CURRENT TRENDS IN

COMPUTER
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE PLATFROMS
An ENTREPRENEUR 2022
PERSPECTIVE
Submitted To:

Vhokto Kumar Biswas

Assistant Professor

Notre Dame University Bangladesh

Submitted By:

1. ID: 212010015 (Mehjabin

Roshni)

2. ID: 212010016 (Dinislam

Pathan)

3. ID: 212010019 (Isha)

Date: November 22, 2022

CURRENT TRENDS IN COMPUTER HARDWARE & SOFTWARE PLATFROMS An ENTREPRENEUR PERSPECTIVE_2022

Current trends in computer hardware platforms:

1. The mobile digital platform

2. Consumerization of IT and BYOD

3. Quantum computing

4. Virtualization

5. Cloud computing

6. Green computing

7. High performance and power saving processors

The current computer software platforms and trends:

1. Linux & Open-source Software

2. Java

3. HTML

4. HTML5

5. Web service

6. XML

7. SOA

Introduction: Hardware and software development results from a large number of projects in a wide variety of applications. In all projects, particular emphasis is placed on the selection
of the optimal microcontroller in terms of availability, price, documentation, power consumption, on-board peripherals, etc. A hardware platform is a set of compatible hardware on which
software applications can be run. Each specific hardware platform has its own machine language, and programs must be built specifically for a platform that involves a standardized type of
processor and associated hardware pieces.

Hardware Competence Software Competence

 Analog and digital technology  Analog and digital technology

 Embedded system design for 8- / 16- / 32-bit  Embedded system design for 8- / 16- / 32-bit
architectures architectures

 Design FMEA and MTBF analyzes  Design FMEA and MTBF analyzes

 Printed circuit board design for high component  Printed circuit board design for high component
density, high speed signals and tight requirements density, high speed signals and tight requirements
regarding signal propagation times regarding signal propagation times

 Qualification and environmental tests  Qualification and environmental tests

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HARDWARE

The mobile digital platform (MDP):

 MOBILE PLATFORM: The hardware environment for laptop, and tablets, smartphones other portable device.

 DIGITAL PLATFORM: It refers to the software or hardware of a site. EG: FACEBOOK, Twitter

Emerged to compete with the PC as a business system. Intended to provide mobile apps to mobile devices, for information on each mobile platform and its market
share see the operating system and smart phone.

Advantages of Mobile Digital Platform

 Greater Reach

 Easy Marketing

 One Instead of Many - Cost effective

 Uniform Look and Feel

 Reduced Development Costs

Disadvantages of Mobile Digital Platform

 Security Issues

 Unprotected network communications

 Application permissions

 Viruses

 Platform integration

Consumerization of IT and BYOD:

The consumerization of IT is when employees use their own personal mobile devices, such as laptop computers, tablets, smart phones, etc. at work, referred to as BYOD (bring your own
device).

Enterprise mobility is the use of wireless, mobile and consumer devices, as well as mobile and cloud-based applications to enable access to corporate resources.

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) strategy is the extent that an IT organization prohibits, tolerates, supports or embraces the use of personal mobile devices at work and the controls to
enforce such policy.

Challenge

 Proliferation of mobile devices on corporate networks impacts security

 Consumers are setting the rules with personal and mobile device and application use

 IT teams need visibility and control; user, device, application, data and network

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Risks:

All investments involve some degree of risk. In finance, risk refers to the degree of uncertainty and/or potential financial loss inherent in an investment decision. In general, as investment risks
rise, investors seek higher returns to compensate themselves for taking such risks. Hardware security is vulnerability protection that comes in the form of a physical device rather than software
that's installed on the hardware of a computer system. Hardware security can pertain to a device used to scan a system or monitor network traffic. Common examples include hardware
firewalls and proxy servers.

 Data loss Lost phone or laptop Unauthorized access Compromised system Unknown data protection

 Malware Phishing, access, mobile/app

 Compliance Rogue devices, unauthorized apps, inconsistent policy

Common hardware security threats

 Default passwords. This is primarily an issue for low-cost IoT devices and hardware that use out-of-the-box, default passwords. ...

 Unprotected local access. ...

 Outdated device firmware/BIOS/Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. ...

 Purpose-built/custom chipsets. ...

 Lack of encryption.

Quantum computing:

Quantum computing is a rapidly-emerging technology that harnesses the laws of quantum mechanics to solve problems too complex for classical computers. Today, IBM Quantum makes real
quantum hardware -- a tool scientists only began to imagine three decades ago -- available to hundreds of thousands of developers. Our engineers deliver ever-more-powerful superconducting
quantum processors at regular intervals, alongside crucial advances in software and quantum-classical orchestration. This work drives toward the quantum computing speed and capacity
necessary to change the world. These machines are very different from the classical computers that have been around for more than half a century. Here's a primer on this transformative
technology.

a) improving the efficiency of batteries on electric cars.

b) installing edge computing devices in common public places.

c) mining cryptocurrency using multiple connected computers.

d) storing large computing servers in high-altitude conditions.

Virtualization:

Virtualization relies on software to simulate hardware functionality and create a virtual computer system. This enables IT organizations to run more than one virtual system – and multiple
operating systems and applications – on a single server. The resulting benefits include economies of scale and greater efficiency.

Server Virtualization: Server virtualization enables multiple operating systems to run on a single physical server as highly efficient virtual machines. Key benefits include:

a) Greater IT efficiencies

b) Reduced operating costs

c) Faster workload deployment

d) Increased application performance

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e) Higher server availability

f) Eliminated server sprawl and complexity

Network Virtualization: By completely reproducing a physical network, network virtualization allows applications to run on a virtual network as if they were running on a physical network —
but with greater operational benefits and all the hardware independencies of virtualization. (Network virtualization presents logical networking devices and services — logical ports, switches,
routers, firewalls, load balancers, VPNs and more — to connected workloads.)

Desktop Virtualization: Deploying desktops as a managed service enables IT organizations to respond faster to changing workplace needs and emerging opportunities. Virtualized desktops and
applications can also be quickly and easily delivered to branch offices, outsourced and offshore employees, and mobile workers using iPad and Android tablets

Cloud computing:

Simply put, cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to
offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud services you use, helping you lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more
efficiently, and scale as your business needs change.

Top benefits of cloud computing: Cloud computing is a big shift from the traditional way businesses think about IT resources. Here are seven common reasons organizations are turning to
cloud computing services:

 Cost

 Speed

 Global scale

 Productivity

 Performance

 Reliability

 Security

Types of cloud computing

First, you need to determine the type of cloud deployment, or cloud computing architecture, that your cloud services will be implemented on. There are three different ways to deploy cloud
services: on a public cloud, private cloud, or hybrid cloud. Learn more about public, private, and hybrid clouds.

a) Public cloud

Public clouds are owned and operated by a third-party cloud service provider, which deliver their computing resources, like servers and storage, over the Internet. Microsoft Azure is an
example of a public cloud. With a public cloud, all hardware, software, and other supporting infrastructure is owned and managed by the cloud provider. You access these services and manage
your account using a web browser. Learn more about the public cloud.

b) Private cloud

A private cloud refers to cloud computing resources used exclusively by a single business or organization. A private cloud can be physically located on the company’s on-site datacenter. Some
companies also pay third-party service providers to host their private cloud. A private cloud is one in which the services and infrastructure are maintained on a private network. Learn more
about the private cloud.

c) Hybrid cloud

Hybrid clouds combine public and private clouds, bound together by technology that allows data and applications to be shared between them. By allowing data and applications to move
between private and public clouds, a hybrid cloud gives your business greater flexibility, more deployment options, and helps optimize your existing infrastructure, security, and compliance.
Learn more about the hybrid cloud.

Virtualization vs. Cloud Computing

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Although equally buzz-worthy technologies, virtualization and cloud computing are not interchangeable. Virtualization is software that makes computing environments independent of physical
infrastructure, while cloud computing is a service that delivers shared computing resources (software and/or data) on demand via the Internet. As complementary solutions, organizations can
begin by virtualizing their servers and then moving to cloud computing for even greater agility and self-service.

Green computing:

Green computing, also known as green technology, is the use of computers and other computing devices and equipment in energy-efficient and eco-friendly ways. Organizations that use green
computing methods often deploy energy-efficient central processing units (CPUs), servers, peripherals and power systems. They also focus on reducing resource use and properly disposing of
physical and electronic waste (e-waste).

Companies' green computing strategies can include the following steps:

 Remote work. The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred many changes in the workplace environment, including ones that have led to reduced energy consumption. It has decreased
the number of people commuting to and from work. It has also cut the number of employees present in an organization's facilities, reducing demand for power, water and other
resources.

 Smart technology. Organizations can use internet of things sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) monitoring tools to collect and analyze information about the data center and
create a power usage model. AI-powered tools can also autonomously manage heating, cooling and power in the data center.

 Upgrade and rearrange the data center. Older equipment often uses more energy and puts out more heat than newer devices. Hot and cold aisle setups can be used to group assets
based on energy consumption and temperature, optimizing heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) efficiency.

 Power down. CPUs and peripherals can be powered down and turned off during extended periods of inactivity. Power up energy-intensive peripherals, such as laser printers, only
when needed.

 Strategic scheduling. Do computer-related tasks in dedicated blocks of time, leaving hardware off at other times.

 Display selection. Liquid crystal display monitors use less energy and give off less heat than cathode-ray tube monitors.

 Computer selection. Laptops use significantly less energy than desktop computers.

 Power management. These features can be set to automatically power down hard drives and displays after several minutes of inactivity.

 Temperature check. Newer IT devices can safely run at higher temperatures than older ones, so the data center may not need to be as cool as in the past.

 E-waste. Dispose of e-waste according to federal, state and local regulations.

 Alternative energy. Investigate alternative energy sources, such as geothermal cooling and wind and hydroelectric power.

How to achieve green computing:

The following is a list of ways to increase green computing and energy efficiency in data centers and other facilities:

a) Install building environment systems that are energy efficient.

b) Install overhead lighting with low energy consumption and include timers or motion detectors to control light switches and reduce the time lights are in use.

c) Buy energy-efficient servers, switches, laptops, desktop systems, printers, scanners and other equipment.

d) Install energy-efficient windows and doors that have reflective glass to reduce heat.

e) Install fans throughout equipment racks to reduce heat.

f) Turn off systems that are not performing scheduled work.

g) Use refillable printer cartridges.

h) Establish corporate policies that stress energy conservation and the use of energy-efficient equipment.

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i) Explain to senior management the importance of green computing and make sure to have their support.

High performance and power saving processors:

High-Performance and Power-Saving Processors way to reduce power requirements and hardware sprawl is to use more efficient power-saving processors. Multicore processor: an integrated
circuit to which two or more processor cores have been attached for enhances performance, reduced power consumption, and more efficient simultaneous processing of multiple tasks . Power
Saver attempts to save power by reducing the CPU's speed all the time and lowering screen brightness, among other similar settings. High Performance: High Performance mode doesn't lower
your CPU's speed when it isn't being used, running it at higher speeds most of the time. High performance computing (HPC) is the ability to process data and perform complex calculations at
high speeds. To put it into perspective, a laptop or desktop with a 3 GHz processor can perform around 3 billion calculations per second. If your power plan is set to "Balanced" or "Power
saver" and you're experiencing issues like audio crackles, dropouts or other negative performance issues, we recommend switching to the "High performance" power plan. It uses more energy,
but should increase the performance of Live (and other CPU intensive programs).

Advantages of investing in hardware

Before buying any hardware, you should first consider what benefits it might bring to your business. This might affect what type of hardware you choose. For example, certain types of
computer hardware could help you:

1. reduce costs by automating routine tasks, such as record-keeping, accounting and payroll

2. improve customer service or supplier relationships

3. develop more effective communication within the business or with customers

4. increase business efficiency and staff productivity

5. increase employee morale

6. expand your business offer or reach new markets - eg through an online shop

7. develop a competitive advantage by implementing the right business technology

To determine if buying new hardware could benefit your business, you should:

 list the key hardware investments you are thinking of making

 look at their individual cost/benefit relationship

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This will help you to prioritise them and see which you can afford now, and which can wait. Keep in mind that the cost of hardware depends on its specification and this, in turn, is determined
by some key computer hardware components.Make sure that any hardware you choose is compatible, brings clear advantages to your business and is worth the investment. For more
information, see choosing computer hardware for your business.

SOFTWARE

Linux & Open-source software:

Linux is released under an open-source license, which prevents restrictions on the use of the software, anyone can run, study, modify, and redistribute the source code, or even sell copies of
their modified code, as long as they do so under the same license. Open-source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance. "Source code" is the part of
software that most computer users don't ever see; it's the code computer programmers can manipulate to change how a piece of software—a "program" or "application"—works. Programmers
who have access to a computer program's source code can improve that program by adding features to it or fixing parts that don't always work correctly. Open-source software is different. Its
authors make its source code available to others who would like to view that code, copy it, learn from it, alter it, or share it. LibreOffice and the GNU Image Manipulation Program are
examples of open-source software.

Linux kernel: The Linux kernel is a prominent example of free and open-source software. It is a Unix-like operating system released under the GNU General Public License version (GPLv2).
Linux wasn't the first open-source software project, but it was the powerful community developed by contributors worldwide.

Java:

Java is a programming language and computing platform first released by Sun Microsystems in 1995. It has evolved from humble beginnings to power a large share of today's digital world, by
providing the reliable platform upon which many services and applications are built. Java is a widely-used programming language for coding web applications. It has been a popular choice
among developers for over two decades, with millions of Java applications in use today. Java is a multi-platform, object-oriented, and network-centric language that can be used as a platform
in itself. There are four platforms of the Java programming language:

 Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE)

 Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE)

 Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME)

 JavaFX.

HTML:

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.HTML describes the structure of a Web page.HTML consists of a series of
elements.HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the code that is used to structure a web page and its content. For example,
content could be structured within a set of paragraphs, a list of bulleted points, or using images and data tables.HTML is a type of markup language. It encapsulates, or “marks up” data within
HTML tags, which define the data and describe its purpose on the webpage. The web browser then reads the HTML, which tells it things like which parts are headings, which parts are
paragraphs, which parts are links, etc.

Different Versions of HTML:

 HTML 1.0. The basic version of HTML has support for basic elements like text controls and images. ...

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 HTML 2. HTML version 2.0 was developed in 1995 with basic intention of improving HTML version 1.0. ...

 HTML 3.2. It was developed in 1997. ...

 HTML 4.01. It was developed in 1999. ...

 HTML5. ...

 W3C HTML Validator.

HTML5:

HTML5 is a markup language used for structuring and presenting content on the World Wide Web. It is the fifth and final major HTML version that is a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
recommendation. The current specification is known as the HTML Living Standard. It is maintained by the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), a
consortium of the major browser vendors (Apple, Google, Mozilla, and Microsoft). HTML5 allows you to build offline applications. Browsers that support HTML5 offline applications (which
is most) will download the HTML, CSS, JavaScript, images, and other resources that make up the application and cache them locally. The term HTML5 means not only HTML, it is a
combination of HTML, CSS and Javascript with APIs . For example, drawing and animation using canvas, offline storage, microdata, audio and video, drag and drop, geolocation, embedded
fonts, web APIs etc Advantages of HTML5

 Cleaner markup/ Improved code: HTML5 will enable web designers to use cleaner, neater code.

 Elegant forms: HTML5 enables designer to use fancier forms.

 Consistency:

 Supports rich media elements:

 Offline Application Cache.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the primary language for developing web pages. HTML5 is a new version of HTML with new functionalities with markup language with Internet
technologies. HTML does not have support for video and audio but, HTML5 supports both video and audio.

Web service:

A web service is a software system that supports interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically, web
Service Definition Language, or WSDL). web services fulfill a specific task or a set of tasks. A web service is any piece of software that makes itself available over the internet and uses a
standardized XML messaging system. XML is used to encode all communications to a web service. For example, a client invokes a web service by sending an XML message, then waits for a
corresponding XML response. Web services allow different organizations or applications from multiple sources to communicate without the need to share sensitive data or IT infrastructure.
Instead, all information is shared through a programmatic interface across a network.

There are four principal types of API commonly used in web-based applications:

1. Public

2. Partner

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3. Private and

4. Composite.

XML:

XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup language similar to HTML, but without predefined tags to use. Instead, you define your own tags designed specifically for your needs. This is
a powerful way to store data in a format that can be stored, searched, and shared. XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is a text-based markup language derived from Standard
Generalized Markup Language (SGML). XML tags identify the data and are used to store and organize the data, rather than specifying how to display it like HTML tags, which are used to
display the data.

XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language and is used to transport and save data. The focus here is not on displaying or the appearance of the data. On the other hand, HTML stands for
Hypertext Markup Language. This computer language helps to make the data more interactive with multiple formatting features.

SOA:

service-oriented architecture (SOA) or service-oriented architecture, defines a way to make software components reusable via service interfaces. These interfaces utilize common
communication standards in such a way that they can be rapidly incorporated into new applications without having to perform deep integration each time. Service-oriented architecture (SOA)
is a method of software development that uses software components called services to create business applications. Each service provides a business capability, and services can also
communicate with each other across platforms and languages. A document that sets out the advice given to a consumer by their licensed financial planner or adviser. Supply chain management
is now seen as a governing element in strategy and as an effective way of creating value for customers. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a systems architectural tool that support
mission-critical transactions and improve systems integration for enterprises. SOA is used to improve healthcare delivery. Nowadays many apps are games and they use inbuilt functions to run.
For example, an app might need GPS so it uses the inbuilt GPS functions of the device. This is SOA in mobile solutions.

Advantages of investing in software:

Business owners are only concerned with the success of their business. In order to run their business operations efficiently in the earlier days, when there were no computers, businessmen used
to work untiringly to have better control on all the areas of the business. But with the development of computer science, businessmen nowadays can manage their business efficiently than ever
and that too with 50% effort than what they used to give in earlier days. Today software applications have impacted the business world tremendously and this impact has been absolutely
positive. Various software applications have really helped the business units to grow substantially through the improvement of their operational efficiency.

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The software applications designed for business houses offer all-around benefits. These applications are suitable to be used to manage all the departments that might exist in a company. The
business software applications can be implemented by business houses of all sizes and scales. In the below-mentioned points, some of the most important benefits will be discussed which will
help business units to grow substantially.

The business software helps people to manage their customer relationships efficiently. This offers business owners to develop and manage their own customer database more accurately and
discreetly. In most of the software of modern days, people also get the facilities of internet marketing as well. Besides, by using software, business owners are nowadays able to up-sell and
cross-sell as well

With the help of these software applications, business owners will be able to provide their clients better quotes and accurate invoices. These applications come with integrated facilities for
invoicing along with them. By using this, people will also be able to track their sales orders at a later point in time to get the information about the products sold, rates offered, payment due,
payment received etc

These applications help people to follow up with their prospective clients who requested for quotes at some of the point of time previously

Software applications for business units now enable business owners to integrate their payroll system here

Today with the help of software applications, maintenance of accounting records have also become extremely simple. These applications help people to reduce or even eliminate the chances of
accounting errors

The software applications are also helpful to track employee attendance, in and out timing, leave balances etc. This helps business owners to track the amount of human capital invested by
them during a period

Software applications are also helpful for the businessmen to enhance the security system within the workplace. This provides people a centralized control system for assigning and tracking the
designated areas and monitoring the employee movements accordingly

These applications can also be used by the business houses to maintain the employee records, vendor records etc. Human resources departments nowadays use software applications for
employee management and recruitment

Companies or business units can even use software applications for creating new projects. By using software, business owners are able to track the project completion stages conveniently. The
software also helps business owners and managers to control project’s inventories, resource costs etc

2020: COVID-19 decimates chipmakers

The pandemic played a huge role in the global semiconductor shortage. According to several analysts, including Glenn O’Donnell, the vice president research director at Forrester, this was
largely due to skyrocketing demand for cloud computing services from providers like Microsoft Azure and Amazon Web Services. “They [the service providers] buy a lot of chips,” he said in
a blog post.

Owing to this demand surge, industries had to scramble to meet supply and demand in a highly uncertain and volatile economic climate. For chipmakers, production was halted for almost half
of 2020 due to government shutdowns and COVID-19 restrictions. This piled onto the shortage to such an extent that by the time production resumed, semiconductor companies were well
behind and had to adjust to severe demand pressure from various sectors.

The automotive sector was the prime example of this. It was a huge demand surge as consumer purchasing behavior shifted in the second half of 2020. As economies began to re-open,
consumers dodged public transport due to the pandemic and started purchasing their own vehicles. This shifted the focus from consumer electronics to automobiles, causing shortages in 8-inch
wafers and ABF substrates necessary for automotive semiconductors. This was made worse by a fire at Japanese manufacturer Nittobo’s plant in July 2020. In response, Volkswagen, Ford, and
Toyota, among others, cut, and in some cases completely halted their production in some factories, at a time when the automotive sector was booming.

Summary

A hardware platform is a set of compatible hardware on which software applications can be run. Each specific hardware platform has its own machine language, and programs must be built
specifically for a platform that involves a standardized type of processor and associated hardware pieces.

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