1) State Hubble’s Law in your own words, paying attention to the definition of the

parameters (i.e., consider relative to what locations is distance measured).

By demonstrating that the cosmos has been expanding and evolving at the same
rate for 14 billion years, Hubble's Law founded observational cosmology. Galaxies are
retreating from Earth at a rate proportionate to their distance from us, implying that
galaxies further away are receding faster than those closer to us.

2) Describe how Hubble measured distance and velocity.

Hubble calculated distance and velocity by looking at the velocities and distances
of 24 neighboring galaxies. The majority of the velocities come from spectroscopic
Doppler-shift observations by astronomer Vesto Melvin Slipher. Hubble also used the
apparent brightness of their stars and the galactic brightness of the sample's four most
distant galaxies to calculate the distances of the galaxies in question. The distance
between each item is determined by comparing its known intrinsic luminosity to its
observable apparent brightness, where the farther an object is, the darker it seems.

3) Sketch a caricature or diagram of the situation or phenomenon showing that Hubble’s

Law strongly implies an expanding universe.

Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/hubble.html

4) Describe how Hubble determined Hubble’s Constant. What interesting specific

information can be derive from it?
Hubble uncovered it by proving that galaxies move away from us at a pace
proportional to their distance from us: galaxies farther away move away from us faster
than galaxies closer to us. As a result, it represents the universe's continuous expansion,
in which galaxies recede from one another at a constant speed per unit distance, similar

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 to raisins in an expanding raisin cake; as a result, more distant things travel faster than
closer ones.

It depicts the expansion of the cosmos as well as the speed of an item at a

certain distance, which is fascinating information. And, as the distances between things
in the universe may have been zero before the expansion, the time in this equation
must also be known as the universe's age.

5) How does Hubble’s Constant depend on time? How about distance? (In what sense is it
constant?)
The value of the constant varies with the pace of expansion of the cosmos
throughout time. When the rate of growth declines over time, it is called constant
decay. The expansion rate reduces as the distance between objects increases, and the
constant lowers as well. It is constant in the sense that it expands at the same rate in all
directions.

6) Does Hubble’s Law have anything to say about the motion of stars relative to other stars
in the same galaxy? If yes, what is it?
Yes. Hubble calculated distances between galaxies using Cepheid variable stars.
Even before the Shapley/Curtis debate and the finding that spiral nebulae are external
galaxies, measurements had shown that the vast majority of galaxies have redshifted
spectral lines from laboratory values. A redshift in a spectral line shows that an item is
going far away from us as we look at the artwork at the Doppler effect. Hubble
discovered that the distance to a galaxy (measured by Cepheid variables) and the
galaxy's rate (measured by the shift in spectral strains) are strongly connected in a 1929
research.

The distances to these galaxies (an erroneous designation back then) were
determined using Hubble from the evident brightness of their stars and, for the four
most distant galaxies in the pattern, all situated in the Virgo cluster (with a recession
rate of 1,000 km/s), from their galactic brightness. This method compares the perceived
intrinsic luminosity (as determined by comparable well-calibrated neighboring gadgets)
with the observed apparent brightness to calculate the space filled by each item. The
more distant it is, the darker it appears.

7) What is the error in Hubble’s observation? Using the distinction between accuracy and
precision to support your argument, why is the error insignificant?
Hubble has mistakenly used two different sets of stars to calculate distance. He
had computed the distance between galaxies incorrectly. Hubble's estimates were
seven times wrong, and the pace of expansion is considerably too fast. Hubble's theory
of the expanding universe, on the other hand, holds true. Precision refers to how

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 repeatable and dependable a measurement is, whereas accuracy refers to how near a
measurement is to an accepted value. Hubble's calculations were both inaccurate and
perfect, implying that distance and velocity are linked.

8) If Hubble were in a different planet or galaxy, will he make the same observation
described in Hubble’s Law?
Yes. Because the universe expands at the same rate everywhere in space, Hubble
would have the same observation even if he was on a different planet or galaxy. This
means that the observation in Hubble's law could still be seen from other places.
Likewise, galaxies expand, although at different speeds.

9) Enumerate a few other discoveries that are consistent with Hubble’s discovery and
which support the occurrence of the Big bang.
The large-scale structure of the universe, the development as well as features of
galaxies, the Hubble Distance, Hubble Time, the Hubble Constant, and finally, the age of
the universe are all discoveries that are compatible with Hubble's discovery and support
the existence of the Big Bang.

10) What are the particular “twist and turns” in the story that make Hubble’s discovery a
dramatic story?
When he made a factor of roughly 7 inaccuracy in his figures, he underestimated
the distance of neighboring galaxies.

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