1 ‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحیم‬

In the name of God

Electrical machinery 3
Session 5
(Harmonics in three phase
transformers)

Mohammad Ali Shafiezadeh

‫محمد علی شفیع زاده‬
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 2 Harmonics in three
phase transformers
The harmonic phenomenon in three-phase
transformers depends on the following factors:
1- Transformer winding connection type (star,
triangle or zigzag)
2- Three-phase magnetic circuit (separate or
interconnected)
Assume that the applied voltages are as follows:

VA= Vm1sin(ωt)+ Vm3sin(3ωt)+ Vm5sin(5ωt)+ . . .

VB= Vm1sin(ωt-120°)+ Vm3sin3(ωt-120°)+ Vm5sin5(ωt-120°)+ . . .
VC= Vm1sin(ωt-240°)+ Vm3sin3(ωt-240°)+ Vm5sin5(ωt-240°)+ . . .

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 3 Harmonics in three
VA1
phase transformers
VA1= Vm1sin(ωt)
VB1= Vm1sin(ωt-120°)
VC1= Vm1sin(ωt-240°)
VC1 VB1
VA3= Vm3sin3(ωt)=Vm3sin3ωt VA3 VB3 VC3
VB3= Vm3sin3(ωt-120°) = Vm3sin(3ωt-2π)=Vm3sin3ωt
VC3= Vm3sin3(ωt-240°) = Vm3sin(3ωt-4π)=Vm3sin3ωt
VA3= VB3= VC3 =Vm3sin3ωt

VA5= Vm5sin5(ωt)=Vm3sin5ωt
VA5
VB5= Vm5sin5(ωt-120°) = Vm5sin(5ωt-600)=Vm5sin(5ωt-240)
VC5= Vm5sin5(ωt-240°) = Vm5sin(5ωt-1200)=Vm5sin(5ωt-120)
VB5 VC5
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 4 Harmonic based
of connection type
Star connection(without zero wire):
VAB= VA – VB VAB3= VA3 – VB3 = 0
So the line voltage does not have a third harmonic.
in= iA+iB +iC iA3+iB3 +iC3 =0
Line and phase currents certainly do not have a third harmonic.
Triangle connection:
iAB= iA – iB iAB3= iA3 – iB3 = 0
The third harmonic of the magnetizing current can be closed in
the triangle, but it is not able to flow in the line.
The third electric driving forces do not appear in line voltage of
triangles connecting.
Rather, the line voltages will decrease by the same amount.
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
E3 = Z3 * I3
 5 Harmonic based of
magnetic circuit type
From the point of view of magnetic circuits, three-
phase transformers are divided into two categories:
1- Three-phase transformers that have independent
and separate magnetic circuits (three-phase
transformer group)
2- Three-phase transformers that have a continuous
and coupled magnetic circuit (core or shell types)

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 6 Transformers with
independent magnetic circuit
Star star connection without ground wire:

currents don’t have third harmonic.

The head flux is smooth and the inductive driving force
is peaked.
The magnetic resistance of the third harmonic flux
path is very low.
Therefore: φ3 ≈ % 20 φ1 and E3 ≈ 60% E1
- The possibility of damaging the insulation
(Of
‫شفيع زاده‬course,
‫محمد علي‬ the line voltage is completely sinusoidal.)
 7 Transformers with
independent magnetic circuit
- Neutral point
oscillation (zero):
- In large networks,
heads a, b, and c are
fixed.
- Therefore, the
neutral point in
frequency 3f
changes location.
As a result, the phase
voltages become
unbalanced.
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 8 Transformers with
continuous magnetic circuit
The return path of the third harmonic flux and its
multiples is the air or oil around the core.
Magnetic resistance is high at the path. As a result,
the fluxes of multiples of 3 and therefore the emfs of
multiples of 3 are small.
So phase voltages will
be very close to
sinusoidal waves.

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 9 Harmonic defects in
three phase transformer

A. Current harmonics:

1- Ohmic losses , increase in heat, decrease in

efficiency

2- Electromagnetic interference with

telecommunication circuits

3- increase the core losses

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 10 Harmonic defects in
three phase transformer
B- Voltage harmonics:
1- Voltage stress on
insulation
2- Electrostatic
interference on
telecommunication lines
3- Large resonant
voltage

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 11 Elimination (reduction)
of harmonics

1- Using in lower flux density

2- Type of connection

3- Connecting one of the coils in triangle mode.

4- Using third coil and connecting it in triangle

mode.

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 12 Unbalancing in
three-phase transformer
Cause:
- Asymmetry in the windings
- Imbalance in single-phase loads
- Single-phase short circuit
Effects:
- Increased core losses
- Increased ohmic losses
- Unbalanced line and phase voltages
- Reduce nominal values
- Adverse effects on loads and consumers
Worst unbalanced conditions: single phase load
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 13 Different unbalanced states
in three-phase transformer

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 14 Different unbalanced states
in three-phase transformer

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 15
Example 1
A bank of three single-phase transformers with nominal voltage
6.6 / 0.4 KV and Dy connection feeds a three phases 600 KVA load
at 0.8 lagging power factor and also a single-phase 80 KW load
at 1 power factor(It feeds between a line and a neutral)
Find the currents in each phase of the primary winding and in
each input line. Avoid internal voltage drop and no-load current.

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 16
Solution of example 1
vph2 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎
√𝟑
= 𝟐𝟑𝟏 𝒗

Ias = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟑𝟏∗𝟏
= 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟑𝟐 𝑨 , Ibs = Ics = 0

Iat = Ibt = Ict = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟑 ∗𝟒𝟎𝟎
= 𝟖𝟔𝟔 𝑨

Iat = 866 < -36.9° A

Ibt = 866 < -156.9° A
Ict = 866 < -276.9° A
Ina = Ias + Iat = 346.32 < 0 + 866 < -36.9° = 1039.12-j519.6 A
Inb = Ibt = 866 < -156.9° A = -796.6-j 339.76
Inc = Ict = 866 < -276.9° A = 104.04+j 859.73
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 17
Solution of example 1
𝟑∗𝟔𝟔𝟎𝟎
Transformer conversion ratio: 28.58 =
𝟒𝟎𝟎
Primary currents:
𝟏
IBA = (I ) = -27.87-j11.89 = 30.3 A
𝟐𝟖.𝟓𝟖 nb
𝟏
ICB = (I ) = 3.64-j30.8 = 31.01 A :
𝟐𝟖.𝟓𝟖 nc
𝟏
IAC = (I ) = 36.36-j18.18 = 40.65 A :
𝟐𝟖.𝟓𝟖 na

IAA’ = IAC – IBA = 64.23-j6.29

IBB’ = IBA – ICB = -31.51-j41.97
ICC’ = ICB – IAC = -32.72 – j11.9

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 18
Example 2
A Yd transformer 11/0.4 KV feeds a balanced three phase 300
KVA load at 1 power factor and also a single-phase 60 KVA load
at 1 power factor.
Calculate the currents in primary side.
Avoid internal voltage drop and no load current.

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬

 19
Solution of example 2
Is = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟎𝟎
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑨

It = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟑 ∗𝟒𝟎𝟎
= 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝑨

Ia = It + 𝟐𝟑 Is = 250+ 𝟐𝟑 (150) = 350 A

Ib = Ic = It - 𝟏𝟑 Is = 278.4 A
Transformer conversion ratio:
𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 15.88
𝟑∗ 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
IAA’ = IAN = (Ia ) = (350) = 22.4 A
𝟏𝟓.𝟖𝟖 𝟏𝟓.𝟖𝟖
𝟏 𝟏
IBB’ = IBN = (Ib ) = (278.4) = 17.53 A
𝟏𝟓.𝟖𝟖 𝟏𝟓.𝟖𝟖
𝟏 𝟏
ICC’ = ICN = (Ic ) = (278.4) = 17.53 A
‫𝟓𝟏 محمد علي شفيع زاده‬.𝟖𝟖 𝟏𝟓.𝟖𝟖
 20
The end

The end of
th
5 session

‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬