ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM

APPLICATION AND SYSTEM

Any homeowner would do well to invest in solar power panels. In reality, 3.2 million homes in
Malaysia already have solar panels installed and are using them as their primary source of
electricity for daily use. Residential solar roofing has various benefits.

The idea of solar energy is fantastic. It is a great concept to harness solar energy and use it
to run electrical machinery. It is a free, limitless source of energy with no harm to the
environment, so there are no continuous electricity bills or reliance on a power outlet!

All of the energy we require for survival is provided by our sun, which also directly or
indirectly sustains all other living creatures. Our climate and weather are influenced by the
sun. Without it, the surface of our world would resemble an ice-covered wilderness.

Of course, reality is very different from this. However, generating electricity just from sunlight
is a vast resource with many uses and advantages.

But exactly how does it operate? What is it appropriate for? What restrictions apply? What's
the price? What is your method? All of these questions are addressed in this book, which
also demonstrates how to capture solar energy for electricity production.

What is solar panel?

The sun produces solar energy. Solar panels are used to transform sunlight's light, which is
made up of energy particles known as "photons," into electricity that may be used to power
electrical loads. Solar panels are also frequently referred to as "PV panels."

Solar panels are used for a wide range of purposes, including remote power systems for
cabins, telecommunications equipment, remote sensing, and, of course, energy generation
by residential and commercial solar electric systems.
APPLICATION AND SYSTEM

HOW DO SOLAR PANELS WORK?

Electrons are liberated from their atoms when photons hit a solar cell. When conductors are
linked to a cell's positive and negative sides, an electrical circuit is created. Electricity is
created when electrons go across a circuit like this. A solar array consists of numerous
panels joined together, as opposed to a solar panel, which is made up of multiple cells
(modules). You can generate more power the more solar panels you have.

WHAT ARE SOLAR PANELS MADE OF?

PV Solar cells are used to construct solar panels. Silicon is used to build solar cells and
semiconductors. Similar to a battery, they are composed of a positive and a negative layer
that combines to create an electric field.

HOW DOES THE SOLAR SYSTEM WORK?

A solar panel on a rooftop is first illuminated. The energy is transformed by the panels into
direct current and then sent to an inverter. An inverter converts electricity from direct current
(DC) to alternating current (AC), which can subsequently power any structure. It's really
simple and tidy, and it's getting more effective and economical.

BUILDING SERVICES FUNCTION

SOLAR ENERGY

1. Solar photovoltaics for electricity

Photovoltaic cells also referred to as solar cells, turn sunlight directly into electricity. The
term "photovoltaics" refers to the process of transforming light (photos) into energy. This
process is known as the photovoltaic effect (voltage)

When Bell Laboratories researchers developed a functional silicon solar cell in 1954 that
produced an electric current when exposed to sunlight, they employed this property for the
first time. Solar cells were used to power devices like watches and calculators as well as
larger ones like spacecraft right away. As a result, photovoltaic systems are being installed
on a big scale to assist power the electric grid in many places where sun cell electricity is
now economically competitive.
 2. Interconnection to the grid

On the NOVA consumer's installation, sometimes referred to as behind-the-meter

connection or indirect connection, the Solar PV installation must be connected earlier to the
Distribution Licensee's Bi-directional Meter.

The PV meter, which calculates the energy generated by the solar PV system, must be
installed and maintained by the NOVA customer.

Amounts of power delivered by the Distribution Licensee, the energy produced by the solar
PV system, and any energy exported to the Supply System must be at least inferred from
readings from the Bi-directional meter and PV meter. Any business settlement made in
accordance with the Act and the Licensee Supply Regulations of 1990 must be based on the
meter readings collected by the distribution licensee or grid owner.

INSTALLATION PROCESS

STEP 1: SITE EVALUATION

Any project involving commercial solar energy must start with this. Plans for the solar design
and installation are based on the results of the initial site survey. The following tasks are part
of this phase:

• Legal examinations to make sure you have the authority to put a solar energy system on
your property.

• Choosing the location and method for tying your solar energy system to the power grid.

• Structure assessments, topographical and geological investigations, as well as shade

analyses, are all part of the property appraisal process.

STEP 2: SYSTEM DESIGN

The design and installation plans are formalised at this stage. You will be given a design
drawing that shows how the panels will be positioned to capture the most sunlight as well as
how the building will be built. The design will show roof-mounted, ground-mounted, or
carports depending on your preferences.

STEP 3: SITE EVALUATION

The approach to construction will differ depending on the type of project and the size of the
system. Smaller rooftop systems can be installed in as little as 2-3 weeks, whereas larger,
more complex systems can take months. While well-planned plans cause the least amount
of disruption to routine operations, depending on the nature of your organisation and the
scope of the system, you should still plan for things like alternate parking and temporary
power outages.

Most knowledgeable solar contractors will devise ingenious workarounds to minimise

disruptions to your daily routines. Choosing a dependable and experienced installation is
critical in this regard.

STEP 4 : COMMISSIONING

After construction is completed, the final stage is commissioning. When your solar supplier
confirms that your solar installation was completed as planned and the utility grants you
permission to connect and operate your solar energy system with the local power grid, the
process is complete. The testing and commissioning of the solar PV system, as well as the
certification of completion, must be performed by a Competent Person, Electrical Contractor,
or Electrical Services Contractor in accordance with the Act and the Electricity Regulations
1994.

The Applicant must provide a copy of the testing and commissioning report and certificate of
completion of the solar PV installation to the Distribution Licensee or Grid Owner, which
must be signed by the Applicant and the Competent Person, Electrical Contractor, or
Electrical Services Contractor, as applicable. A joint metering facility inspection and
installation must be arranged by the Distribution Licensee or Grid Owner. The joint
inspection is scheduled for twenty-eight (28) days after the Applicant receives the testing
results and completion certificate. The Distribution Licensee or Grid Owner must notify the
Applicant of the PV installation's Commencement Date within fourteen (14) days of the joint
inspection date.

Within one (1) month of the joint inspection, the Distribution Licensee or Grid Owner must
provide a copy of the testing and commissioning results, as well as the completion certificate
and the Commencement Date, to the Implementing Agency. The Distribution Licensee's
metre placement is assumed to be the first step in the NOVA Contract.

PROCEDURE FOR APPLICATION

The Energy and Natural Resources Minister introduced the new Net Energy Metering 3.0
programme (NEM 3.0) on December 29, 2020 via a press release issued by KeTSA in an
effort to increase the use of solar energy and provide more opportunities for electricity
consumers to install solar PV systems on the roofs of their properties in order to save money
on their electricity bill. This was done in response to an overwhelming response from the PV
industry.

NEM NOVA is a solar energy net energy metering programme for non-domestic Tenaga
Nasional Berhad ('Distribution Licensee'), Peninsular Malaysia's electrical utility provider.
Non-residential customers work in the commercial, industrial, mining, and agriculture
industries. The NOVA Scheme is a programme that allows users to install solar PV systems
in their homes for self-consumption. The solar PV installation must be primarily intended for
self-consumption.

1. In order to participate in the NOVA Programme, the Applicant must submit any forms and
documentation requested by the Implementing Agency.

2. For each application, the Implementing Agency will charge a fee of RM10 per kW.

3. If an Applicant withdraws his or her application, the application fee is non-refundable.

4. The Implementing Agency must notify the Applicant of the application results within two
(2) months of the application's submission.

5. The NOVA Programme, the available capacity for application up to the previous day,
these Guidelines, the application processes, and the application form must all be published
on the website of the Implementing Agency. The Implementing Agency shall print and
distribute copies of the application processes and application form to each NOVA
Programme Applicant. Schedule 2 of these Guidelines details the application methods and
application form.

6. When the implementing Agency notifies the Applicant that the application has been
approved, the Applicant must begin construction on the solar PV installation within three (3)
months of the notification date, or the application will be terminated, and any fees paid will
not be reimbursed.

7. The Applicant must arrange for a CAS for any solar PV system with a capacity greater
than 72kW, as specified in these Guidelines. The Distribution Licensee or Grid Owner, as
applicable, must receive the CAS report within twenty-eight (28) days of the implementing
Agency informing the Applicant that the application is ready for CAS.
8. Within fourteen (14) days of receiving the CAS report, the Distribution Licensee or Grid
Owner must notify the implementing Agency of the CAS outcome.
BENEFIT OF THE SYSTEM

PANEL SOLAR
There are no moving parts or complex mechanical components in solar electricity systems.
They are KNOWN FOR THEIR are significantly less likely to have device failure or
malfunction. MAINTENANCE.

Furthermore, solar energy is silent, which benefits both the company and the environment!

POWER SAVINGS

When the traditional system fails, solar power can provide electricity DISRUPTION.
Electricity can be stored in batteries, large capacitors, and other energy-storing devices until
an emergency or when the sun goes down.

PANELS SOLAR Solar power installed on a CAN ONLY SUPPLY residential building's
rooftop protects against electricity tariff increases for the next 25 INTERMITTENT
ELECTRICITY years. Electricity prices could rise by up to 6% per year on average. A solar
panel should provide free electricity for 25 years, but many last 30-40 years.

PROBLEM THAT MAY ARISE

If the house is surrounded by tall trees or other structures, the solar power system may
never reach its full potential. Solar panels will not work well if they are obscured by nearby
trees or buildings, even if the sun is shining brightly. Your clients will require your guidance
as well as an assessment of the The Solar Panels before deciding to invest in solar
electricity for their businesses.

Contrary to popular belief, solar panels, like any other modern gadget, require special
maintenance and inspection on a regular basis.A dirty solar panel will have a lower
efficiency, so keeping it clean is critical to getting the most out of it.

Aside from the unpredictability of the weather, solar panels do not work when there is no
sunlight, particularly at night. Furthermore, the sun emits heat of varying intensity Only
Supply Intermittent. It is critical to install a backup power supply, particularly in areas with
little sunlight.

SPACE IMPLICATION

Rooftop solar panels are no longer the only option. Solar is appearing everywhere, including
parking lots! In contrast, the position is frequently defined by the size of the panel used, the
site area, the size of the structure, and, most importantly, where sunlight can be gathered.
So, here's a quick rundown of the two main residential solar panel mounting options:
Roof Mounted

Because they rely on the base of your current roof structure, roof mounts are less expensive.
Furthermore, they take up less space in your house.

Less expensive

Since less materials are needed, installation labour costs are reduced.

utilises leftover space to provide extra room

Easy to obtain a permit

SPACE IMPLICATION

Ground Mounted

Ground mounts take up more room, but they are easier to set up and maintain. Systems for
the ground can be installed in any direction. You can position your equipment to face the sun
directly. They increase the array's ability to access sunlight.

Easy to access

Cleaning and problem-solving are both easy. The racking is more durable overall.

If the roof is changed, the panels do not need to be removed.