphate solution changes the color of the solution from deep blue to light
green or light blue. This is the end point.
● Repeat the experiment till three concordant value of Na2S2O3 used is obtained.
●Calculate the strength of sodium-thiosulphate .
Part 2: Estimation of copper
● Pipette out 20 mL of solution in a 250 mL conical flask and neutralized the solution by dropwise addition of
ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) solution (1:1) until a blue precipitate appears.
● Dissolve the precipitate in acetic acid (CH3COOH) adding about 0.5 mL in excess. Dilute the solution to about
80 mL and add 20 mL of potassium iodide solution (10%).
● Keep the flask covered with watch glass in a dark and cool place for about 3–5 minutes and titrate the liberated
iodine with standard sodium thiosulphate solution form burette.
● When the colour of the solution fades to a light yellow, add few drops of starch followed by 20 mL of
ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) solution (10%).
● Titrate the solution till the blue colour discharges and a white or flesh white residue is left in the flask.
● Repeat the experiment till three concordant value of Na2S2O3 used is obtained.