Varberg, Calculus 9e

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Chapter 2: The Derivative

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 Section 2.1

Two Problems with One Theme

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Tangent Line

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Tangent Line

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Tangent Line

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Tangent Line

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Instantaneous Velocity

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Rates of Change
• Velocity is the rate of change of distance with respect
to time.
• We must distinguish between an average rate of
change on an interval and an instantaneous rate of
change at a point. The phrase rate of change without
an adjective will mean instantaneous rate of change

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Section 2.2

The Derivative

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Derivative

• If the limit does exist, we say that  is differentiable at x.

Finding a derivative is called differentiation; this part of
calculus associated with the derivative is called differential
calculus.

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Equivalent Forms of the Derivative

Differentiability Implies Continuity

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Leibniz Notation for the Derivative

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 Section 2.3

Rules for Finding Derivatives

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Constant and Power Rules

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Constant and Power Rules

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Constant and Power Rules

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Constant and Power Rules

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 Section 2.4

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

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The Derivative Formulas

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Section 2.5

The Chain Rule

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Chain Rule

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 Section 2.6

Higher-Order Derivatives

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 Section 2.7

Implicit Differentiation

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Implicit Differentiation
• The method for finding dy/dx without first solving
the given equation for y explicitly in terms of x is
called implicit differentiation.

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Power Rule

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Section 2.8

Related Rates

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Related Rates
• If a variable y depends on time t, then its derivative
dy/dt is called a time rate of change.
• It may be that, in place of knowing y explicitly in terms
of t, we know a relationship that connects y and
another variable x, and that we also know something
about dx/dt. We may still be able to find dy/dt, since
dy/dt and dx/dt are related rates.

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A Systematic Procedure
• Step 1:
– Let t denote the elapsed time. Draw a diagram that is valid for all t>0.
Label those quantities whose values do not change as t increases with
their given constant values. Assign letters to the quantities that vary with
t, and label the appropriate parts of the figure with these variables

• Step 2:
– State what is given about the variables and what information is wanted
about them. This information will be in the form of derivatives with
respect to t.

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A Systematic Procedure
• Step 3:
– Relate the variables by writing an equation that is valid at all times t>0,
not just at some particular instant.

• Step 4:
– Differentiate the equation found in Step 3 implicitly with respect to t.
The resulting equation, containing derivatives with respect to t, is true for
all t>0.

• Step 5:
– At this point, and not earlier, substitute in the equation found in Step 4 all
data that are valid at the particular instant for which the answer to the
problem is required. Solve for the desired derivative.

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 Section 2.9

Differentials and Approximations

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Differentials

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Approximations

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