(Our ving world is fascinatingly dverse and amazingly complex. We can try to understand its complexity by Investigating processes at various levels of biologleal FREEFE) — Ptorning and Consinaton £19721} Tarthe establshment of no Minty of Envronment ond Forest 1984)} ewer “Eclenet 80ti°g owe te bd wea ree ston secipss0CO8 answer may lie in the bird's need to communicate with its puopiem is rhett- Joss and in deer coater bgysis AND POPULATIONS = most basic ond griauere + ante orqanisatt©n “gpith1S.1 Oncarmsar xp Irs Exvinoniet eord Fanart ‘Ecology at the erganismic levels essentially we cont tries to understand how environments in terms of n ‘may have learnt in eari ‘communities nd biomes. In this ‘and population levels. Mca, +188 Mages Lor Ropc rin frst: @ORHous forest that lead so mach varaton he wo yoo epecie can, ns of diferent hablats?(The mest “save ance niche | : reneier fy gound (0. xara Alonedonotcharacterise Enyiniensent neecasy of iene Eo jasrnan eter Frc gnawya «ore peep ocean eencnel os AiLigh mm curneai nto Jorma! spring per p' vie gon© J increasing average obal temperatures (Chapter 16) is trend conciues, auuas ant +2te- (oud you expect the distributional range of s some species to be affected? wae gece Camas oma 1s teuusive jor square, a i ros, organisms ae ee sists meustainable | __ -cpesvesmoueonaltions of many habitats may vary ru up 4a Gastically in time, we now ask-how clo the organisms living in such ¥ ~Kenotreunat can My ‘habitats cope or manage with stressful conditions? But before attempting Jbanewer this question, weshould perhaps ask fst why a highly vara, vironment shouldbother ‘Onewould expect, Faria ek evel tax wequiate » KOH $aKre hai a4 [a9 - #60 ni ARM > 400- 260m poser >| G3 quiere Homme TE BIC \eota: uete ~ co —_— Grieen Mqar creerniose traveling and at workplace by using an alr condonerin summer and Ey : a wuld be always maximal a “TAIqae show gnaomanc addpraion+ ea Agar —, quear depth SETS sedent wt. 2 &tart + guspend = Teniportasnd Boe. rung’ panyonld sonidos Hotoer shire able to mainiatn nomeostanta Glenna which enaenet return: niguation Ne nat rary TO + Truniquarion Feco vertebrares Feco rnvercesrares nok nw 4rom. pue to goog, MCG. “Siberia 4 ebefaionay oF enzy nis clus 40 Themechanisms used by most mammalsto regulate thetrbody _W) Vac fa ae temperature are similar totheones atwe humansuse. Wemalntams | Walled sporesareformed 1004-4 constant body temperature offs7O]insummer. when outside) condions=these ye icmperaturcn more thanour by engeraurewesweat puta] In higher pln 2 ‘The resulting evaporative cooling, similar to what Tappens a structures serve as Means to tide is desert cooler in operation, brings down the body temperature fin. __in dispersal = they germin ‘winter when the temperatureismuchiower than 37°C. Westar molsture and temperature “pacing ob a pain | shiver, a kind of exercise which produces heat and raisés the body _—_- metabolic activity and going into state at Gormaner] EEmperature{@Piants, on the other hand, da not have such (in animals, seomaen fate mn stress by Escaping in ame, fie familiar case o ne ana Feaving . 3 euenytning aust mperatt ambigiempesireyin the osmotic concentration of the body fluids er oamotie concentration! These a 19.1.3 Adaptations: Mle considering the various nutggiarion ehaviora 5 erage pation x ani to sure and 3 ighavigural) that enables. roa eer a seat eat ring Lapetioation eared) Maptation is any tint hhas two other alternatives TOFa ) + ott0h eobactesurat * utrcrn secauss © = 2020 ono) Added popuarion: Raeee _pomwantens | ory eprtarteny BA uals pe fut sother-attribute characteristic of ‘piividual is elther a male ora” ruon onti?\2 } yyueste puorien i caued as o beter cueing pressusit: @s A gaseinaring £0 of ose 4 adaptations (ure drops below the comfort zone, bul the ambient temperature starts increasing[Some speci: Popusation area, “For terrestrial =m’ For aquatic = me ) eevarive Dens feey) to estimate population sizefindirectj, without: ) cnaiirect count <—| seeing them| oye) <—oo-Baatt en 3 during agiven period inthe ne that are added to the Jnitial density. Oe a aa sem AM gn period. rr 102° yy-Tiumigration the number finials of UGS that i hhave come into the habitat rom elsewhere during the time period et Urine eas “Emigration is the number of individuals ofthe population who left the habitat and gone elsewhere during the time period under consideration These ose £0008 OF “BILAL beet goa AND PORUATIONS Eipeucan CHanet ose cas: i <2 sey ie i 3 \y K migration o Natality + o= Population c=; (man lensity © Emigration — | oy o. len Growth Models : Does the growth ofa population with time show any specific and predictable pattern? We have been concerned about populations in nature behave the same way or show some restraints on growth, Perhaps we can learn a lesson or two from nature on how to ‘control population growth. Exponential growth: Resource (food an Mox gnboxn pop uwearionsts AND POPULATIONS Wy = y C « 2 but unlucky for him, the a 4 = Geena secre \ sorts to a —pexponentiat guowt total number but ne Ban death ig fst square and proceeded fl the oer jested procedure, but by the time hens owns incease overt Hat doubling in numbers every te space remain unlimited) ts. (proved ood know popuarton: ‘Since resources fr growth for most animal populations are frite then four in Square 8, and aght h Square 4, a soon doubling each 18.2.8 Life History Variation ine he press guaty of heaton the net square wl al he 64 raximlge thelr reproductive Sess, also called squares were led. The king accepted he seemingly sll bet and started Puallons evolve to Sa cmatetes ih tet Ue Unter cq - Gather ron Gaver Gus data the population foes ; Jor India for th tast 100 years plot them and check which gout a Patter is evden Liye 2016 —s\/ eee cnuEnEEEEEERE OSES OSEEEEE gyntsts AND POPULATIONS Ny P 4 ie a the energy fred by = Y has no animals to eat the ewe aon. iS endo area of research being conducted by ecologists of predator and prey, most pr . earn readily come to our mi iger and the deer that : Population Interactions ut spare cag any sels ens think of any natural habitat on earth tat is inhabited just by 9 they are, pecies? There is na such habitat ind such a situation Is even . 5 s igaarer —znvere BOT paar) ClOsp) o) bates became exinevihn a yea because of i) ‘OS antl ell ceaLandorseaterg hen te -> prior is prey might ani follwing the predator wl also buat eos or . = become » Bite haa 6 Poets et : TPN a ry tnseets ad frags 1S" Pore cvior ie avoldbeingdetectedeasly —geohqniqut their interactions with each other. In both parasitism and predation only ‘one spectes benefits (parasite and predator, respectively and the interaction PogYo aro e+ vo! fase cao trope coe Tas te, eed puorecton by plants eos. @rtamingoes - richer @freerterenct rioice - goats fatan wt - Charamacus i thereding efi (eect be ceotrand) be reduced due to the interfering and ‘ther species. ven It —caMle and snoop are 29-04 compnetren Bert depinanon < fiimessor OEY PEM hogy ponent me mane Peg ee Mreitttion RWC ipecver of pana] OF gone ant meing seit route cee ak: 1 OBupeuion. anc int. va rangeaie Ws bara z Rerousice pastrioning Pecies competing for the tee tat QD Fs ar, CPO ENOL covexist indefinitely Eameresoureesfannot - Gastes “aco ‘ BE + + compre oree Bthan exclusion: Qnesuch mechanism i. two species compete for the same competition by choosing forinstanee,—? foution oj diferent times for feeding or dierent foraging pate parasite has Jo evalve mechanisms to counteract and neutralise wr ess of conse organ 1elifeeycles of parasites Intermediate hosts or vectors ela aati oe cage oee Deomrnestemesysis AND POPULATIONS not uf a cuazionity aut not 4 cit Sh an ae | egy cuckoo paalShive cow = Moar peucnco (ane ie ea tn emo’ meth +n cedenramy se> ancanto ne ouorones FO mennle cpap v pear to derive any benefit by @ Mutuatism Tis interaction ‘lone complex becau rorphologieal and anatomical features mals obviously have to be pad Tees for repeclesbenedts Anvoreld growing es growing on the ‘mutually beneficial» rs, for example, animals that try to 5 ‘the pollinator (Gectovaroray gure 1-7, penne a er SESS SN Coe TT ys partner umepapecs nd NOOSE, aos faa nsuanly as anvtoston Vin eee developing seeds nine frutfor nourtshing [cer eee nessa ——= ) op Ants AND FORLATONS a — \y ee & are generally ‘be expressed in ete) depending species are clasifed as competion v and parasitism (one benefits and the r of black walnut (Jupians nigra), secrete chemical Juglone which Is tx o othe 72 pants ko fish is placed ina fresh water aquarium, wil the fish be 2 Whi oF why not? ‘organisms cannot survive at temperature above 45°C. How Sen ive intabals wih enpereure eng Ea! SS attributes that populations but not individuals possess. 5. Ifa population growing exponentially double n size in 3 years, whats ‘the intrinste rate of increase (ofthe population? 6. Name important defence mechanisms in plants against herbivory