1 ‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحیم‬

In the name of God

Electrical machinery 3
Session 4
(excitation phenomenon in
transformers)

Mohammad Ali Shafiezadeh

‫محمد علی شفیع زاده‬
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 2
Introduction
In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that magnetic saturation does
not occur.
Excitation current:
Current required to create flux in the magnetic circuit.
Study of Excitation phenomenon:
Study of the nature of excitation current, voltage and flux when the
primary winding of transformer is fed and the secondary winding
is open.

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 3
Core without hysteresis

Assumption:
V1 : sinusoidal
Voltage drop negligible
φ(t) : sinusoidal
so:
φ(t) = ϕm sin ωt and

V1
V1=√2π f Nrϕm ϕm =
√2π f Nr

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 4
Core without hysteresis

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 5
Core without hysteresis
Excitation current = magnetizing current + core losses current
magnetizing current has individual harmonics.
The most dominant and largest of these harmonics is the third
harmonic.
𝝅
The main component of iφ is in phase with φ and phase lag
𝟐
Compared to V1
𝑑𝝋
Because: V= -N 𝑑𝒕
So the resulting active power
always will be zero.
𝝅
Because: < ( V1 , i ) =
𝟐
So we can conclude that: main component

Saturation hasn’t any

ohmic losses.
Third harmonic component
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 6
Core with hysteresis

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 7
Core with hysteresis
Excitation current is phase lead
equal to β. (relative to V1)
(Or equal to (β- (𝝅 / 𝟐) phase lag).

ie = iφ + i h
hysteresis losses = V1ih
𝝅
= V1iecos (
𝟐
−β)
So:

The excitation current in the core with hysteresis causes

both ohmic losses and harmonic.
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 8 Non sinusoidal
excitation

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 9 Non sinusoidal
excitation
The first component is a
three-phase symmetric
positive sequence

The third component is

three simultaneous waves

The fifth component is a

three-phase symmetric
negtive sequence

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 10 Non sinusoidal
excitation
Problems with the harmonic at the excitation current:
1- Injecting high frequency components into the network. (Of
course, we will not have an acute problem due to the small
excitation current.)
2- One of the other issues that arises from harmonics is related to
the third component.
Because the sum of the three-phase waves resulting from this
component is not zero, while the sum of other components are zero,
therefore, in three-phase circuits, arrangements must be made for
the return path for this component (for example, the fourth wire
connection).
Otherwise, it will not be possible to establish the connection and it
will cause problems.
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 11
Sinusoidal excitation
If the sinusoidal excitation current
is assumed:
So the resulting flux will be flat
head.
That means, the magnetic flux and
consequently the inductive driving
force ( e ) will have individual
harmonics.

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 12
Sinusoidal excitation

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 13
The end

The end of
th
4 session

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬