FUNCTIONS

Grade 10
30 marks
 What is a function?
•Definition :
A relation for which each element of the domain (𝑥)
corresponds to exactly one element of the range (𝑦)

Independent
Dependent •Notation
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑔 𝑎 = 3𝑎 − 2
𝑓 2 =2 2 +1=5
Range
Domain

𝑥 𝑦
 Grade 10 CAPS
Grade 10

• Work with relationships between variables in terms of numerical, graphical,

verbal and symbolic representations of functions and convert flexibly
between these representations
(tables, graphs, words and formulae).

• Include linear and some quadratic polynomial functions, exponential

functions, some rational functions and trigonometric functions.
 Term 2_ 2023
Term 2
22-26 May
 Concept of function
 Revise 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄
 Basic graphs:
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐
 The effects of 𝒂 and 𝒒
in: 𝒚 = 𝒂. 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒒
 Sketch and interpret
functions
Discuss and clarify: Domain,
Range, characteristics of
graphs, turning points, Axes of
Symmetry, Lines of Symmetry
Term 3
29 May – 2 June 18 -21 July 24 -28 July 31- 4 August
FUNCTIONS
Techniques for sketching the Finding the equation of the Trig graphs: Revision & Consolidation
different functions in the form: different functions in the  Point-by-point plotting
𝒚 = 𝒂. 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒒 form: of sin  , cos  , tan Focus on Examination
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒚 = 𝒂. 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒒 type questions. Give
𝟏 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞  Study the effect of 𝒂 and learners questions to do
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒒 on the graphs defined restricting the time. Focus
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒙 where 𝒃 > 𝟎 𝟏 by: on reading with
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙 understanding
Sketch and interpret functions 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝒒;
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒒
Discuss and clarify: Domain, and 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 where 𝒂,
Range, characteristics of graphs, Finding the equation of the 𝒒 ∈ ℚ for 𝜽 𝝐 [𝟎°; 𝟑𝟔𝟎°]
turning points, Axes of above functions. Sketch graphs, find the
Symmetry, Lines of Symmetry, equations of given graphs
and interpret graphs.
Asymptotes
Examination Type questions
on functions. Note: Sketching of graphs
must be based on the effect
Examination Type questions on
of 𝒂 and 𝒒, which was
functions.
observed.
Core Content
Grade 10 Features Core content

Linear Function Intercepts • Intercepts

Quadratic Function Parabola Axes of Symmetry, • Effect of parameters

Turning Point
Rational Function - Hyperbola Axes of Symmetry, • Domain & Range
Asymptotes
Exponential Function Asymptotes • Vertical Shift

• Interpretation-
Inequalities
Grade 10

• Previous Knowledge?
• Grade 9
• Write down all concepts that the learners are
supposed to know at this stage!
Grade 9

• Points on Cartesian Plane • Shape

• Intercepts
• Coordinates • Gradient
Line Graph
• Four Quadrants 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
• Types of Lines:
• Parallel Lines
• Linear Equation
• Perpendicular
• Substitution Lines
3 types of questions
A Draw
• Sketch the 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1
You need 2 points – easy
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡: 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
1
𝑥=
2
𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑦 = 1 0 − 1
𝑦 = −1

B. Find the equation

graph given/ unknown in variable

C. Interpretation
Importance of standard form!
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
The parabola
Table
• The effect of the variables. Use Geogebra/calculator to find the
corresponding values.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 Plot points
ℎ 𝑥 = −2𝑥 2
𝑥2
𝑘 𝑥 =−
2

What conclusions can learners make from this investigation?

Draw
• Exploring other key features
Write an important fact about the intercepts
• Summarise the main features of the parabola
Let’s sketch Main
Features

Parabola
• Intercepts
• Turning Point on A/S
• Axis of symmetry 𝑥 = 0
`

Explore the meaning of

symmetrical
• The value of 𝑎 Influences the shape.
• Explore the differences if 𝑎 > 0 and
𝑎<0
• Reflection wrt 𝑥-axis
The effect of 𝑞

• The effect of the variables. Use Geogebra to find the

corresponding values.
You need to write down the equation of the graph.
Write down the coordinates of the turning point in each case.
If the parabola can be written in the 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑞
The turning point of any parabola will have the coordinates ……….

How does 𝑞 affect the graph?

• Complete:
• If 𝑞 > 0 then the function ………………………………………
• If 𝑞 < 0 then the function ……………………………………
Domain and Range of a function
Inequalities
• Common inequalities:
𝑦 > 0 - Above 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
• 𝑓 𝑥 < 𝑔(𝑥)
[ 𝑦 values of 𝑓 < 𝑦 values of 𝑔]
< below
> Above
Application for Grade 10
 𝑎
The Hyperbola 𝑦 = + 𝑞
𝑥
• The effect of the variables. Use Geogebra to find the corresponding values.

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
2
𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥
2
ℎ 𝑥 =−
𝑥

• What conclusions can learners make from this investigation?

• Exploring other key features
• Write an important fact about the intercepts.
• Can 𝑥 ever be 0?
• Summarise the main features of the hyperbola
Summary

• Quadrants
If 𝑎 > 0
If 𝑎 < 0

• Asymptotes
𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0

Axis of symmetry: 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −𝑥

Exploring the effect of 𝑞
• Quadrants
If 𝑎 > 0
If 𝑎 < 0

• Asymptotes
𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑞
Axis of symmetry: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑞
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏𝑥
Exponential Graph
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏𝑥
Exponential Function
• Let’s start by looking at:
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥
• Intercepts:
𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕: 𝒚 = 𝟎
• 2𝑥 = 0; Impossible to calculate
• 𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑨𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒆

𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕: 𝒙=𝟎
𝑦 = 20 = 1
𝐼𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑒 (𝟎; 𝟏)
• Points on this function:
Satisfies the equation
Substitute into the equation
Main Features 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎. 𝑏 𝑥

𝑦 = 2𝑥
2 = 21

𝑌 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: (0;1)

Asymptote: y = 0

Function – increasing

Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Range: 𝑦 > 0; 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
Reflect : 𝑦-axis [ 𝑥 = 0; 0 < 𝑏 < 1]
𝐱
𝟏
𝒈 𝒙 =
𝟐

𝑌 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: (0;1)

Function – decreasing

Asymptote: y = 0
(−1; 2)

Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Range: 𝑦 > 0; 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑎. 𝑏 + q
Typical Question 𝑘 positive increasing graph

𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: −7

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: 3

𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑦 = −8
 𝑘 positive increasing graph
Typical Question

𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: −7

3
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: 3

−7
−8

𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑦 = −8
Mix and match

A. y = −1 . 2𝑥
1 𝑥
B. 𝑦=
2
1 𝑥
C. 𝑦 = −1
2
D. 𝑦 = 2𝑥
Classroom
Management
• No opt –out

• Comments.

• Tips from the classroom

• Take a stand/ Thumbs –up

Technique
 Term 2_ 2023
Term 2
22-26 May
 Concept of function
 Revise 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄
 Basic graphs:
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐
 The effects of 𝒂 and 𝒒
in: 𝒚 = 𝒂. 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒒
 Sketch and interpret
functions
Discuss and clarify: Domain,
Range, characteristics of
graphs, turning points, Axes of
Symmetry, Lines of Symmetry
Term 3
29 May – 2 June 18 -21 July 24 -28 July 31- 4 August
FUNCTIONS
Techniques for sketching the Finding the equation of the Trig graphs: Revision & Consolidation
different functions in the form: different functions in the  Point-by-point plotting
𝒚 = 𝒂. 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒒 form: of sin  , cos  , tan Focus on Examination
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒚 = 𝒂. 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒒 type questions. Give
𝟏 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞  Study the effect of 𝒂 and learners questions to do
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒒 on the graphs defined restricting the time. Focus
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒙 where 𝒃 > 𝟎 𝟏 by: on reading with
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙 understanding
Sketch and interpret functions 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝒒;
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒒
Discuss and clarify: Domain, and 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 where 𝒂,
Range, characteristics of graphs, Finding the equation of the 𝒒 ∈ ℚ for 𝜽 𝝐 [𝟎°; 𝟑𝟔𝟎°]
turning points, Axes of above functions. Sketch graphs, find the
Symmetry, Lines of Symmetry, equations of given graphs
and interpret graphs.
Asymptotes
Examination Type questions
on functions. Note: Sketching of graphs
must be based on the effect
Examination Type questions on
of 𝒂 and 𝒒, which was
functions.
observed.