CHAPTER 14 -COSYSTEM 14.3 Decomposition Beosystem varies greatly 1 size from iarge forest or & ‘sea. ‘wany ecologists reeard ‘the entire ‘as a composite of all 144 Energy Flow a local ecosystems on Earth. “Since this system 1s tO much estygied at one time, ni ories, namely the pigand complex to? 145 Ecological Pyramids tea 146 Beolagical Succession 147 Nutrient Cycling 148 Bcosystemservices aoe onsidlered as a € {Took at the structure of the ecosystem. in SrenroPoaen’ ate the input (productivity) ‘We will order to apprec! evek food chain, fegradation and enerey, Toss). We will also look at the that are created as (degradation and enerey = cycles. cl 1s, webs — oth roPOe seth ree ators relationships — e ae ‘@Ch- a result of these energy flows within the system and their ; on inter- relationship.Owe! @ cnceria - ceporntired —p eastnesouir- Examples BOCHEKCA anc] found fo Qu +0pht SS eo “tocanner fevet ature. tis possible to have a 80 many levels ~ producer, er a famivore, secondary herbivore, rims Br ‘carnivore in the grazing food chain (Figure 14.3) ou think there jean such legen nes mectcaat anetene ay auto peod onganisne zeuve as energy franktx- Figure 14.3 Energy Sow through diferent trophic levels 14.5 Ecoxooical Pyranips ‘You must be familiar with the shape ofa pyramid. The base of pyramid epresenalion of trophic levels In an ecosystem {s broad and tt narrows towards the apex. One gets a similar shape, ‘whether you express the fod or energy relationship between organismsecosvseMt Herbivort birds “@aren by 4 re £q- of one anima — and 2 ruophic tevet eat Zn ntege ecoses Pynancidt “oF enemy + siomass asu upsignt, - ‘Trophic eve * P* + 2p auvinauy 400% charn , Stu oF omg. HnauY | reducer ar pergrer Tel. All tal sc Ss ‘blomaseare upR@hTe.. pisducers are more in number tian the Herpivores, and herbivores are more in number and biomass -» gneseqy Qt tocoer Pigure 14.4 (9/oeried pyramid of blames Sanding rp of planar NEP Phytoplankton supports arge ‘yramid indicates the am ven time or annually per unit are]eg £parvoto, Humans [Bove there are certain dicaivarions Of Eeowogicat Pa maniad > Aerial coor fo, Zuccetion #oraer oe tnese) change fOrck rug. Zequentiat + i arage ange (6 pivorc (vjlermed erases Specter ‘mere ea change in the dives nr dichans: rasan BF anan LOMOL auib £60Qe G ntomet qraqnunt- Onions ocean‘years forthe cllmax to be reached, Another important fact isto understand ‘that allsuccession whether taking place in water or on lard, proceeds to 14.7 Norrient Cycuna NS you have studied in Class 3 that fjtrients to organisms ea Potyatece Manion Pm be Fou gaseous Cycle Figure 14.6 Simpliled model of carbon cyce tn the blosphere steele eg itogen, carbon eee) : rand sk mee Temperature, ete., regulate the Fat fom kedinuntaB _e a EOE YHA 22 omer ie det which occur duetoimblancei thera fi, [se | CR heee ang mane omen ‘You have made a detailed study ofnitrogen cycle in lass XI. Here we [=-- ‘feat Phorogyn -(An nual DKEpirarory act: Figure 14.7 A simplified model of phosphorus cycling in a terrestrial fcosystem ‘flan oF oceans! Some amount ofthe fixed carbon is lost to sediments and rere rom eveaaten (Burrs ie and combiston I emingare drought + Ftooou petiorer Hea ceil 4uel bur ONG 7 9 Ecosystem - Phosphorus