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jfrost@tiffin.kingston.sch.uk
www.drfrostmaths.com
@DrFrostMaths
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-2
-3
𝑥=2
?
-4
Forany point we pick on the
line, the value is always 2.
Lines and Equations of Lines
A
A line
line consists
consists of
of all
all points
points which
which satisfy
satisfy some
some equation
equation in
in terms
terms
of
of and/or
and/or ..
The point lies on the line with equation . Determine the value of .
Find the coordinate of the point where the line cuts the -axis.
?
Test Your Understanding
Determine where the line crosses the:
a) -axis: Let .
?
b) -axis: Let
What mistakes do you think it’s easy to make?
• Mixing up /: Putting answer as rather than .
• Setting to find the -intercept, or to?find the -intercept.
Recap of gradient
The steepness of a line is known as the gradient.
It tells us what changes by as increases by 1.
if the value increased by 6 as the value
So
increased by 2, what is increasing by for
each unit increase of ?
𝑚 How would that give us a suitable formula
for the gradient ?
1
Δ 𝑦
𝑚= ?
Δ𝑥
is the (capital) Greek letter “delta”
and means “change in”.
Textbook Note:
The textbook uses for two points and . Reasons I don’t use it for non-algebraic coordinates:
• Students often get the and the wrong way round (or with the ’s)
• Students often make sign errors when dealing with negatives, e.g.
• It can’t be done as easily mentally,
• Students see it as “yet another formula to learn” when really all you need is to appreciate is what gradient is, i.e. “
change per change”.
Examples
Find the gradient of the line that goes through the points:
( 1 , 4 ) (3 , 10 )
1
𝑚=3?
( 5 , 7 ) (8 , 1)
2 𝑚=−? 2
8
3 ( 2 , 2 ) (− 1 ,10) 𝑚=−?
3
4 Show that the points all lie on a straight line.
𝑎−−5
=−1 ?
4−2
𝑦 =𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
One form we can put a straight line equation in is:
Gradient -intercept
Make
the subject so
we have the form
Divide
each term by 3;
don’t write otherwise
? it’s not in the form
3 𝑦= 𝑥 − 2? We don’t want fractions, so multiply by an
appropriate number.
Put
everything on either side of equation.
would also be OK.
Usefulness
Coverage Symmetry This more ‘elegant’ form also We
can extend to 3D points to
means it ties in with vectors get the equation of a plane:
doesn’t allow you to In general, the ‘linear
and matrices. In FM, you will
represent vertical combination’ of two Conveniently, in equation , the
learn about the ‘dot product’
lines. Standard form variables and is , i.e. “some vector is perpendicular to the
of two vectors:
allows us to do this by amount of and some line. And in equation , the
just making zero. amount of ”. There is a
thus since , we can represent a vector is perpendicular to the
greater elegance and plane. Nice!
straight line using:
symmetry to this form over
because and appear
𝑥+ 4=0
2 𝑥 + 𝑦=4 2 ⋅ 𝑥 =4
2 𝑥 +
(1 ) ( 𝑦 ) ( 21 )
=4𝑦
Test Your Understanding
Express in the form , where are integers.
5 𝑦=2? 𝑥+3
Exercise 5A/5B
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Pages 90-91, 92-93
Equations using two points/point + gradient
Find the equation of the line that goes through and has gradient 2.
Let’s revisit:
Find the equation of the line that goes through and has gradient 2.
𝑦 − 5=2 ( 𝑥 − 3 )
No manipulation required! Just plug in
numbers and we’re done.
? Again, note that and are variables so
need to remain as such.
Quickfire Questions
In a nutshell: You can use this formula whenever you have (a) a gradient
and (b) any point on the line.
?
?
?
?
?
Important Fro Side Note: I’ve found that many students shun this formula and just use the
GCSE method. Please persist with it – it’ll be much easier when fractions are involved.
Further Mathematicians, don’t even think about using the GCSE method, because you’ll
encounter massive headaches when you consider algebraic points. Trust me on this one!
Using 2 points
Find the equation of the line that goes Test Your Understanding:
through and , giving your equation in Find the equation of the line that goes
the form through and , giving your equation in
. the form
.
Using :
?
Test Your Understanding
C1 Edexcel May 2013 Q6
?
Exercise 5D
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Page 96
y
1 1
𝑚= ? 3 𝑚=− ?
2 3
2
𝒃
1
𝒂
𝑚=3?
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝒂
-1
𝑚=− 2?
-2
𝒃 Find the gradients of
Using the changes above, we can see the -3 each pair of
gradient of one line is and the other . One is the perpendicular lines.
‘negative reciprocal’ of the other. -4 What do you notice?
Perpendicular Lines
! The gradients of parallel lines are equal.
If two lines are perpendicular, then the gradient of one is the negative
reciprocal of the other.
?
-4 ?
-4
?
?
?
?
Example Problems
1 line is goes through the point (9,10) and is perpendicular to another line with
A
equation . What is the equation of the line?
?
A line goes through the points and . A second line is perpendicular to and
2 passes through point B. Where does cross the x-axis?
?
Are the following lines parallel, perpendicular, or neither?
3
?
Test Your Understanding
1 line goes through the point
A 2 Determine the point .
(4,7) and is perpendicular to 𝑦
another line with equation .
What is the equation of the
line? Put your answer in the
form , where are integers. 𝐴
𝑦 =
− 1
2 𝑥+
4
?
𝑥
Equation of other line:
?
Exercise 5E/5F
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Page 96
and ?
and ?
and Fro Note: Unlike with gradient, we
? don’t care if the difference is
positive or negative (it’s being
squared to make it positive
anyway!)
Quickfire Questions:
Distance between:
and ?
and ?
and
?
Area of Shapes
The diagram shows two lines with
𝑦 equations and , which intersect at
the point .
𝑦=3 𝑥
a) Determine the coordinates of .
?
Further Example
a Determine the length of .
𝑦
2 𝑦= 𝑥+ 4
When
𝑅
𝑃 Distance :
?
𝑄
𝑥+ 𝑦 =8
𝑥
𝑂
𝑂 𝑥
?
𝑅
Exercise 5G
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Page 102-103
Extension Problems
1 [MAT
2001 1C]
The shortest distance from the origin to the line is what?
?
3
𝑥+
4
( 0,0 )
𝑦=
25
What’s the point of straight line equations?
We saw in Chapter 2 that lots of things in real life have a ‘quadratic’ relationship, e.g.
vertical height with time. Lots of real life variables have a ‘linear’ relationship, i.e.
there is a fixed increase/decrease in one variable each time the other variable goes
up by 1 unit.
Temperature and
altitude (in a particular
location)
(And a pure maths one:)
The th term of an
arithmetic series.
3, 5, 8, 11, 14, …
Modelling
𝑦
100 A mathematical model is
an attempt to model a
A Level Maths Mark
Such
a linear model can be drawn as a line But if we choose a well-known model such as a
of best fit. linear one, then we can use established
The data obviously doesn’t fit this line mathematical theory in useful ways:
exactly. This chosen model may only • We need to choose the most appropriate
partially fit the data (and the further the ‘parameters’ and so the model best matches
points are away from the line, the less the data. You will learn in S1 there are
suitable this model is). existing techniques to do this.
We might decide another model, e.g. • We can then predict a student’s A Level mark
, is more appropriate. based on their maths mark.
Example
𝑦
100
80
Temperature
60
40
20
𝑥
50 100 150 200 250
Altitude (m)
The
temperature at different points on a mountain is recorded at different altitudes .
Suppose we were to use a linear model .
a Determine and (you can assume the line goes through and .
The value goes up the same amount for each unit increase in .
The current population of Bickerstonia is 26000. This year (2017) the population
increased by 150. Matt decides to model the population based on the years
after 2017 by the linear model: